Professional Documents
Culture Documents
(Dn+a1Dn-1+ a2Dn-2+….+an-1D+an)y(t) =
(boDm+b1Dm-1+ b2Dm-2+….+bm-1 D+bm)x(t) ------(1)
Where
𝑑
D -----> is the differential operator
𝑑𝑡
Q(D)y(t)=P(D)x(t)
Generally the variations are shown from the time instant at which
the experiment is going to start. i.e t = 0, to time instant at which the
experiment is going to end.
Response of the system due to external input only. i.e x(t) for all t ≥ 0
i.e. without initial conditions, or assuming all the energy stored in the
system is zero at t = 0.
Eqn. (2) shows that a linear combination of yo(t) and its successive
derivative is zero, not at some value of t, but for all values of time t,
of the response.
eλt , where e and λ are constant has this property. Hence the non
trivial solution is
yo(t)=C eλt
D yo(t) = C λ eλt ;
D2 yo(t) = C λ2 eλt ; …. ;
Here,
yo(t) = C eatcos(bt+θ)
Examples :
>> yzir=dsolve('D2y+4*Dy+3*y=0','y(0)=-3','Dy(0)=-7','t')
That means the impulse response has characteristic modes valid for
t>0
Hence,
Where
…. Example….
>>yn=dsolve('D2y+4*Dy+3*y=0','y(0)=0','Dy(0)=1','t');
>>Dyn=diff(yn);
>>ht=3*Dyn+5*yn
Let us define a pulse p(t) of unit height and width Δτ, starting at t = 0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
-0.2
0 ΔT
Time in secs ------->
2.5
2
x(t) ------->
1.5
0.5
2.5
2
x(t) ------->
1.5
0.5
To get the ZSR, we have to convolve the arbitrary input signal x(t)
with the impulse response of the system h(t). i.e. ys(t) = x(t) * h(t)
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
-2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
where,
x(τ) = 0 0 t h(t- τ) = 0 τ
Example : ?
Properties
Commutativity x(t) *y(t) = y(t) * x(t)
Associativity {x(t) *y(t)}*z(t) = x(t) *{y(t)*z(t)}
Distributivity { x(t) + y(t) } *z(t) = x(t) *z(t) + y(t) * z(t)
If y(t) = x(t) *h(t) , then
Differentiation Property y’(t) = x’(t) *h(t) = x(t) * h’(t)
Area Property Area of y = (area of x ) X (area of h)
Scaling property y(at) = |a|x(at) *h(at)
Shift property x(t) * h(t-T) = x(t-T) * h(t) = y(t-T)
And x(t-T1)*h(t-T2) = y(t – T1 – T2)
Convolution with impulse x(t) * δ(t) = x(t)
Width Property If the durations (widths) of x1(t) and x2(t)
are finite, given bt T1 and T2, respectively, then the duration (width)
of x1(t) * x2(t) is T1 + T2.
Also,
Total solution (response of the system ) is the sum of ZIR and ZSR,
computed separately
y( t) = yn(t) + yf(t)
The method can be used for “class of inputs”, which yields only a
finite number of independent derivatives.
i.e inputs having eεt tr fall into this category
E.g. repeated differentiation of eεt is of the same form eεt and
repeated differentiation of tr yields only r independent
variations
Forced response yf(t), to such input can be expressed as a linear
combination of the input variations and its independent derivatives.
E.g. If x(t) = a t2 + b ; Its two independent derivatives are :
2at
2a
Then the forced response is given by yf(t) = β2t2 + β1t + β0
The undetermined coefficients β2 β1 β0 are evaluated by
substituting this expression for yf(t) in Q(D)yf(t) = P(D)x(t) and
equating the coefficient of similar terms.
Example:
3) K (a constant) β (a constant)
4) Cos(ωt+θ) β Cos(ωt+φ)
5) (tr+αr-1 tr-1+…..+α1 t+ αo) eεt (βr tr+ β r-1 tr-1+…..+ β1 t+ βo) eεt
Forced response yf(t), to such input can be expressed in the form βeεt
D βeεt = ε eεt ;
D2 βeεt = ε2 eεt; …. ;
Dr βeεt = εr eεt; and then,
𝐏(𝛆))
β= = H(ε) Hence,
𝐐(𝛆)
K e
jt
i.e. y(t) = j H ( )et
j 1
For the same above example, (D2+4D+3)y(t) = (3D+5)x(t) and with initial
conditions : y(0) = -3 ; dy(0)/dt = -7 and with input x(t) = 2t+3,
>> y=dsolve('D2y+4*Dy+3*y=10*t+21','y(0)=-3','Dy(0)=-
7','t')
Comment on the Nature, stability, and find the time constant of the system.