POINT OF VIEW

1. “I have of late, — but wherefore I know not, — lost all my mirth, forgone all custom of
exercises; and indeed, it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame, the
earth, seems to me a sterile promontory.”

2. “I gazed – and gazed – but little thought

3. What wealth the show to me had brought.”

4. “I could picture it. I have a habit of imagining the conversations between my friends.
We went out to the Cafe Napolitain to have an aperitif and watch the evening crowd on
the Boulevard.”

5. “You are not the kind of guy who would be at a place like this at this time of the
morning. But here you are, and you cannot say that the terrain is entirely unfamiliar,
although the details are fuzzy.”

6. “When Jane and Elizabeth were alone, the former, who had been cautious in her praise
of Mr. Bingley before, expressed to her sister how very much she admired him.”

7. “He is just what a young man ought to be,” said she, “sensible, good humoured, lively;
and I never saw such happy manners! — so much ease, with such perfect good
breeding!”

STEREOTYPE
Example 1
Only boys can play sports.
This is a very common stereotype against women and girls. However, like most stereotypes it’s
inaccurate. Most people who say this aren’t thinking about the fact that some of the world’s
greatest athletes are women: women like Abby Wambach and Carli Lloyd, for example, who
recently brought the World Cup gold to America, or the world-champion tennis player Serena
Williams. Most males would look pretty foolish if they had to go up against Williams in a tennis
match!

Example 2
Asians are good at math.
Stereotypes are not necessarily negative on the surface – sometimes, they can appear
complimentary. For example, Asians are sometimes stereotyped as good at math, while Africans
are stereotyped as athletic. But these stereotypes are still inaccurate. For one thing, they are
simply false: many Asians are bad at math, and many Africans are very poor athletes. In
addition, “positive” stereotypes oversimplify the complex abilities of each group. After all,
Africans can be great scientists and Asians can be great athletes.
Example 3
A lot of hip hop music videos look like they come straight out of a stereotype factory. They
show stereotypes of men and women alike: the men are flexing their muscles, waving guns,
and obsessing over cars and drugs; the women are vain and superficial, obsessed with men and
with their own appearance. And, of course, these videos usually ignore the existence of gay
culture altogether – when this culture is acknowledged at all, it’s often in a dismissive and
highly stereotypical way.

Example 4
What did you think of example 1? If you’re a fan of hip hop, you probably noticed that it was
based on a stereotype. While some hip hop videos are guilty of this sort of thing, many are not.
Hip hop culture also explores political themes and personal stories in its videos, and example 1
is just satirically exploring a common stereotype about hip hop.

Example 5
“All these years, I thought I liked chicken because it was delicious!” (Dave Chapelle)
In this joke, the stand-up comedian Dave Chapelle takes on an old stereotype of African
Americans: that they love to eat fried chicken. Dave’s view is: of course we like fried chicken.
Everybody likes fried chicken. It’s not about our heritage – it’s about the chicken.

MORE EXAMPLE STEREOTYPE

1. All blonde women are dumb.
2. All red heads are sluts.
3. Christians are homophobic. They are blinded by God and will recruit you if you go near
them.
4. All politicians are philanders and think only of personal gain and benefit.
5. If I wear Goth clothing I'm a part of a rock band, depressed, or do drugs.
6. Girls are only concerned about physical appearance.
7. Guys are messy and unclean.
8. Men who spend too much time on the computer or read are geeks.
9. Men who are not into sports are termed as gay.
10. All librarians are women who are old, wear glasses, tie a high bun, and have a perpetual
frown on their face.
11. Girls are not good at sports.
12. All teenagers are rebels.
13. All children don't enjoy healthy food.
14. Only anorexic women can become models.
15. Women who smoke and drink do not have morals.
16. Men who like pink are effeminate.
17. Positive Stereotypes
18. All Blacks are great basketball players.
19. All Asians are geniuses.
20. All Indians are deeply spiritual.
21. All Latinos dance well.
22. All Whites are successful.
23. Asians have high IQs. They are smarter than most in Math and Science. These people
are more likely to succeed in school.
24. African Americans can dance.
25. All Canadians are exceptionally polite.
26. French are romantic.
27. All Asians know kung fu.
28. All African American men are well endowed.
29. Italians are good lovers.
30. Racial Stereotypes
31. All Muslims are terrorists.
32. All white people don't have rhythm.
33. All Blacks are lazy.
34. All Asians are sneaky.
35. All Hispanics don't speak English very well or not at all.
36. All Jewish people are greedy, selfish money hungry people.
37. Caucasians can't dance.
38. Russians are violent.
39. All Americans are cowboys.
40. All Italians are stylish and sophisticated. They are usually painters, sculptors or fashion
designers.
41. Germans are Nazis or fascists.
42. All Asians are Chinese.
43. All Asians speak Pidgin English.
44. All Native Americans love to gamble.
45. All Middle easterners hate America.
46. All Italians are good cooks.
47. The people of Netherlands are all promiscuous and drug addicts.
48. All Italians are mobsters or have links to the mob.
49. All white people are all racist.
50. Chinese will eat anything.
51. All Asians are Communists.
52. All Australians are bullies, racists, drinkers and constantly uses swear words. They are
also portrayed as lazy and stupid morons.
53. People from the Indian subcontinent are generally portrayed as shopkeepers and motel
owners.
54. All Egyptian women are belly dancers.
55. The Japanese are engineering geniuses.
56. All South Koreans are gaming nerds.
57. Irish are alcoholics.
58. All Hispanics are all illegal aliens.
59. All Indians and Chinese are cheap and live a frugal life.
60. All Latinos are on welfare.
61. In the US all South Koreans are stereotyped as dry cleaners and all Mexicans as
gardeners.
62. Gender Stereotypes

Women
63. Women always smell good.
64. Women take forever to do anything.
65. Women are more brilliant than men.
66. Women are always moody.
 67. Women try to work out problems while men take immediate action.
68. All women like the color pink.
69. All women like dolls.
70. Women become cheerleaders.
71. Women take 2 hours to shower.
72. Women hog the bathroom.
73. Women love mirrors.
74. Women like make-up.
75. Women are fussy about their hair.
76. Women work in department stores.
77. Women like fashion magazines.
78. Women are discrete about intimacy.
79. Women do not drive well.
80. Women never take chances.
81. Women always talk too much on the phone.
82. Women actually use only 5% of what's in their purse. Everything else is junk.
83. Only women can be nurses.

Men
84. Only men can be doctors.
85. Men are stronger and more aggressive.
86. Men are better at sports.
87. Men hate reading.
88. Men always have an "I don't care" attitude.
89. Men don't get grossed out by scrapes and bruises.
90. Men are tough.
91. Men are thickheaded.
92. Men like cars.
93. Men become jocks in high school.
94. Men take 2 seconds to shower.
95. Men like hats.
96. Men could care less if they become bald.
97. Men wear whatever is clean.
98. Men usually work in messy places.
99. Men like car or porn magazines.
100. Men brag about intimacy.
101. Men take too many chances.
102. Men always lose all arguments against girls.

PROPAGANDA
• Building a mental image - A politician will present an image of what the world would be
like with immigration or crime so that the voters will think of that image and believe that voting
for him will reduce that threat.
• Overstating participation - The concept of "Get on the Bandwagon" is appealing to a
huge number of people by finding common threads, like religion, race, or vocation. The theme
here is "everyone else is doing it, and so should you."
• Building false images - Presidents try to appear to be "common folks" but they really
aren't. Examples are Bill Clinton eating at McDonald's or Ronald Reagan chopping wood.
• Generating fear - Fear is generated to change people's behavior. An ad will show a
bloody accident then remind people to wear their seatbelts.
• Promising happiness - Selling happiness is a concept used in ads, such as a well-liked
actor will explain why you need to buy a product in order to solve a problem.
• Creating a false dilemma - An example of false dilemma is where two choices are
offered as if they are the only two options. For example, a president saying in order to reduce
the deficit, we have to either tax the wealthy more or ask seniors to pay more for Medicare.
• Using slogans - If a slogan is repeated enough times, eventually the public will come to
believe it.
• Appealing to tradition - Good feelings are generated by the thoughts of certain goods
and actions, and are frequently included in advertisements such as: "Baseball, apple pie, and
Chevrolet."
• Misquoting - By taking a quote out of context a false impression can be given to the
reader or listener. For the film Live Free or Die Hard, Jack Mathews was quoted as saying,
"Hysterically...entertaining.". The real quote is, "The action in this fast-paced, hysterically
overproduced and surprisingly entertaining film is as realistic as a Road Runner cartoon."
• Name calling - An example of name calling in propaganda would be: "My opponent is an
alcoholic"
• Assertion - This is presenting a fact without any proof, as in "This is the best cavity-
fighting toothpaste out there."
Popular Examples of Propaganda
• The U.S. dropped leaflets in a propaganda campaign in Iraq, to let the people know that
Saddam Hussein was the real culprit they were looking for.
• People use name-calling as propaganda, such as “My enemy is a drug addict.”
• During the McCarthy era, mass media attempted to persuade the public, through
propaganda, that Communists had become very powerful, and that they would take over the
U.S.
• Slogans or catchphrases can work as propaganda, when they are repeated over and
over. Eventually, the public starts believing them.
• Selling happiness has become popular concept in ads, and serves as propaganda such
as famous celebrities explain to the public why they need to purchase the product because it
would solve their problems.

EXAMPLES OF PROPAGANDA IN LITERATURE

Example #1: Animal Farm (By George Orwell)
Propaganda played a very important role in the Russian Revolution. George Orwell wrote his
novel Animal Farm after this revolution, and used anti-communist propaganda as its major
theme. The author manipulated the speech of the character Squealer, which is a pig portrayed
as Napoleon’s spokesperson.
One example of Squealer’s propaganda is to get the support of other animals. He uses
manipulated speech to disapprove of Snowball’s part in the uprising revolt after his banishment
from the farm. He uses the stupidity of animals for his benefit, and plays with their minds by
describing a different side of events in the Battle of the Cowshed.
We can see another example of propaganda in this novel, when pigs twist the rules and the
Seven Commandments for their own advantage. The original rule reads:
“No animal shall be killed by any other animal.”
They change this to:
“No animal shall be killed by any other animal without cause.”

Example #2: The Orphan Master’s Son (By Adam Johnson)

Adam Johnson’s novel The Orphan Master’s Son deals with the themes of identity, state power,
and propaganda in North Korea. The story is about two men from North Korea who revolted
against the tyrannical government of their country. Through their story, readers get the
impression that the North Korean leaders are selfish, as they kidnap their people, steal their
money, and cheat them.

Example #3: Richard III (By W. H. Auden)

Many critics consider some historical plays of Shakespeare as Tudor propagandas, as they
depict civil war dangers, and commemorate the Tudor dynasty’s founders. Similarly, in his play
Richard III, Shakespeare uses propaganda, when we see Richard shapes the readers’
perceptions. He gains the sympathies of other characters in the play when he declares his
deformity is the root cause of wickedness in his character. Hence, he makes use of deformity as
propaganda, and controls, injures, and manipulates other people for his personal gain.

Example #4: Lord of the Flies (By William Golding)

In William Golding’s Lord of the Flies, the author introduces the concept of a beast, using
propaganda by his character Jack, who plans to take control of a totalitarian government. He
uses propaganda by manipulating the cognition of the young boys, frightening them about the
existence of the beast in that area. He accuses Ralph, who does not carry out his duty to
provide protection to the children, and consequently takes charge of a new tribe that would
follow his tyrannical rules.