HYDRAULICS AND PNEUMATICS

Learing objectives:-

1. Introduction to Hydraulics and Pneumatics

2. Graphical representation of different fluids:
3. Pressure and its Measurement :
4. Bourdon Tube Pressure Gauge
5. Flow of fluid:
6. Hydraulic Turbine:

1. Introduction to Hydraulics and Pneumatics

• Define Ideal fluid?
Ans: A fluid, which is incompressible and having no viscosity, is known as an ideal fluid. Ideal
fluid is only an imaginary fluid as all the fluids, which exist, have some viscosity.
• Define Real fluid ?
Ans: A fluid, which possesses viscosity, is known as real fluid. All the fluids, in actual practice,
are real fluids. Example: Water, Air etc.
• DefineNewtonian fluid?
Ans: A real fluid, in which shear stress in directly proportional to the rate of
shear strain or velocity gradient, is known as a Newtonian fluid. Example: Water, Benzine etc.
• Define Non Newtonian fluid?
Ans: A real fluid, in which shear stress in not directly proportional to the rate of shear strain or
velocity gradient, is known as a Non Newtonian fluid. Example: Plaster, Slurries, Pastes etc.
• Define Ideal plastic fluid ?
Ans: A fluid, in which shear stress is more than the yield value and shear stress is proportional to
the rate of shear strain or velocity gradient, is known as ideal plastic fluid.
• Define Incompressible fluid?
Ans: A fluid, in which the density of fluid does not change which change in external force or
pressure, is known as incompressible fluid. All liquid are considered in this category.
• Define Compressible fluid ?
Ans: A fluid, in which the density of fluid changes while change in external force or pressure, is
known as compressible fluid. All gases are considered in
this category.
2. Graphical representation of different fluids:
• Questions on Fluid Properties:
• DefineDensity ?
Ans:Density of a fluid is defined as the mass of the fluid per unit volume.
Mathematically it is defined as the ratio of the mass to the volume of the fluid.
ρ= Mass/Volume
It is depends on the mass and size of the atom of the fluid. Fluids have same volume and
different mass have different density.
The SI unit of density is Kg/m3. It is generally denoted by ρ

• Define Specific gravity?

Ans:It is density of a fluid compared to the density of water which is 1000 Kg/m3. It shows the
substance is how much heavy compare to water.
Mathematically it is defined as the ratio of the density of a fluid to the density of water.
S= (Density of Fluid)/(Density of Water).
If th`e value of specific gravity is greater than one it means the fluid is heavy compared to water
and if that fluid mix with water the fluid remain downside of the mixture. If specific gravity is
less than one means the fluid is light and can flow over the water in a mixture.
It is a unit less quantity and shown by the S.

• DefineViscosity?
Ans:The property of fluid due to which, a fluid layer which is flowing with a velocity U, exerts a
resistance force on the other layer known as viscosity.
It is a property which offers the resistance force in the flow. A fluid has more viscosity has less
flow velocity compare to a fluid has less viscosity. For example oil has more viscosity compared
to water.
Viscosity of a liquid increases with decreasing in temperature and viscosity of gas increases with
increasing in temperature.
According to newton’s law of viscosity, the shear stress is directly proportional to the
velocity gradient. The constant of the proportionality is known as viscosity. Mathematically τ =
µ du/dy
Where µ is known as dynamic viscosity. The unit of dynamic viscosity is Pa-s or N-s/m2.
There are two types of viscosity used in fluid mechanics one is known as dynamic viscosity
(µ) and other on is known as kinematic viscosity (ν). The kinematic viscosity is ratio of the
dynamic viscosity to the density of the fluid. ν = µ/ρ
The SI unit of kinematic viscosity is m2/s.

• DefineSpecific Weight ?
Ans:It is defined as weight of fluid per unit volume.
Mathematically, it is defined as the ratio of the weight to the volume of the fluid.
w= (Weight of the fluid)/(Volume of the fluid) It can also be expressed as w= ρ*g
The SI unit of the specific weight is N/m3.
• Define Specific volume?
Ans:It is the reciprocal of the density or we can say that it is the volume of the fluid per unit
mass.
Specific Volume= (Volume of the fluid)/(Mass of the fluid)
The SI unit of specific volume is m3/Kg.
• Define Vapor Pressure?
Ans:The pressure exerted by its vapor in phase equilibrium with its liquid at a given temperature
is known as vapor pressure.
The vapor pressure of the fluid is increased by increasing in temperature.
It the liquid pressure drops below its vapor pressure at a given temperature, the liquid starts to
evaporate. Petrol have more vapor pressure with respect atmospheric pressure at atmospheric
temperature, so it starts to evaporate while water doesn’t

3. Pressure and its Measurement :

• Define pressure ?
Ans:Pressure (P) expresses the magnitude of normal force (F-N) per unit area (A-m2) applied on
a surface
Units: Pa(= N/m2), psi(=lbf/in2), bar (=105 Pa=100 kPa), mbar (=100 Pa=1 hPa), atm (=101.3
kPa), mmHg (or Torr), inHg, etc. Note: For every Unit: hUnit=hectoUnit=100 Unit.
(standard is: 101.3 kPa =14.696 psi=760 mmHg=29.92 inHg)

• Define Absolute Pressure?

Ans:The actual pressure at a given position is called the absolute pressure and it is measured
relative to absolute vacuum. One concept remembers in mind that to measure any quantity we
required a base line with respect we are going to measure it.
• Define Gauge Pressure?
Ans:When we take atmospheric pressure as reference to measure pressure of any system, the
measured pressure is known as gauge pressure. Most of pressure devices work in atmospheric
condition always measure gauge pressure. We can convert this gauge pressure in absolute
pressure by adding atmospheric pressure in gauge pressure.

P (absolute) = P(Gauge) + P (Atmospheric)

• Define Vacuum pressure?
Ans:Pressure below atmospheric pressure is called vacuum pressure and is measured by vacuum
gauges that indicate the difference between the atmospheric pressure and absolute pressure.

P (vacuum) = P (Atmospheric) – P (Absolute)

This is all about gauge pressure and absolute pressure. If you have any query regarding this
article, ask by commenting. If you like this article, don’t forget to share it on social networks.
Subscribe our website for more informative articles. Thanks for reading it.

• Explain Bourdon Tube.

Ans:The device was invented by Eugene Bourdon in the year 1849. The basic idea behind the
device is that, cross-sectional tubing when deformed in any way will tend to regain its circular
form under the action of pressure. The bourdon pressure gauges used today have a slight
elliptical cross-section and the tube is generally bent into a C-shape or arc length of about 27
degrees. The detailed diagram of the bourdon tube is shown below.

4. Bourdon Tube Pressure Gauge

As seen in the figure, the pressure input is given to a socket which is soldered to the tube at the
base. The other end or free end of the device is sealed by a tip. This tip is connected to a
segmental lever through an adjustable length link. The lever length may also be adjustable. The
segmental lever is suitably pivoted and the spindle holds the pointer as shown in the figure. A
hair spring is sometimes used to fasten the spindle of the frame of the instrument to provide
necessary tension for proper meshing of the gear teeth and thereby freeing the system from the
backlash. Any error due to friction in the spindle bearings is known as lost motion. The
mechanical construction has to be highly accurate in the case of a Bourdon Tube Gauge. If we
consider a cross-section of the tube, its outer edge will have a larger surface than the inner
portion. The tube walls will have a thickness between 0.01 and 0.05 inches.

Working
As the fluid pressure enters the bourdon tube, it tries to be reformed and because of a free tip
available, this action causes the tip to travel in free space and the tube unwinds. The
simultaneous actions of bending and tension due to the internal pressure make a non-linear
movement of the free tip. This travel is suitable guided and amplified for the measurement of the
internal pressure. But the main requirement of the device is that whenever the same pressure is
applied, the movement of the tip should be the same and on withdrawal of the pressure the tip
should return to the initial point.
A lot of compound stresses originate in the tube as soon as the pressure is applied. This makes
the travel of the tip to be non-linear in nature. If the tip travel is considerably small, the stresses
can be considered to produce a linear motion that is parallel to the axis of the link. The small
linear tip movement is matched with a rotational pointer movement. This is known as
multiplication, which can be adjusted by adjusting the length of the lever. For the same amount
of tip travel, a shorter lever gives larger rotation. The approximately linear motion of the tip
when converted to a circular motion with the link-lever and pinion attachment, a one-to-one
correspondence between them may not occur and distortion results. This is known as angularity
which can be minimized by adjusting the length of the link.

• Explain Diaphragm Pressure.

Ans:A diaphragm pressure transducer is used for low pressure measurement. They are
commercially available in two types – metallic and non-metallic.
Metallic diaphragms are known to have good spring characteristics and non-metallic types have
no elastic characteristics. Thus, non-metallic types are used rarely, and are usually opposed by a
calibrated coil spring or any other elastic type gauge. The non-metallic types are also called slack
diaphragm.

2.3.1 Explain diaphrabm gauge Ans :Working

The diagram of a diaphragm pressure gauge is shown below. When a force acts against a thin
stretched diaphragm, it causes a deflection of the diaphragm with its centre deflecting the most.
Diaphragm Gauge

Since the elastic limit has to be maintained, the deflection of the diaphragm must be kept in a
restricted manner. This can be done by cascading many diaphragm capsules as shown in the
figure below. A main capsule is designed by joining two diaphragms at the periphery. A pressure
inlet line is provided at the central position. When the pressure enters the capsule, the deflection
will be the sum of deflections of all the individual capsules. As shown in figure (3), corrugated
diaphragms are also used instead of the conventional ones
Diaphragm Pressure Transducer

Corrugated designs help in providing a linear deflection and also increase the member strength.
The total amount of deflection for a given pressure differential is known by the following
factors:

• Number and depth of corrugation

• Number of capsules
• Capsule diameter
• Shell thickness
• Material characteristics

Materials used for the metal diaphragms are the same as those used for Bourdon Tube. Non-
metallic or slack diaphragms are used for measuring very small pressures. The commonly used
materials for making the diaphragm are polythene, neoprene, animal membrane, silk, and
synthetic materials. Due to their non-elastic characteristics, the device will have to be opposed
with external springs for calibration and precise operation. The common range for pressure
measurement varies between 50 Pa to 0.1 MPa.

The best example for a slack diaphragm is the draft gauge. They are used in boilers for indication
of the boiler draft. The device can control both combustion and flue. With the draft, usually of
pressure less than the atmosphere, connected, the power diaphragm moves to the left and its
motion is transmitted through the sealing diaphragm, sealed link and pointer drive to the pointer.

The power diaphragm is balanced with the help of a calibrated leaf spring. The effective length
of the spring and hence the range is determined by the range adjusting screw. By adjusting the
zero adjustment screw, the right hand end of the power diaphragm support link as also the free
end of the leaf spring, is adjusted for zero adjustment through the cradle.
 5.A. Flow of fluid:

• Explain Steady and Unsteady flow.

Ans: The flow in which characteristics of fluid like velocity, temperature, pressure, density etc.
do not changes at a point with time is known as steady flow. The flow in which characteristics of
fluid changes with time at a same point is known as unsteady flow.

• Explain Uniform and Non Uniform flow.

Ans: The fluid flow in which the properties of fluid like pressure, temperature, velocity etc.
changes with respect time but does not changes with respect position is known as uniform flow.
The fluid flow, in which the properties of fluid like pressure, temperature, velocity etc. changes
with respect time as well as with respect position, is known as non- uniform flow.
• Explaion Laminar and turbulence flow.
Ans: The fluid flow, in which the adjacent layers do not cross each other and move along we
define path is known as laminar flow. In this flow, fluid flows along the straight line. The flow in
which adjacent layers cross each other and do not move along well defined path is known as
turbulence flow.
• Explain Rotational and Ir-rotational flow.
Ans: If the fluid particles flowing along stream lines also rotate about their own axes, then flow
is known as rotational flow. If fluid particles do not rotate about their own axes, then flow is
known as irrotational flow.
• Explain Compressible and In-compressible flow .
Ans:If the density of fluid varies from point to point in the flow, the flow is known as
compressible flow. If the density of fluid remains constant through the flow, the flow is known
as incompressible flow. We have discussed about types of fluid flow. If you have any doubt
regarding this article, ask by commenting. If you like this article, don’t forget to share it on social
networks. Subscribe our website for more informative articles. Thanks for reading it.
• Steady and Unsteady flow?
Ans: The flow in which characteristics of fluid like velocity, temperature, pressure, density etc.
do not changes at a point with time is known as steady flow. The flow in which characteristics of
fluid changes with time at a same point is known as unsteady flow.

• 11 | P a g e
• Uniform and Non Uniform flow?
Ans: The fluid flow in which the properties of fluid like pressure, temperature, velocity etc.
changes with respect time but does not changes with respect position is known as uniform flow.
The fluid flow, in which the properties of fluid like pressure, temperature, velocity etc. changes
with respect time as well as with respect position, is known as non- uniform flow.
.
• Compressible and In-compressible flow?
Ans: If the density of fluid varies from point to point in the flow, the flow is known as
compressible flow. If the density of fluid remains constant through the flow, the flow is known
as incompressible flow. We have discussed about types of fluid flow. If you have any doubt
regarding this article, ask by commenting. If you like this article, don’t forget to share it on social
networks. Subscribe our website for more informative articles. Thanks for reading it.
5.B. Pumps and Water Turbines:

5.1 Centrifugal Pump:

Principle: This pump works on basic principle of change in angular momentum. It state that the
change in the angular momentum of a rotating particle is equal to the applied force. It means
when a certain amount of liquid is rotated with the help of external agency means turbines or
electric motor or external force, a centrifugal force acts on it which further turns into pressure. In
addition to, this as liquid passes through revolving wheel then there is change in angular
momentum of rotating wheel or impeller which generates more amount of pressure. In short, in a
centrifugal pump kinetic energy of impeller is converted into pressure energy of fluid which is
used to raise up it to certain height. Due to centrifugal force acting on water or fluid, it is lifted
up to particular height. So these pump is called as centrifugal pump

• Rotating components:It consists of a shaft and an impeller

A.) Impeller: It is the main part of centrifugal pump. It provides centrifugal acceleration to the
liquid. Impeller has again its sub-types.

a.) Open impeller: This impeller is without crown and base plate. This type of impeller is useful
in removing liquid containing solid particles such as water containing sand, paper pulp etc.
b.) Closed impeller: Closed impeller has vanes which contain cover plates on both sides.
It is mostly used in obtaining pure water.
c.) Semi-open impeller:It has only base plate and don’t has any crown plate. It is comfortable
with fluid containing charged debris.
B.) Shaft: It is used to rotate the impeller. It is designed to transmit torque encountered while
starting and operating time of impellers and other rotating components.

C.) Shaft sleeve: Sleeves prevent centrifugal pump shaft from corrosion and leakage points. It
should be taken care that sleeves should be sealed at one end.
• Stationary components:It consist of casing, bearings, suction pipe.
A.) Casings: These casings are similar to the casings of a turbine. There are two types of casing:
a.) Volute casings: Volute is the funnel of increasing area and generally curve in shape.
As cross sectional area of funnel decreases velocity of liquid decreases with increasing pressure.
These are created to have a higher head. To balance the pressure on shaft of centrifugal pump is
the focus behind developing volute casings.
b.) Circular or Vortex casings: These have vanes which surrounds impeller periphery and
convert kinetic energy into pressure energy.
B.) Suction pipe: The lower end of a suction pipe is dipped in water which is to be lifted up and
the other end is connected to the inlet of centrifugal pump. Strainer and foot valve present at the
lower end of the suction pipe help to remove waste material from water such as leaves, sand and
to allow the flow of water only in upward direction, respectively.

• Types Centrifugal pump:

Following is the classification of centrifugal pump.
A.) According to the type of casing:
• Turbine pump: It consists of vanes which surround impeller on a diffuser ring. These
vanes and diffuser ring both are in stable position and distance between vanes provide a direction
to the flow of liquid. Fluid leaving impeller flows through these empty spaces with high
pressure. After leaving vanes the fluid goes into casings which may be circular, concentric or
volute shape. It has been founded that we can convert 75% of kinetic energy into pressure
energy. Disadvantage of these pumps is that they are very expensive.
• Volute pump: In this pump, impeller is covered by volute chamber. These volute casing
may be created in such a way that having equal velocities of liquid leaving impeller and entering
the pump. If it is designed as mentioned above then there is

very less loss of energy but kinetic energy cannot be converted into more useful potential energy.

B.) According to the impeller number per shaft:

Centrifugal pumps may be classified as multi-stage and single-stage depending upon the number
of impellers. Multi-stage pump has two or more series joined impellers
enclosed in same casing. Single-stage pump has only one impeller mounted on the shaft.
C.) According to the direction of liquid flow through impeller:
These pumps may be classified on the basis of direction of flow of liquid through the impeller as
axial flow pump, mixed flow pump and radial flow pump.

• Working of centrifugal pump:

Before discuss about its working you should learn about what is priming and why it is essential
for proper working of centrifugal pump.

Priming: Priming is the most basic and first step in the working of centrifugal pump. The
process of filling the casing, suction pipe and delivery pipe upto the delivery valve before
starting the pump is known as priming. In order to remove the air gap present in pump, it is filled
by liquid. Pressure developed inside the pump is directly proportional to the density of liquid in
it. If there is air in pump and an impeller is allowed to rotate then pressure energy cannot be
developed as density of fluid is less due to presence of air. So it is very important to prime a
centrifugal pump carefully.

Its working can be summarized into following points:

First priming is done before starting the pump. Delivery valve is still kept closed.
Now the motor starts. The rotation of impeller in the casing full of liquid accelerates liquid
and there is generation of powerful centrifugal force which results in enhancement in liquid
pressure.
This increase in pressure is directly proportional to the square of angular velocity and distance
of point from the axis.
Therefore, if the impeller rotates with faster speed, there is greater amount of production of
required pressure energy.
Now the delivery valve open and allow liquid to flow at desired location.

Liquid comes out of impeller with high velocity. This increasing kinetic energy due to increased
velocity can be wasted in eddies which result in decreasing the efficiency of pump. So safety
should be taken to reduce this speed as that of lower velocity of delivery pipe.

Advantages:
Centrifugal pumps don’t have any leakage issue.
They are able to pump hazardous as well as sensitive fluids.
There is also no problem of heat transfer as the space between the motor and chamber is
sufficiently large.
There is no loss of power due to friction and they are very simple in structure and easy in
handling.

Disadvantages:
Magnetic resonance in centrifugal pump results in small loss of energy.
The risk of the clogging of pipe may arise due to particle attractive nature of magnetic drive.
Vibrations due to surrounding atmosphere can damage these pumps.
The risk of cavitations is always there.

Applications:
These pumps are used in buildings for pumping the regular water. They are used in the fire
protection related services.
Centrifugal pumps are used to transfer lactose and other drugs in pharmaceutical industry.
They are also used in coolant recirculation, refrigerants.
These pumps are used in sprinkling, irrigation, drainage.

6. Hydraulic Turbine:
• Working Principle:
According to Newton’s law a force is directly proportional to the change in momentum. So if
there is any change in momentum of fluid a force is generated. In the hydraulic turbine blades or
bucket (in case of Pelton wheel) are provided against the flow of water which change the
momentum of it. As the momentum is change a resulting pressure force generated which rotate
the rotor or turbine. The most important phenomenon is the

amount of change in momentum of water which is directly proportional to force. As the change
in momentum high the force generated is high which increase the energy conversion. So the
blade or buckets are designed so it can change maximum momentum of water. This is the basic
principle of turbine. These turbines are used as hydro electric power plant.

• Types hydraulic turbine:

The hydraulic turbine can be classified according to the energy available at inlet, direction of
flow of water, Specific speed, head available at inlet etc. These all types are described as below.
1.) According to Type of Energy Available at Inlet:
• Impulse Turbine:
Impulse turbine is those turbines which are use impulse energy or we can say kinetic energy of
water to rotate the turbine. In this type of hydraulic turbine all pressure head or pressure energy
is converted into velocity head or kinetic energy at the inlet of turbine by using nozzle. This high
speed water jet strikes the blade or bucket of

turbine which develop a force which rotate it. Only kinetic energy changes at the inlet and outlet
of turbine and the pressure of water remain same. This kind of turbine is known as impulse
turbine. There are various design available of impulse turbine but the Pelton wheel most suited
for it. These are generally high head and low discharge hydraulic turbine.
• Reaction Turbine:
As the name implies these turbines is used pressure energy of water to rotate the turbine. In
practically no turbine can purely used pressure energy. So it used both its pressure energy and
kinetic energy. These turbines rotate partially due to impulse action and partially due to pressure
change over the runner blades. The water flow over blades covert both its kinetic energy as well
as pressure energy into force and rotate the turbine. The change in pressure energy of water
known as degree of reaction of the turbine. So it is known as reaction turbine. They are generally
low head, high discharge turbine.
2.) According to Direction of Flow:
• Tangential Flow Turbine:
In this hydraulic turbine the water flow through tangent of runner. The water jet strikes the
runner tangentially and rotates the turbine. Example Pelton wheel turbine
6.1. Pelton Turbine
• Radial Flow Turbine:
In this type of turbine the water flows in radial direction. This is subdivided into two types. The
first one is known as inward radial flow in which the water flows from periphery to the center.
Example Francis turbine. Second one is known as outward flow radial turbine in which water
flow towards periphery from center.
 6.2. Francis Turbine

c ) Axial Flow Turbine:

In this hydraulic turbine, the water flow from the axis of turbine. Example :Kaplan turbine

6.3. Kaplan Turbine

• Mixed Flow Turbine:

When the water enters the turbine radically and exit axially or vice versa, it is known as mixed
flow turbine.

3.) According to Head of Water Available at Inlet:

Medium Head Turbine: If the water level varies from 30 -130 m from the axis of the turbine,
it is known as medium head turbine. Example Francis Turbine

Low Head Turbine: If the water level is below 30 meter from the axis of turbine, it is known
as low head turbine. These hydraulic turbine required high discharge rate to work efficiently.
Example Kaplan turbine.

4.) According to Specific Speed of Turbine:

Low Specific Speed Turbine: If the specific speed is less than 50 the turbine is considered as
low specific speed turbine. Example Pelton wheel.

Medium Specific Speed Turbine: If the specific speed is between 50 – 150, it is considered
as medium specific speed turbine. Example Francis Turbine

High Specific Speed Turbine: If the specific speed of turbine is above 250 it is known as
high specific speed turbine. Example Kaplan Turbine

5.2.2.1 Advantages and Disadvantages:

Hydro power plant or we can say that hydraulic turbines are widely used form the last decades. It
is an efficient renewable energy source. There are many up and downs in every project so there
are also have many advantages and disadvantages which are describe below.

Advantages:
 It is a renewable energy source. Water energy can be used again and again. The running
cost of turbine is less compare to other.
It has high efficiency.
It can be control fully. The gate of dam is closed when we does not need electricity and can be
open when we needed.
Dams are used from very long time so it can be used for power generation.
The dam constructed for hydraulic turbine can become a tourist place.

Disadvantages:
Initial cost is very high. It takes several decades to become profitable.
It can destroy the natural environment at site. Large dam cause big geological damages. It can
develop at only few sites where proper amount of water is available.

This is all about Hydraulic turbine working, types and advantages and disadvantages. If you have
any query regarding this article, ask by commenting. If you like this article, don’t forget to share
it on social networks. Thanks for reading it.

Long Questions :

• Write The Difference between Centrifugal Pump and Reciprocating Pump.

• Ans:

S. No. Centrifugal pump Reciprocating pump

It is one of the rotary pumps which used It is a positive displacement type pump
1. kinetic which is
energy of impeller. forced by piston.
2. It continuously discharges the fluid. It does not discharge the fluid
continuously.
In centrifugal pump the flow rate The pressure does not affect flow rate
3. decreases which in
increasing the pressure. reciprocating pumps.
4. It is used for pumping high viscous fluid. It is used for pump low viscous fluid.
In this pumps discharge is inversely In reciprocating pump viscosity of
5. promotional to fluid does
the viscosity of fluid. not affect the discharge rate.
Efficiency of these pumps are low
6. compare to Efficiency is high.
reciprocating pump.
7. Centrifugal pump have problem of It does not have any problem of
priming. priming.
 It uses piston cylinder device to
8. It uses impellers to transfer energy to transfer energy
fluid. to fluid.

These are heavier compare to

9. They are lighter than reciprocating centrifugal
pumps. pump.
10. It gives higher discharge at low heads. These gives higher heads at low
discharge.
11. It is less costly. These are costly.
12. These pumps required less maintenance. These required higher maintenance.
Centrifugal pumps are easy to install. These pumps are difficult to install.
13. These These
required less floor space. required more floor area.
It is mostly used for domestic purpose These are mostly used in industries
14. and where and high
higher discharge at low head required. viscous fluid pumped at a high head.

• Write the difference between Impulse and Reaction Turbine. Ans:

Impul Reacti
se on
Turbi Turbin
ne e
1. In impulse turbine only kinetic energy is 1. In reaction turbine both kinetic and pressure
used to energy is
rotate the turbine. used to rotate the turbine.
2. In this turbine water flow through the nozzle 2. In this turbine water is guided by the guide
and blades to
strike the blades of turbine. flow over the turbine.
3. All pressure energy of water converted into 3. In reaction turbine, there is no change in
kinetic pressure
energy before striking the vanes. energy of water before striking.
4. The pressure of the water remains 4. The pressure of water is reducing after
unchanged and is passing
equal to atmospheric pressure during process. through vanes.
5. Water may admitted over a part of 5. Water may admitted over a part of
circumference or circumference or
 over the whole circumference of the wheel of
turbine.
6. In impulse turbine casing has no hydraulic
function to perform because the jet is at
atmospheric
pressure. This casing serves only to prevent
splashing of
water.
7. This turbine is most suitable for large head
and lower
flow rate. Pelton wheel is the example of this
turbine.
over the whole circumference of the wheel of
turbine.
6. Casing is absolutely necessary because the
pressure at
inlet of the turbine is much higher than the
pressure at
outlet. It is sealed from atmospheric pressure.
7. This turbine is best suited for higher flow
rate and
lower head situation.

Multiple Choice Questions on the bases of above topic :

• Power required to drive a centrifugal pump is directly proportional to of its impeller.

A. diameter
B. square of diameter
C. cube of diameter
D. fourth power of diameter

• The mechanical efficiency of an impulse turbine is

ratio of the actual power produced by the turbine to the energy actually supplied by the
A.
turbine
B. ratio of the actual work available at the turbine to the energy imparted to the wheel
C. ratio of the Work done on the wheel to the energy of the jet
D. none of the above

• In a Kaplan turbine runner, the number of blades are generally between

A. 2 to 4
B. 4 to 8
C. 8 to l6
D. 16 to 24

• Discharge of a centrifugal pump is

A. directly proportional to diameter of its impeller

B. inversely proportional to diameter of its impeller
 C. directly proportional to (diameter)2 of its impeller
D. inversely proportional to (diameter)2 of its impeller

• The static head of a centrifugal pump is equal to the of suction head and delivery head.

A. product
B. difference
C. Sum
D. all of these

• The speed of a turbine runner is

A. directly proportional to H1/2

B. inversely proportional to H1/2

C. directly proportional to H3/2
D. inversely proportional to H3/2

• Discharge of a centrifugal pump is (where N = Speed of the pump impeller)

A. directly proportional to N
B. inversely proportional to N
C. directly proportional to N2
D. inversely proportional to N2

A. to run the turbine full

B. to prevent air to enter the turbine
to increase the head of water by an amount equal to the height of the runner outlet above
C.
the tail race
D. to transport water to downstream

A. give high discharge

B. produce high heads
C. pump viscous fluids
D. all of these
 A. Centrifugal pump
B. Axial flow pump
C. Mixed flow pump
D. Reciprocating pump

ANSWERS :

1.D 2.B 3.B 4.D 5.C 6.A 7.A 8.C 9.B 10.C