3.

5 Give the ground-state electron configuration expected for each of the following ions: (a) Cu
+ (b) Bi3+; (c) Ga3+ (d) Ti3+

(a) [Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s¹ (c) [Ar] 3d104s24p1

loses 1 electron: [Ar]3d10 Loses 3 electrons: [Ar] 3d10

(b) [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3 (d) [Ar] 3d24s2

Loses 3 electrons: [Xe]4f145d106s2 Loses 3 electrons: [Ar] 3d1

3.9 Which M2+ ions (where M is a metal) are predicted to have the following ground-state electron
configurations: (a) [Ar]3d7; (b) [Ar]3d6; (c) [Kr]4d4; (d) [Kr]4d3?

(a) Co2+ (b) Fe2+ (c) Mo2+ (d) Nb2+

3.23 Chlorine can exist in both positive and negative oxidation states. What is the maximum (a)
positive and (b) negative oxidation number that chlorine can have? (c) Write the electron
configuration for each of these states. (d) Explain how you arrived at these values.

(a) +7 (d) Electrons are lost or added to give noble-

gas configuration
(b) -1

(c) [Ne] for +7, [Ar] for -1

3.25 On the basis of the expected charges on the monatomic ions, give the chemical formula of
each of the following compounds: (a) magnesium arsenide; (b) indium (III) sulfide; (c) aluminum
hydride; (d) hydrogen telluride; (e) bismuth (III) fluoride

(a) Mg3As2 (b) In2S3 (c) AlH3 (d) H2Te (e) BiF3

3.27 On the basis of the expected charges of the monatomic ions, give the chemical formula of
each of the following compounds: (a) thallium (III) chloride; (b) aluminum sulfide; (c) manganese
(IV) oxide.

(a) TlCl3; (b) Al2S3; (c) MnO2

3.31 Explain why the lattice energy of lithium chloride (861 kJ mol
1) is greater than that of rubidium chloride (695 kJ mol
1), given that they have similar arrangements of ions in the crystal lattice. See Appendix 2D.

- Lattice energy is inversely proportional to the distance between the ions, thus the larger the ion
will have the lower lattice energy.

WHY? - The atomic radius increases as you move down a group. Since the
square of the distance is inversely proportional to the force of attraction, lattice
energy decreases as the atomic radius increases.
3.39 Write the complete Lewis structure for each of the following compounds: (a) ammonium
chloride; (b) potassium phosphide; (c) sodium hypochlorite.
3.45 Draw the Lewis structures that contribute to the resonance hybrid of nitryl chloride, ClNO2 (N
is the central atom).

Explanation: In both structures, the N has a formal charge of +1 and the singly bound O has a
formal charge of -1. All other atoms have formal charge of 0.

3.53 Determine the formal charge on each atom in the following molecules. Identify the structure
of lower energy in each pair

3.67 In each of these compounds, an atom violates the octet rule. Identify the atom and explain
the deviation from the octet rule: (a) BeCl2; (b) ClO2.

(a) In BeCl2, there are 4 electrons around the central beryllium

(b) In ClO2 there are an odd number of electrons around the central chlorine
3.69 Two contributions to the resonance structure are shown below for each species. Determine
the formal charge on each atom and then, if possible, identify the Lewis structure of lower energy
for each species.

3.93 Write the Lewis structure, including resonance structures where appropriate, for (a) the
oxalate ion, C2O42- (there is a C-C bond with two oxygen atoms attached to each carbon atom);
(b) BrO+; (c) the acetylide ion, C22-. Assign formal charges to each atom.
3.103 Quinone, C6H4O2, is an organic molecule with the structure shown below; it can be
reduced to the anion C 6H4O22-. (a) Draw the Lewis structure of the reduced product. (b) On the
basis of formal charges derived from the Lewis structure, predict which atoms in the molecule are
most negatively charged. (c) If two protons are added to the reduced product, where are they
most likely to bond?

(b) All the atoms have formal charge 0 except the two oxygen atoms, which are -1. The negative
charge is most likely to be concentrated at the oxygen atoms.
(c) The protons will bond to the oxygen atoms.