DISEASE DESCRIPTION DIETARY
INTERVENTION
1. Type 1 Diabetes Beta cell destruction, usually leading to
Mellitus absolute insulin deficiency
2. Type 2 Diabetes Insulin resistance with insulin secretory
Mellitus defect. The primary metabolic problem in
T2DM is insulin resistance or failure of
cells to respond to insulin produced by
the body. Eventually the pancreas loses its
ability to produce insulin. Family history
and obesity are the two strongest risk
factors for T2D
3. Hyperthyroidism Hyperthyroidism, a type of thyrotoxicosis,
is a condition in which the thyroid gland
produces too much thyroid hormone.
Some people refer to this condition as an
RATIONALE NUTRITIONAL MONITORING
Mediterranean The goal of insulin therapy, in conjunction Monitor blood sugar levels
diet with insulin with nutrition therapy and physical is to
therapy mimic physiologic insulin delivery. Optimal
insulin management can be realized only by
evaluating blood glucose monitoring
records, adjusting food and exercise
activities, and proposing insulin adjustments
partnered with full of nutrient-dense foods,
including lots of fresh vegetables, some fruit,
plant-fats such as olive oil and nuts, fish such
as sardines, and occasional meat and dairy.
American  A vegetarian or vegan diet is Blood sugar monitoring
Diabetes typically fiber-rich and lower in
Association diet calories and saturated fat, so the
and Vegan Diet inflammatory risks associated with
high meat consumption are
avoided. Research studies that have
tested vegetarian and vegan diets
for people with diabetes; have
found them to be beneficial at
reducing blood sugar.
 The American Diabetes Association
(ADA) advocates for a healthy diet
with an emphasis on balancing
energy intake with exercise.
Historically, they have advocated for
the majority of calories coming from
complex carbohydrates from whole
grains such as whole-grain bread
and other whole-grain cereal
products and a decreased intake of
total fat with most of it coming from
unsaturated fat.
Low-iodine foods If a person is planning to receive radioactive Provide a balanced diet, with six
and cruciferous iodine treatment for hyperthyroidism, their meals per day to promote weight
vegetables doctor may ask them to follow a low iodine gain. Avoid foods that
diet. Some cruciferous increase peristalsis and fluids that
 overactive thyroid. The symptoms of an
overactive thyroid include unintentional
weight loss, anxiety, sweating, frequent
bowel movements, difficulty sleeping, and
muscle weakness. Hyperthyroidism is
much more common in women than in
men.
4. Hypothyroidism The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-
shaped gland that sits near the base of
your neck.
It makes and stores thyroid hormones
that affect nearly every cell in your body
Hypothyroidism is when the thyroid gland
does not produce enough thyroid
hormones to meet the needs of the body.
The thyroid is underactive
5. Parathyroid Hyperparathyroidism is a condition in
disorders which one or more of the parathyroid
(Hyperparathyroidism) glands become overactive and secrete too
much parathyroid hormone (PTH). This
causes the levels of calcium in the blood
to rise, a condition known as
hypercalcemia.
6. Pancreatitis Pancreatitis is an inflammatory process
characterized by decreased production of
digestive enzymes and bicarbonate and
malabsorption of fats and proteins. This
acute inflammation causes blood vessels
that supply the pancreas to become
exceptionally permeable and leak fluid
and plasma proteins into spaces between
pancreatic cells, causing localized edema
and damage.
7. Diabetes Insipidus Diabetes insipidus (die-uh-BEE-teze in-SIP-
uh-dus) is an uncommon disorder that
causes an imbalance of fluids in the body.
This imbalance makes you very thirsty
even if you've had something to drink. It
also leads you to produce large amounts
vegetables contain compounds that
decrease thyroid hormone production and
may reduce iodine uptake by the thyroid.
Both of these effects may be beneficial for a
person with hyperthyroidism.
Low-cholesterol, When thyroid hormone levels are low, the
low-calorie, low- body doesn’t break down and remove bad
saturated-fat diet. cholesterol as efficiently as usual; Also, since
the client has a slow metabolism, he/she
requires fewer calories to support the
metabolic need
Low calcium diet To avoid overproduction of calcium in the
or Vitamin D body and prevent calcium stones in the
supplementation kidney. In secondary hyperparathyroidism,
the underlying cause can be low vitamin D is
the and can be corrected with oral vitamin D
Low fat, To reduce pancreatic stimulation and
elemental preventing symptoms of steatorrhea
formulas
low-protein, low- To decrease urine output.
sodium diet
cause diarrhea.
Encourage the client to eat six small
meals throughout the day to make
sure that the client has an adequate
intake of nutrients in the client with
decreased energy levels. Encourage
the intake of foods rich in fiber.
Ensure adequate hydration to reduce
risk of renal complications. Monitor
serum calcium
Patients receiving enteral feedings
should be closely monitored for
increases in pancreatic enzymes,
abdominal pain, or discomfort
Monitor for increased thirst
(polydipsia) because thirst can be a
reliable indicator of fluid balance.
Polyuria and polydipsia strongly
suggest DI
 of urine.
8. Addison’s Disease Addison’s disease occurs when the
adrenal cortex is damaged, and the
adrenal glands don’t produce enough of
the steroid hormones cortisol and
aldosterone.
Cortisol regulates the body’s reaction to
stressful situations. Aldosterone helps
with sodium and potassium regulation.
The adrenal cortex also produces sex
hormones (androgens).
9. Cushing’s Syndrome Cushing’s disease is characterized by
increased secretions of
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) by
the pituitary gland. ACTH plays an
important role in the production and
release of cortisol, a steroid hormone
normally produced in response to low
blood sugar. Cushing’s results in
hypercortisolism, or abnormally high
levels of cortisol in the body.
Because cortisol is essential for metabolic
processes, hypercortisolism associated
with Cushing’s can significantly affect how
the body processes nutrients. The
following Cushing’s disease diet
changes can help limit or counteract some
symptoms:
High-protein, low-  The patient tires because of
carbohydrate, inadequate production of
high-sodium diet hepatic glucagon; the recommended
diet prevents fatigue, hypoglycemia,
and hyponatremia. The patient with
primary Addison’s disease needs to
increase salt intake 5 g if any activity
causes an increase in diaphoresis
(activities in warm weather).
 The adrenal fatigue diet is a food-
based approach to improving stress
on the adrenal glands. Promotes
proper functionality of the adrenal
glands, healthy blood pressure,
increased healthy nutrients in the
body and improved stress levels
Adrenal Fatigue
Diet
Cushing Disease  Reducing Sodium Intake
Diet Excess sodium can worsen symptom’s of
Cushing’s by increasing blood pressure and
causing weight gain
 Reducing cholesterol
And more High Fiber
A common symptom of Cushing’s is high
cholesterol levels. Avoiding fatty foods and
eating more high-fiber foods such as kidney
beans, apples, pears, barley and prunes may
help offset the effects of higher cholesterol
associated with Cushing’s.
 Increasing calcium and vitamin D
intake
Cushing’s can cause reduced bone density or
osteoporosis. Since calcium and vitamin
D strengthen bones, doctors recommend a
Monitor trends in weight. This
provides documentation of weight
loss trends. Weight loss is a common
manifestation of adrenal
insufficiency.
Monitor serum glucose levels.
Patients with adrenal insufficiency
are likely to
experience hypoglycemia. It may
require adjustment of insulin dosage.
Monitor vital signs, especially BP and
HR. Cushing’s disease may result in
increased blood pressure resulted
from the expanded fluid volume with
sodium and water retention.
Tachycardia happens as a
compensatory response to
circulatory overload.
Monitor the client’s sodium and
potassium levels. Excessive cortisol
causes sodium and water retention,
edema, and increased potassium
excretion. Mineralocorticoids
regulate sodium and potassium
secretion, and excess levels cause
marked sodium and water retention
as well as marked hypokalemia.
 healthy diet rich in calcium and vitamin D for
people with Cushing’s.

10. Pheochromocytoma is a rare tumor of
Pheochromocytoma adrenal gland tissue. It results in the
release of too much epinephrine and
norepinephrine, hormones that control
heart rate, metabolism, and blood
pressure.
DASH diet The tumor releases hormones that cause Monitor adequate fluid intake and
either episodic or persistent high blood blood pressure
pressure and with DASH diet it can help to
lower the risk for surgery complications

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