Universidad de Guanajuato

DIVISIÓN DE INGENIERÍAS CAMPUS IRAPUATO-SALAMANCA

4 de diciembre, 2019, Salamanca - México

REVIEW OF THE JOMINY END QUENCH TEST

Elias-Ortiz Eber / Student of mechanical engineering

ABSTRACT work by Jominy and Boegehold, [5] they described a cylindrical

specimen 100 mm long and 25 mm in diameter.
In this paper we discussed about the significance of
The specimen was austenitized and then removed from the
hardenability and role of Jominy test that measurement of
furnace and placed in a fixture, where the specimen was exposed
hardenability for 4340 steel and 1040 steel. Hardenability
at one end to a specified vertical stream of water [5], [6]. The
property one of the most important properties and is easier to
results of the test are plotted in a stress-strain curve. Hence, it
measure it. Accordingly, Jominy end quench test, is a good
permits present a correlation between the hardness of the steel
estimation of hardenability based in chemical composition of the
and the distance between the bar and the nozzle.
material. Various factors which generate effect in formation
The resulting cooling is unidirectional and irrelevant on the
hardenability like the martensite, austenite grain size, carbon
composition of the steel. In most case the resulting hardenability
content and alloying elements percentage. The data results from
of the steel is dependent of the properties of the steel composition
Jominy test shows that is possible use it to determine whether
which change according with grain size [4], [7], [8]. Also, the
steel for different section diameters.
design of the measuring cylinder will generate variation in
measurement report, for this reason the design of the specimen
INTRODUCTION
must be based an international standard established by ASTM
[8] and SAE [4], [6], [7]. In future this procedure establishes
This paper described the behavior of carbon steel using a
technics that integrate more parameters of alloy steels.
tempered procedure used to develop various graph which allow
a better interpretation as the temperature changes.
The strength of materials is fundamental, been presented by their
different applications which are generally presented in the
METHODOLOGY
industry development shown by their consumption. Particularly
for high-range applications in automotive, mainly in the study of
A known phenomenon that had characterized the hardness of
carbon steel, the chief consideration choosing a procedure is less
the carbon steel is the transition of phases onto a eutectoid. One
generation accumulation of efforts that will generate
from austenite to pearlite, the other from austenite to martensite.
deformations or lend to failure.
In consequence, transformation is driven by the diffusion of
The ideal process is a hardened because can change the
carbon atoms, it is time dependent and irreversible. The
temperature value which results in a different hardness in the
evolution of the phase transitions is usually described in time-
material, especially when it is necessary to avoid an intrusive or
temperature transformation diagrams.
invasive way. [1], [2]. Particularly, the continuous study of
hardness through Jominy test provides information about
Those phenomena generate a change in the grain of the steel,
different alloy steels. In this test a cylindrical steel bar is heated
which determine the hardness and it is obtained by a specific
up to its austenitic state, subsequently it is put in a quench by
process using a durometer.
water jet at certain distance [1]–[4], as said in the original classic

1
Following the relation given the next equation: the hardness was measured with an “Automatic durometer
Starrett 3816 Rockwell”. The results obtained were registered in
𝐻𝐵
2𝑃
(1) a plot in the Software “EXCEL”.
πD[D−D2−d2]

RESULTS
Where D represents the total diameter of the sphere in the Characterizing results obtained from obtain the below graph.
durometer, d is the diameter of the semi sphere in the projected
area and P is the uniform load.
80
60

Hardnes, Rc
hardness

MATERIALS 40 Linear (hardness)

Steels or alloys must follow the norm AISI 8620 [9] without
generate variation in the results. In this case, it was used a steel
1040, cylindrical.
The data from the Jominy test which is performed in an apparatus
adapted using a barrel as shown in the figure 1. With length of
2.20 m and a width of 0.80 m. In the middle of the barrel a
support with a metal plate was fixed who permits hold the load
and keep in static state as shown in figure 2.
Figure 1. Arange of a transversal beam and a little pump.
20
0
0 20 40 60
mm
Figure 3.- Rockwell C hardness data.
By looking Figure 3 above it can be said that hardness eventually
decreases as the sample is tested in sections farther from the
quenched end.
Also, it can be said that the very first 3 mm of the specimen has
higher martensite percentage compared to further locations.
Because after 3 mm range, hardness values decreased
dramatically.
So, the quenched end of the specimen is supposed to be
martensite as well as the hardest location. Figure 3 above proves
that hardest locations of the specimen are the very first 3 mm
range which are martensited. By going further, hardness values
decrease so it can be said that, martensite percentage decreases
while pearlite percentage increases.
If photographs were taken under electron microscopy, as
principals components will be:

 Pearlite (coarse) microstructure shown below Figure 4,

 Martensite microstructure shown below Figure 5.

Figure 2. Tempered process of a fixed bar.

Figure 4: electron microscopy of pearlite.

Firstly, a thermal treatment was used to be heated at its austenitic
state. When the bar has achieved its austenitic state, it is placed
internally in a transversal position, parallel the blast.
At this moment the apparatus is turn on, the water jet for the
tempered of the bar.

The process keeps cooling until the bar changes its color from
red to gray, this starts from the bottom of the barrel. Afterwards,

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 The results suggest that the austenite-pearlite phase change, and
Figure 5: electron microscopy martensite. may be described by the additivity rule, but could the varieties in
results are generated.

The data from Jominy test can be used to determine whether steel
can be sufficiently hardened in different quenching media, for
different section diameters.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I am very grateful to Professor Víctor that through patience and

constant attention he was guiding me to improve the quality and
level of writing to conclude this project. To my classmates who
learned one each other.

REFERENCIAS
Figure 6.- Grain size effect on martensite formation obtained by Stan et al [10].

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CONCLUSIONS
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In this review paper was demonstrated the importance of
change in hardenability of different steels by Jominy test. Their
variations are related to micro structural change.

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