SeedPr

epar
ati
on

1. 
TheSt
andar
dPr
ocessf
orSoy
beans

1.
1.Speci
fi
cat
ionofI
ncomi
ngUncl
eanPr
oduct
s

Theperfor
manceoft hesoy beanpreparat
ionpl
antshal
lbebased,
amongst
other
s,onthefoll
owingproductspecifi
cati
onsofthei
ncomingpart
ial
oruncl
ean
beanswiththefol
lowingpropert
ies:

Uni
tedStatesNo.2yel
lowsoybeans,
(USDAof f
ici
alUSstandar
dforsoy
beans)or
bet
terf
rom thewebsi
teoftheGrai
nInspect
ion,Packer
sandStocky
ards
Admini
strati
on.

Oilcont ent: 18-22%

Bulkdensi ty: 0.
68t m3
/
Moi sture Maximum 14%,
cont ent: butdri
edto11%
Impur it
ies: Maximum 2%
Hull content: 7-8%
Spli
t /br
oken
Maxi
mum 20%
beans:
Mini
mum 15º
C
Temper
atur
e:
(
59°F)

1.
2.SeedPrepar
ati
onMai
nlySoy
beansf
orDi
rectSol
ventExt
ract
ion(
wit
hout
Dehul
li
ng)

Thepr i
metaskofanyseedpreparati
onplantistoprocessseedsinsuchaway
that,
undernor
mal ci
rcumst
ances,thesolventextr
acti
onplantcanremovet
heoil
i
naneconomi calway.Thebasict
echnologicalst
epsusedintoday’smoder
nand
highl
yeffi
ci
entoi
lmill
scomprisethefol
lowing:
Theseedsaredeliv
eredf
rom t
hestor
ageareaint
othedaybinadjacentt
othe
prepar
ati
onbuil
ding.I
nordert
oregi
stert
hequanti
typr
ocessed,
ascal ei
s
i
nstall
edunder
neaththedaybin.

Thecl eani
ngoftheoil
seedsservestwopurposes.Thefir
stoneist
her emov
alof
i
mpur iti
esandsecondonetheregulat
ionofthebulkdensi
ty.Si
ncethe
preparati
onprocessi
sbasedonv olumetr
icquanti
ti
esthelatt
erpur
poseisof
specialimpor
tancetothef
laki
ngprocess.

Thefir
ststepoft hecleaningisther emov aloftrampmet albymeansofar otar
y
typemagnetsepar ator.Thisisfol
l
owedbyscr eeninginwhicht hefi
rston-
str
eam
cl
eanershouldbepr ovi
dedwi tharoughscal pingscr eenorper f
orat
edmet al
sheettoseparateov er
sizet r
ashandbel owt hatasecondsi evetogetri
dofthe
sand.Toseparatel i
ght-weightpar
ticles,mainlyhullsanddust ,t
hesecondsieve
mustalsobepr ov i
dedwi t
hanaspi rationchannel .Asanav erageonecan
esti
mate1%i mpur it
ieswillbeobtainedint hi
scl eaningsection.

Oilmil
l
spr ocessingsoybeansonlyar
esometimesprovi
dedwit
hdrydest
oners,
especi
all
yinChi na.Pl
antsoperat
ingexpel
l
erpressesar
efr
equent
lyequi
pped
wit
hsuchequi pment .

Thenextst epint heprocessi sthesizer educt ionoftheseed.Thi si

sef f
ectedby
cracki
ngr oll
s.Mostcr ackingrollscompr iseani ntegr
al f
eederwithapermanent
magnetandt wopai rsofcor r
ugat edrollsar r
angedoneont opoft heothersothat
thefir
stsetofr oll
sfeedst hesecondset .Inthecaseofsoy beans,t
heseedi s
crackedto1/ 4to1/ 3ofbeansi ze.Thegr anulati
onoft hecrushedseedsi s
checkedona2. 25mm scr een.Ther etainedpor t
ionshouldbeabout75%oft he
origi
nalsampl e.Thegr anulati
onaf t
ercr ackingaf fect
sf l
akesize,whichintur
n
i
mpact spr oductv ol
umei nsidetheext ract or
.

Pr
iort
ofl
aki
ng,
thecr
ushedseedsar
econdi
ti
onedt
o85º
C.Thecondi
ti
oned
seedsar
ethenfl
aked.Bydefor
mingseedpar
ticl
eswhenfl
aki
ng,
pressandshear
for
cesarebui
l
dingup,thusr
uptur
ingt
heindi
vi
dualoi
lcel
l
s.

Toav oidde-mixingduringtr
anspor t
ati
onofthecrushedseedsandespeci allyt
o
promot eunifor
m distr
ibuti
on,theconveyorabov
et heflaker
sshouldbeachai n
conveyor.Inordertoabsorbpossi bl
ecapacit
yfl
uctuationsinthepreparat
ionthe
di
stri
but i
onconv eyorabovetheflakersshoul
dendatanov erf
low(surge)bin.
From thisbintheov er
fl
owwi ll
bef edbackintot
hepr ocessatconstantcapacity.

I
nor dert
okeept heinsidesofthef l
aki
ngrol
lscl
ean,aspi
rat
ionshouldbe
provi
dedatt heout
letchutebelowt hefl
aki
ngrol
ls.Toensur
ecareful
tr
ansport
ationoftheflakesintotheextr
acti
onpl
ant,chai
nconveyorsoper
ati
ng
atlowchainspeedmustbei nstal
led.

1.
3.Fi
nal
ProductSpeci
fi
cat
ion

Fi
nal
product
sleav
ingt
hemi
l
lshav
etomeett
hef
oll
owi
ngspeci
fi
cat
ions:

A)Cr udesoy beanoi lt

hathas
notbeenwat er -
degummed
Moi st ure
  0.2wt%
cont ent :
  I mpur it
ies: 0.1wt%
  Fl ashpoi nt : 121°C
B)Degummedoi lhastomeet
theaddi tional specifi
cation
Phosphor us 200ppm
 
cont ent : Pmax
C)Ext r
act i
onsoy beanmeal
Residual oi l
  cont ent( AOCS 0. 8%
Ba3- 38) :
200-300
  Hexanecont ent:
ppm
Moi st ureaf t
er 12. 5wt%
 
dryer /cool er max.
20°C
  Temper atur e: ( 68°F)
max
  Ur easeact iv i
ty 0. 15Delt
a
 (AOCSBa9- 58)
(AOCSCasey - pHmax
KnappMet hod)
D)Hi ghproteinsoy beanmeal
Obtainablequant i
tyoft hismeal
dependsont heprot ei
ncont ent
ofther awsoy beanspr ocessed.
47.0wt %
  Pr otei
n:
mi ni
mum
0.7%
  Fat :
mi ni
mum
3.0%-
  Fi ber:
3.5%
Moi st
ureaf t
er 12. 5%
 
dryer/
cooler: max.
20° C
  Temper ature:
(68°F)

Thediagr
am bel
owpr ov
idesamassbalanceofthesoy
beanextr
actionpr
ocess
(st
reamsofmateri
alenter
ingorl
eav
ingthesyst
em havebeeni
ndicatedi
n
boldf
ace)
:
Inthi
schart,
andint hesunfl
owerseedmassbalanceinSect
ion3below,
str
eams
ofmateri
alenter
ingorleavi
ngthesystem ar
eindi
cat
edinbold;i
nter
medi
ate
str
eamsar eindi
catedinit
ali
cs.

2. 
Dehul
l
ingofSoy
beans

Topr oducehi
gh-protei
nextracti
onmeal from soy beans,thecr udefibercontent
oft heseedmustber educed.In“conventi
onal systems”t hiscanbeef fectedby
eitheraf r
ont-
endort ai
l-
enddehul l
ingmet hod.Oi lmi
ll
sequi ppedwithfront-
end
dehul li
ngsyst
emsar eabl etoproduce100%oft hei
rthroughputasei t
herhigh-
prot ei
norlow-protei
nextracti
onmeal .Byut i
l
izingthetail
-enddehul l
ingmet hod,
yieldsofamaxi mum 20- 30%high-protei
next r
act i
onmeal canbeachi evedwi t
h
ther emainderbeingthelow-protei
nmeal ;thetail-
endmet hodwi l
lnotbe
discussed.

Wewilldescr
ibetwodif
fer
entf
ront
-enddehul
li
ngprocesses:
the“
Conv
ent
ional
f
ront
-enddehull
ingsy
stem”andthe“Hotdehul
li
ngsystem”.

2.
1.Fr
ont
-endDehul
l
ing/
Gener
al
Theconventi
onal
front
-enddehul
li
ngofsoy
beanscompri
sesvar
ioussteps
dependi
ngonseedqual i
tyandt
hedesi
redendpr
oduct
.Inpri
nci
plethesest
eps
areasfol
lows:

 Cleaning/weighi
ng
 Drying/cooli
ng
 Temper i
ng
 Cracking
 Dehul l
i
ng
 Condi t
ioning
 Fl
aki ng

Alloftheabov eprocessstepshav e,i

nonewayoranot her,abeari
ngonthe
resi
dual hul
lcontentofthedehulledseedaswel l
asont heoilcont
enti
nthe
separatedhulls.Soybeansarenotauni f
orm productwithrespecttooi
l
,prot
ein,
crudefiberandmoi sturecontent
.Theirproper
tiesmaychangenotonl yfr
om year
toyear,butfrom countrytocountryandfrom r
egi ont
or egi
on.

Besidest hesepr opert

ies,thedegreeofmaturi
tyandpercentageofdamaged
beansal sopl ayanimpor tantpartwit
hrespectt
odehulli
ng.Throughdryi
ngand
temperingt hev ari
ousgr adesofsoybeanscanbecor r
ectl
yconditi
onedpriort
o
beingdehul led.Howev er,i
tmustbement ionedatthi
spointthatfr
eshl
y
harvest
edsoy beansdocr eatemoreproblemsandaremor ediff
icul
ttodehull
,i
n
spiteofcar efuldryi
ngandt emperi
ng.

2.
2.SeedDr
yingandTemper
ing

Thesoy beanswi l
lhavetobedr iedinordertoobt ai
nopt i
mal condi t
ionsforthe
subsequentdehul li
ngpr ocess.Therear ecaseswher eashipmentofsoy beans
requi
reslit
tl
eornodr yingpr i
ortodehulling,
yetstil
lyi
eldshighpr oteinmeals
compliantwitht heacceptedst andards.Suchseedsar echar acteri
zedbyal ow
moisturelevelandahi ghpr otei
ncont ent.Becauseofspecial soilandideal
cli
maticconditions,theseedsgr owni nacer tai
nareamayl endt hemsel vest obe
dehull
edwi t
houtpr i
ordrying.

Fort hepr ocessofdr yi

ngthebeans, hotairdryer swithsteam-heatedpr eheating
sectionsandr euseofthecool i
ngairatthedr yingsect i
onhav eprovenmost
eff
ect iv
e.Thedr yi
ngofsoy beansandt hesubsequentt emper i
ngpr ocessare
necessar yinordertoreducetheadher enceoft hehul l
stot hekernels.Thereisa
correlationbetweent hemoi st
urecontentoft hebeanandt headherencef orces
ofthehul lstothebeans,andt hi
sisaf actorwhi chdirectl
yinfl
uencest he
percent ageofhul l
sadher i
ngtotheker nelsaftert heseedhasbeencr ushed.
Stat
ist
icshaveshownthatther
ei sacorrelat
ionbet
weenmoi stur
econtentof
soybeansandtheamountofhullsadheringtothekernel
saf t
ercr
acki
ng.A
soybeanwith12%moistur
econt entleavesabout4.
2%ker nel
sadheri
ngtothe
hull
s,asoybeandri
edto8.5%moi sturecontentl
eavesabout0.8%kernel
s
adheri
ngtothehull
s.

Fortheproducti
onofhi ghprotein-
meal ,t
heresidualhullcontentinthedehull
ed
soybeansshouldbeint herangeof1%bywei ght,dependingont heprotei
n
contentoftheseed.Itshoul
dal sobet akenintoaccountt hatwithmechanical
hull
separationnot100%oft hehullsaftercrackingcanber emov ed.Accordi
ngto
thedataabov e,
theseedneedst obeatl essthen12%moi sturecontent(i
deal
wouldbear ound10%moi st
urecont ent)andthebeanswi l
lneedt obetempered.

Themet hodofdr yi
nginfluencesthetemperi
ngtime.Shortdr y
ingti
meswer e
madepossi blebyapr ocessusinghighdryi
ngairtemperaturesbutthi
sprocess
requi
resupt o72hour stemper i
ngtime.Ontheotherhand, becauseofoi
lquali
ty
andthesolubili
tyofthepr ot
eininwater,
theseedtemperatureinthedryi
ng
secti
onisnowaday ssetatappr oximatel
y60°C(140°F).

Thismet hodofdr yi
nghastheadv antageofconsuminglessheat;i
trequir
esa
maximum of24hour softemper i
ngtime.Duri
ngthetemper i
ngstage,the
adherencef orcesbetweenhullandkernel
sisfurt
herreducedsothat,provi
ded
theseedi sofgoodqual i
ty,
thehullsadheri
ngtothekernelsaf
tercracki
ngar e
usual
lybel ow1%.Anext ensionofthetemperi
ngt i
medoesnotf urt
herimpr ove
thi
spercent age.

Throughmechani caltr
ansport
ati
onf r
om seeddr yert
ot het emperingbinssome
hull
sarealreadydetachedfrom t
heker nelsatthi
sstage.Fur t
herlooseningof
hull
sfrom kernel
siscausedbyf ri
cti
onbet weentheindividualkernel
sdur i
ngthe
materi
alfl
owi nthetemper i
ngbin.Forthisreasontemper ingbinsshouldbe
provi
dedwi thmulti
pleoutl
etsinordertoav oi
dsegregationduringdischarge.

Toobt ai
naproductfl
owwi thaconstantbulkdensit
yattheseedcrusherstage,
it
i
sv eryimpor
tanttor
emov easmuchoft hehull
saspossible.I
tisadvi
sabl
e
theref
oretoprovi
deaddi
ti
onal seedcleanerswi
thaspir
ationchannel
sbetween
temper i
ngbi
nsandcrushers.Withthi
sar r
angementthenextstepintheprocess
will
drawoncl eanbi
nswithoutthepresenceofloosehull
s.

2.
3.SeedCr
acki
ngandDehul
l
ing/
Sif
ti
ng

Whenproduci
nghigh-
prot
einmealbythefr
ont-
enddehull
i
ngsy stem,i
tis
i
mperati
vetohaveaconstant
,equalgr
anul
ati
onaft
erthecracki
ngr ol
l
s.Asa
gui
del
inetheaver
agepart
icl
esizeshoul
dbebetween2.8and3. 0mm.Af t
ert
he
seedcracker(
twopairsofrol
ls),
ami xtureofbr
okenbeansandhul lsi
sobt ai
ned.
Thesizeofhull
srangesfrom hal
fsizedownt ofi
nepar t
icl
es,andbeansfrom 1/4
si
zedownt omeal.Inordertoachieveasharpseparati
onofhul l
sandbroken
kernel
sthemixtur
epreferabl
yisspli
tintothr
eefract
ions,namely:

 Coar
sehul
l
sandcoar
sebeanpar
ti
cl
es

 Medi
um-
sizedhul
l
sandbeanpar
ti
cl
es

 Fi
nehul
l
sandmeal

Separat
ioni
ntotheabovefractionsisperf
ormedbysievessimil
artotheones
usedinseedcleani
ng,butmodi fi
edsomewhatfortheintendedpurpose.Thi
scan
al
sobeachievedwithairseparationsyst
ems.Mostlyt
hisseparat
ionis
perf
ormedwithtwo-decksieves:

Oversofthe
uppersieve 20–25%
accountfor:
Oversofthe
l
owersieve 65–70%
accountfor:
Throughsof 5–0%
 thelowersi
eve
accountfor
:

Thesepar at
ionofthecoar sehullsandt hecoarsebeanpar ti
clesont heupper
si
evet akespl aceviather otarymot i
onoft hesieve.Theremov alofhull
sis
accompl ishedbyanadj ustablesucti
onnozzl emount edont heuppersi evedeck
ofthesepar ator.Themedi um-sizedfracti
onneedsmor eattentionforproper
separationofbeanpar ti
clesandbr okenhul l
s.Tot hi
saimi tpassest hroughthe
att
achedaspi rat
ionchannel .Thechannel ’
sfeedingappar at
usensur esaconst ant
andregul arfeedingacrosst heent i
rewi dt
hoftheai rstr
eam.Duet oprev i
ous
separationintocoarseandmedi um fracti
ons,i
tisnowpossi bletoadjusttheair
speedi ndivi
duallyi
nor dert oobtainthebestsepar ati
onresults.

Experi
encehasshownt hatthefi
nefracti
onisdif
fi
cul
ttoprocessfurt
herinanai
r
cl
assif
ierandthatt
heresultsobt
ainedarenotalwaysinl
i
newi ththeinvest
ment
costsgiv
enthatthefi
nefracti
ononlyaccountsforar
ound5%oft hetotal
materi
alfl
owandt hehullcont
entofthisfr
acti
oncanbeneglected.

Soybeansdehul l
edaccor di
ngt othemet hoddescr i
bedabov ewil
lusual
lycontai
n
about1%r esidualhull
s.Theaspi r
atedhullsareseparatedincycl
ones/fi
l
ters,
groundandt henstoredinsilos/binspendingfurtheruse.Toget
herwiththehull
s
somef i
neseedpar t
icl
esstil
l adheri
ngtot hehull
saswel lassomeseedker nel
dustwil
lbeaspi rat
ed.Thet otaloill
ossint hehul
lsamount stoamaximum of1%,
whichisinaddi t
iontothenat uraloi
lcontentofthehullsbasedonthehullquali
ty.

2.
4.SeedCondi
ti
oni
ng/
Flaki
ng

Priortofl
akingthecrushedseedsar econditi
onedinor dertoreducepower
consumpt i
onont hef l
aker
s.Anev enmor eimportantreasonf orcondi
ti
oningis
thattheobtainedfl
akeswillcontai
nf ewerfi
nesandwi llbemor establ
edur i
ng
theextract
ionprocess.Inaddit
ion,theproductcomingof ftheflaki
ngmill
swi l
l
beatat emper at
ureleveli
dealforthesolventext
racti
onpr ocess.

Forthecondi
ti
oningoft hecrackedseed,bundletubecondit
ionersareusedmost
oft
en.Insmalli
nstall
ati
onsver t
ical
stackcookersmaybei nstal
ledforthi
s
purpose.Byt
heinjecti
onofliveteam int
othi
st ypeofmachineitispossibl
eto
adj
ustthemoisturecontentoftheconditi
onedseed.Att hi
spointtheseed
shouldbeatatemper at
ureofabout50- 60°
C( 122-140°
F)andamoi st
urecont
ent
of11%.

Thecondit
ionedseedisthenfl
aked.Bydef
ormingseedpar ti
clesintofl
akes,
pressandshearfor
cesarecreated,whi
chwil
lrupt
uretheseed’ soil
cell
s,making
them moreavai
labl
etotheextracti
onpr
ocess.Fl
akethicknessmayv ar
ybetween
0.
25and0. 3mm.Ther olldiameterofthefl
aki
ngmachinesmayr angef r
om 600
mm t o800mm, t
herolll
engt hfr
om 1000mm upt o2200mm.Si ncet heflaker
s
operatewi
t hconst
antrollrpm andataconstantr
oll
gapi ti
simportantthatthey
arebeingfedwithconstantcapacitybasedonaconstantbul
kdensity.Any
devi
ationi
nbul kdensi
tyorcapaci t
ywillber
efl
ect
edinav ary
ingf
laket hi
ckness.

2.
5.HotDehul
l
ing(
seeal
soUSPr
ocessPat
ent7,
021,
572)

Likeintheconv ent
ionalfr
ont-enddehull
ingsystem, t
hehotdehul l
ingsy
stem isa
processwhi chhast hesamet arget–namel y,t
oremov et hehul
ls(fi
ber
)from the
soybeans–whi chthenincreasestheprotei
ncont entinthemeal.Someoft he
stepsar easdescribedinthepreviousprocess.Themai ndiff
erencetothe
“conventional
”processisthatinthehotdehulli
ngpr ocessthebeanswillneedto
beheat edonlyonce.

The“
hotdehul
l
ingsy
stem”compr
isest
hef
oll
owi
ngst
eps:

2.
6.SeedCondi
ti
oni
ng/
“ShockTr
eat
ment
”

Thispr ocessst episwher ethet wosy stemsdiff

er.Inthehotdehulli
ngprocess
whol ebeansar econditi
onedbymeansofcont actheat.Mostcondi ti
oner
systemsi nuset odaywi l
ldot heconditi
oningviasteam-heat
edsect ionsusing
l
ow- pressurest eam (0.5bar).Itisimportantt
oav oi
danyheatdamage.Ther ei
s
noai rcircul
ationinthecondi tioner.Si
ncetheresi
dencet i
meint hiscondit
ioneri
s
around20t o30mi nutes,thepr oductfl
owwi l
lhavetobemoni toredcarefull
y.
Duringt hisprocessthebeanswi l
lneedt obeconditi
onedupto60° C(140°F).

Dur
ingthi
sconditi
oni
ngprocessapor
tionofthebean’
smoist
uremigrat
estot
he
sur
faceofthebean,maki
ngthebean“sweat”andther
ebysof
teni
ngtheker
nel
.
Thecondi tionedbeansar et hensubj ectedt oblast sofdr yhotai r(
150° C, 300° F).
Ther esul twi l
l beaqui ckev apor ationofthesur facemoi st ur ebecauseoft hehot
air
,i.e.dry i
ngoft hehul l
.Thest eam pr essurebet weenker nel andhul lwi llloosen
thehul l
.Int hepr ocess, thebeansar efedt hroughanai rlockf eederintot he
processi ngzone.Thehotai risaspi r
atedfrom bel owt hrought hef l
uidizing
bottom, whi chconsi stsofaspeci all
ydesignedscr een.Av ariablespeedr otary
pulsatorcausest heai rt opul sat ev erti
call
y, t
herebyf luidi zingt hemat erial i
nt he
machi ne.Thi spr ocessst epwor kswi thacl osed- l
oopai rsy stem.Av ariabl e
speedconv ey orchai nmov est hemat eri
althrought hepr ocessi ngzonet ot he
outlet.Thi sconv ey orenabl espr ecisecontrol oft her etent i
ont i
mewi thint he
processzone.Thet reatedbeanswi l
lhaveat tai
nedat emper atureof60° Ct o
85°C( 140° Ft o185° F)att heout letofthemachi ne.Thet ot al st
eam consumpt ion
forthishotdehul li
ngsy stem, condi ti
oning/shockt reat menti s94kg/ MT.Thi s
compar eswi th144kg/ MTofst eam f orthef ront-enddehul l
ingsy stem, wher e
dryingandcondi tioningar eneeded.Thenextst epsi nt hehotdehul lingpr ocess
areasdescr ibedi nSect ion2. 1abov e.

3.Pr
epar
ati
on/
Dehul
l
ingofSunf
lowerSeed

3.
1.Gener
al

IntheEast
ernEur
opeancountr
ies,
thecult
ivat
ionandprocessi
ngofsunflower
seedshavebeenacommonpr acti
cefordecades.Recent
lysunf
lowerseedsare
alsobecomingamajorseedi
nSouthAmer i
caandi ntheUSA

Thet hr
oughputratesofplantshavest eadi
lyincreased.Allmajoroilmill
s
processingsunfl
owerseedsar eequi ppedwi t
haf ront-
enddehul l
inginst
all
ati
on.
Ifsuchasy stem i
sconsidered,t
heut ili
zati
onoft her esult
inghullsmustbe
solvedfi
r st
.Int
hesedays,wher eener gycost sareamaj orfact
or,sunfl
owerhull
s
areawel comesour ceoffuelforsteam pr oducti
on.I nadditi
on,thedehull
ingof
sunflowerseedsofferst
hef oll
owingadv antages:

 Lesswearandt eari
ntheexpellers
 Higherthroughputonexpell
ersandf laker
s
 Betterextract
ionmeal-
quali
ty(higherprot
eincont
ent
)
 Bettercrudeoilqual
i
tysincelowerwaxcont ent

Thedehulli
ngofsunflowerseedneedsmor emachi nest
hanar eneededforthe
dehull
ingofsoybeans.Thereasonisthatsunfl
owerseedcontains3t o4ti
mes
mor ehull
sthansoybeans.I
nlayoutthesunflowerdehul
l
inginstal
l
ationcl
osely
resemblesthecott
onseeddehulli
ng,dependingonthedegreeofhullremoval.

I
nnor
mal
pract
ice,
thehul
lcont
enti
sreducedf
rom t
heor
igi
nal
25%t
o30%t
o
approximatel
y12%hul l
r esi
due.Exper i
encehasshownt hatthishullresi
due
ensuresoptimaloperationoftheexpel l
erpresses.I
tis,however,possibleto
reducethehullr
esiduef urther
,butint hiscaseitbecomesdi ff
icultt
opr oducea
goodcake.Ont heot herhand, i
fut i
l
izati
onoft heresult
inghull
sbecomesa
problem,thepercentageofhul lresi
duemayber ai
sed,provi
dedt hereisamar ket
fortheensuingextracti
onmeal oflowerpr otei
ncontent.

Themassbal
ancebel
owcompr isesaf r
ont
-enddehul
li
ngstep,expel
l
ingoft
he
decor
ti
cat
edseedandsol
ventextract
ionoftheexpel
l
ercake.

3.
2.Hi
gh-
Oil
SeedPr
epar
ati
on

Theprepar
at i
onofhigh-oi
lseedforexpel
li
ngordirectext
ract
ionisi
nsomesteps
si
mil
artopr eparat
ionsyst
em forsoybeansdescri
bedinSection2abov
e.Theoil
cont
entinthe“ sof
tseeds”ishi
gherthaninsoybeans(iti
saround40%+).
Theref
ore,
therei
sanadditi
onalprocessst
epforpressingneededi
nthe
dehull
i
ngsystem.Thesequenceoftheprocessst
epsf orsunfl
owerseeds
dehull
i
ngaredescri
bedinthenextsecti
on.

3.
3.Pr
ocessFl
ow

Thedecor
ti
cat
ionandpr
epar
ati
onf
orsunf
lowerseedscompr
iset
hef
oll
owi
ng
st
eps:

Doublefl
akingisnotneededi nanyoft heprocesses.Thedifferencebetween
soybeanextract
ionandsof tseedextracti
onisthattheoilcontentoftheoil
seedsisreducedbyexpel l
erpressespriortosolv
entextracti
on.Thisbecomes
necessar
ybecausesol ventextractor
sarenotinaposi t
iontocopewi t
hthehigh
oil
contentinaneconomi calway .Theonlyexceptiont
odat eiscot t
onseed,
whichcanbepr ocessedbydi r
ectsolventextr
action.

Inordertoreducewearandtearintheexpell
erpr
esses,
drydestonersar
e
somet i
mesi nst
all
edi
nthecleaningsecti
on.Fort
hesamer eason,aswel
l asto
reducethev ol
umeprocessed,cott
onseedandsunfl
owerseedaredecort
icated
(dehul
led).

Thehullsobtai
nedareav al
uabl
esourceoff
uel f
orthest eam boi
l
erplant
s.Oi
l
mill
soperati
ngwi t
hfront
-enddehul
l
ingcanproducealltheprocesssteam
requi
redbyburningthehull
s.I
naddit
iont
othisadvantaget heext
ract
ionmeal
hasahigherprotei
ncontent.
 

3.
4.Decor
ti
cat
ion/
Separ
ati
on

Asinthesoybeanpr ocess, t
heseedmustbecl eanedpr iortodehul lingandif
necessar
ydriedtoappr oxi
mat ely8%t o10%moi stur econt ent.Inor dertodehull
to10%-12%r esi
dualhullcont ent,t
hepr ocesssy stem usual lycompr i
sesasingl
e
-andsomet i
mesadoubl e-stagedehul lingsy stem wi thapar ti
al af
ter-t
reatment
ofthehull
s.Thisprocessmustbei mpl ement edinsuchawayt hatthehar dand
abrasi
veoutershell
sorhul lsar ecrushedandspl i
tinor dertorel easet heker
nels
andproduceasl i
tt
lefinesaspossi ble.Fort hispurpose, dehullersthatwor kon
theimpactpri
ncipl
ear ecommonl yused.Thewearr ateswi thi
nt hemachi neneed
tobeextremelylow,whichi sabi gf actorwhenoper ationhast obecont i
nuous.

Aftert heseedhaspassedt hrought hedehul ler,t

hecr ackedhullsandseed
kernelsar el edtothef ir
st-stagehul l separators.Inordertoensur eaconst ant
l
oadoft hehul l
separ ators,feeder sar erequired.Ont heupperdeckoft hehull
separ ator,themi xt
ureofhul l
sandseedker nel si
ssepar atedfir
stintot wo
fr
actions.Ont heuppersi ev e,thecoar sehul l
sandanyunbr okenori nsuffi
cientl
y
brokenseedker nelsremai n.Thel argehul l
sf l
oatont opoft heker nelsmaki ngit
easyt osuckt hem of fbyt hesuct i
onnozzl e.Thef ractionthatpassedt hr
ought he
aspirat i
onchannel andt hrought helowersi evesar efedt othesecond- stagehul l
separ ation.Inthesecondhul lsepar ationthesamepr ocedur easi nthef i
rst-
stage
dehullingi srepeated, wher ebyt hepr oductst ream comi ngfrom thef i
rst-
stage
dehullingi sindependent lytreat edwi thdif
ferentsieveweav e.

Cycl
onesandfi
l
ter
sar eusedtosepar
atethehul
lsfr
om thesucti
onai
r.Rot
ary
l
ocks,f
ansandhul
lsif
terscomplet
etherangeofequipmentneededf
orthi
s
st
ageofasunfl
owerseeddehull
i
nginstal
l
ati
on.

3.
5.Fl
aki
ng/
Cooki
ng/
Pressi
ng

Asi nthesoy beanprocess, t

hedehull
edsunf lowerseedsnowhav etobef l
aked
beforebeingcooked.Af tertheseedshav eunder gonet hesepreparat
ionprocess
stepsandhav ebeencondi ti
onedduri
ng30- 40mi nutestoapproximately80to
90°C( 176t o194°F)andca.5t o7%moi stur
econt ent,
theseedsar efedintothe
expell
erpr ess.Inthi
spresst heseediscompr essedbet weenthetapered
expell
erscr ewandt hecagebar sthuscausingt heoi lt
of l
owoutbet weent he
cagebar s.Ther esul
ti
ngpr essoili
sfi
lteredint hecr udeoilfi
lt
er,cool
edi f
requir
edandt henpumpedt othestor
aget ank.
Theobtainedcakehav i
ngapproxi
mat el
y16-
18%resi
dual oi
latca.90°C(194°F)
and7-8%moi st
urecont
entispre-
crushedi
napaddlescrewconv eyorandviaa
cakecrusherconveyedeit
hertoasecondaryfl
aki
ngprocessordirectl
ytothe
solv
entextracti
onplant
.

4. 
Trendsoft
heOi
l
seedI
ndust
ryi
nTenYear
s

 Mor ei
ntegrat
edoperati
onstoensur
et hesuppl
y.
 Mor egeneti
cal
lymodifi
edoi
lseedswillbepr
ocessed(
seedsphysi
cal
propert
iesarechangi
ng).
 Mor enewtechnologi
eswil
lbeacceptedtocomplywit
htheenvi
ronment
al
concerns.