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ୄ ୄ ? 铸㔰 ୄ㔰[ 鄸? 鄸 ୄ 铸ୄ㔰 Ǘ 鄸ୄ[ ? ? ?ୄ ? 鄸铸 [㌵铸ୄ ୄ@ 笰ୄ ?
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躸躸㜷 - 9672910002
 ୄ 铸㔰 ୄ 铸㔰铸鄸ୄ鄸 ? ୄ ୄ鉸㠰䘸鄸? 铸 ? ୄ 铸铸 ? ୄୄ[ୄ 铸㔰ୄ
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鄸铸 [ୄ 砀㌵ ୄ[ ㌵ ? ୄ 1534 ? 铸 ୄ 鄸? ୄ 铸笰ୄ ? ? 鄸ୄ ? [? [ ୄ ୄୄ 1567 1568 ?
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鄸㌵ ୄ 鄸鄸ୄ [鄸ୄ ୄୄ 鄸鉸鄸 ୄ @ୄ ? 笰㔰㌵虠ୄ
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ୄ鄸 [" ?ୄୄ ୄ ୄ " ㌵铸鄸? [ ୄ ୄ鄸 [" ‸ 笰㌵笰 [ ୄ 鄸 ୄ 铸ୄ ୄୄ
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铸 [䘸铸鄸鄸? ୄୄ 铸笰ୄ 鄸ୄ [ୄ 铸[ୄ 䁢 ୄ㌵铸 ୄ 铸ୄ 铸 ? [? 鄸 ୄୄ ୄ ୄ 铸
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ୄ [ ?? ?? ୄ 䘸 ?ୄୄ 䘸 ? ୄ ㌳ୄ 铸ୄ [ 鄸? ㌵ ? ? ୄୄ ?ୄ 铸ୄ [ 鄸铸
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铸ୄ 虠ୄ
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ୄ ୄ ୄ 鄸 ? 铸 ? 鄸? 笰ୄ 鄸ୄ[ 鄸? 䠀 ୄ ୄୄ ୄ ୄୄ ? 鄸ୄ 铸 ୄ ୄ [ 鄸? ୄ
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‸? ୄ ୄୄ 鄸? ୄ 铸 ? 鄸铸 ? 鄸? 鄸[ 鄸? 铸铸 ୄ ୄୄ
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笰铸 [ 鄸鄸? ୄ ୄ ?ୄ 鄸? 䘸鄸ୄ ୄ 鄸鄸ୄ[ ? ? 䁠䁠ୄ ୄ 铸ୄ
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躸躸㜷 - 9672910002
鄸[? 鄸ୄ ୄ㔰[ ୄ鄸 ୄ ୄ ? ୄ‸ 鄸 ୄୄ ୄ 笰ୄ 鄸䘸鄸ୄ 铸 ୄ ୄ 铸铸 ? ୄ㔰 ୄ ୄ
ୄୄ 鄸 ? ୄ 鄸 ୄୄ  鄸铸铸㔰 ‸㌵鄸 ୄ ୄୄ 铸鎸䘸鄸 ? 鄸铸铸鄸 ? 虠ୄ
Ǘ 铸㌵ ‸ୄ 鄸? 铸ୄ 铸鄸 ୄ 䘸 ? ? 鄸  铸㔰鄸? ୄୄ ୄ 鄸 ? 铸 ? ୄ[ ? 鄸ୄ
ୄ笰ୄ[ 鄸ୄ ୄୄ ୄ ୄ 铸笰ୄ ? 鄸㌵ ‸ୄ ㌵铸㔰 ? ୄ 铸ୄ
鄸[? ? ୄ㌵ ‘ ୄ[’ 铸鄸铸笰 ୄ 鄸? ? ㌳㌵铸 ୄ ୄ ୄୄ 铸ୄ  ? ୄ ㌵鄸? ୄ笰ୄ[
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ୄୄ 鄸 [ [ ୄ 鄸鄸ୄ 铸 ୄ ୄ 鄸铸[ [ 鄸鄸[㔰 [ ୄ ୄୄ
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ୄ@ 铸ୄ㔰 ? 铸 ୄ ? 鄸[? 鄸? ୄ 鄸[? 鄸ୄ ୄ㔰[ 鄸 ୄୄ ? 鄸? 鄸ୄ [ ? 铸 ୄ  鄸? ୄ ? ୄ ୄ
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ୄ ୄ 躸ୄ 躸ୄୄ ଻ ୄy -
鄸ୄ ୄ㔰[ ୄ ୄ㌵鄸 ? ? ‸ୄ ? 笰ୄ 鄸 ୄୄ 铸 [ ? 鄸 ୄୄ ୄ ୄୄ ୄ ୄ 鄸? ୄ[㔰 ? 鄸 ? ୄ ? ୄୄ[?
铸 [ ? ? ୄୄ鄸铸 ୄ㌳㌵㌵[? 䁠䘸 ? 㔰鄸[? 鄸铸 ‘ 铸 ୄ 鄸ୄ 鄸[ୄ’ ‸㌵鄸 ୄ ୄୄ 铸ୄ 铸 ? ?ୄ ?
鄸[ୄ ୄ㌳㌵ [鄸 Ȳୄ[? 鄸 ୄ 鄸ୄ ‸ୄ 鄸 ୄୄ 铸ୄ 铸㔰鄸? ୄ 䘸 ୄ ୄ 铸 ୄ 鄸铸 ୄ ୄ
铸铸 ? ‘鄸鄸铸 ’ ୄୄ ‘ ୄȲୄ’ 鄸 ୄ ୄୄ 铸ୄ ? ୄ ? ? 铸 ? 鄸ୄ 铸 ?鄸鄸 ୄ ୄ ୄ鄸鄸ୄ ? 䘸
? ㌳? Ȳ? ㌵[? 䁠䘸鄸铸铸㌳鄸 ୄ㌳ୄ 鄸 ୄ 铸ୄ99 铸 @ ୄୄ[ୄ 鄸[ୄ ‸‸铸鄸ୄ 䁠䁠ୄ 铸[㔰鄸[ୄ
铸ୄ
ୄୄ ୄୄ
ୄୄ 铸铸 [ୄ
[ୄ ㌵鄸ୄ
㌵鄸ୄ ?? 鄸
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鄸[? 鄸? ‸㌵ ? ୄ ㌵ ୄ鄸 ‸ 铸鄸 ୄ ୄ㔰 ୄ ȡ‸ ?ୄ 鄸 ? 笰ୄ ୄ鄸䠀㔰 ? 铸
鄸? ?[ୄୄ㌳ୄ 铸鄸䘸鄸? 铸ୄ 虠ୄ 鄸[? 鄸? [䘸 ? 鄸 [ 铸㌵ [ ୄ[ୄ ୄୄ ୄ[ୄ 铸ୄ
虠ୄ 铸 [ ? 鄸ୄ 鄸[ୄ ୄ@ 铸[㔰‸ ୄ ㌵ ୄ錘Ȳ铸 [ 䘸鄸ୄ 铸ୄ 鄸鄸? ? ‸㌵ ୄୄ ୄ 㘮
铸ୄ
铸 [ ? 鄸ୄ 鄸[ୄ ‘ୄ ୄ鄸?’ 鄸? [ 㘮铸ୄ
[ୄ ୄ鄸ୄ [ୄ 砀㌵ ୄ[ ㌵鄸? 錘 [ 鄸? 䠀 ୄ 1332 . 铸 ୄ ୄ鄸ୄ 铸铸 [鄸鄸? 錘 [ 鄸?
䠀 ୄ 1357 . 铸 ୄୄ 1550 . ? 鄸鄸 ୄ 鄸? ㌵ [? ? ୄ@ 鄸? ‸ୄ ? 笰ୄ 鄸 [铸[鄸 [ 鄸铸 ୄ ୄୄ ୄ
鄸鄸? ୄ ୄ ୄ 铸 ‸ୄ 䘸鄸? ୄ 铸 ? 鄸? 鄸ୄ [ [ୄ 鄸 ? 䠀 ?鄸鄸 ୄୄ ୄ ‘ 㘮㔰 ୄ鄸ୄ’
鄸 [ୄ㌵铸ୄ
y ୄ ଻ୄ ୄ -
鄸[ୄ 铸㔰 ? 铸铸鄸? ㌳ ୄ 铸鄸 ୄ㌳㌵铸ୄ ? ୄ  鄸ୄ ୄ㔰[ ୄୄ 铸 ୄ ? 1459 ?
鄸 ୄୄ ୄ ୄୄ 铸鄸? 鄸鉸 ? ? 铸㔰鄸铸铸 Ǘୄ 鄸? ୄ ? ୄ ୄ ୄୄ 铸ୄ ? ୄ  铸鄸 [ୄ 铸ୄ
? ୄ㌵ [鄸㌵铸 ? 鄸 ୄ 鄸 ? ୄୄ[? ?鄸铸䘸鄸ୄ ୄ 䠀 ୄ ㌵ ୄ 铸ୄ ? 鄸[ 鄸[ୄ ‸ୄୄ ㌵
䁠 ୄ 铸 ? 䁠鄸 ‸ୄ ? 铸铸虠ୄ 铸㔰 ୄ㌵铸 ୄ㔰 ୄ 鄸? ୄୄ ‸ 鎸鄸ୄ ୄ㠰㌵铸ୄ
[ୄ[ [铸䁠 ? 㔰 ? ୄ  ୄୄ 铸鄸[ୄ 鄸? 晦 ? ? 铸㌳铸ୄ 鄸[? 鄸? ୄ 䁠䘸 ? 铸㌵ [
[ ୄ ୄ [ 鉸鄸 ୄ 䠀鄸? 䁢 ୄ[ୄ ㌵ ୄ[ୄ 鄸 ? ୄ[ୄ 䁠 ୄ 鄸ୄ ୄ铸‸ୄ 笰鄸㌵
铸ୄ ? [䘸鄸? 鎸鄸ୄ笰㌵ ? ୄ ୄ 铸ୄ? ୄ [ 䘸鄸? ୄୄ 铸 Ȳୄ[ ? ୄୄ[? 铸ୄ
ȡǏ躸 ୄ 㜷
ୄୄ ୄ 铸铸 [? ? 鄸 ? 铸㔰虠铸鄸㌵㌵㌵ ୄ ୄ㔰 ?[ 䘸 ? ୄ 铸铸ୄ 鄸ୄ
ୄୄ ୄ鄸 ୄ 铸 ୄୄ ୄ㔰ȡ 鄸? ୄ ? ? 鄸ୄ[ୄ ? [ 鄸‸铸 ? [ 鄸‸䠀铸
ୄୄ
鄸ୄ ୄ㔰[ 8ୄ㌵鄸笰ୄ ? 鄸? [ ‸ ? 鄸? 䠀 ୄ 笰ୄ 鄸䘸䁢ୄୄ ୄ 鄸 ୄୄ ୄ ୄୄ 1301 . ? [ୄ 砀㌵ ?
錘 [ 鄸鄸ୄ 鄸 [ ୄୄ ୄ@ 鄸ୄ 笰ୄ 鄸鄸㌵ ୄ 铸笰 [ୄ 鄸? 㠰ୄ 䁠 ୄ ୄ
[ ୄ 鄸? [ 㘮 ?ୄ 铸㘮 ? [ 鄸‸䠀鄸ୄ ୄ鄸ୄ 铸 ୄୄ 铸㔰 ? 铸ୄ [ ୄୄ ?ୄ
[?笰鄸㌵ [ ? ? ୄୄ ୄ ୄ㌵铸砀㌵鄸? ୄ 铸 ୄ ? [ ୄ [ [ 32 ୄ鄸‸䘸鄸?
? 铸晦鄸 [ 铸鄸 ୄ 䠀 ୄ ‸䠀 ୄ 铸ୄ
躸ୄ躸 ୄ ୄ 㜷-
P r 鄸ୄ笰
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鄸铸鄸‸[  鄸ୄ 铸㔰 ୄ ୄ ? ?鄸 ‸ୄ 鄸? ‸㌵铸 @ ? ୄ 笰晦Ȣ ୄ ୄୄ 铸ୄ 铸 ? 70 鄸㌵
铸铸 [ ? 1087 ㌵ @ ୄ 铸㔰 ?ୄୄ㌳鄸? 笰 ୄ㌵ ୄ ୄ[ୄ 鄸铸鄸‸ୄ 鄸? 铸ୄ 铸ୄ ୄ ‸ୄ 鄸ୄ
铸 ୄ 鄸铸ୄ 铸㔰鄸ୄ ୄ㔰[ 鎸ୄ 笰铸鄸鄸? 䁢 ୄ㌵铸ୄ 鄸鄸? ୄ ? 铸㔰鄸? ୄ笰?ȡ䘸 1443
? 笰铸铸鄸 15 ୄȡ@ ୄ 1458 ? 铸 ୄ 铸 ୄୄ 铸㔰鄸ୄ ୄ㔰[ 鄸ୄ 㔰铸[㔰铸 ? ୄ ୄ[ୄ 鄸铸鄸‸ୄ ? 鎸鄸?
Ȳ[ୄୄ ? 铸㔰鄸ୄ ୄ 鄸鄸 ୄୄ ୄୄ 铸笰ୄ ୄ 鄸? ୄ 铸 ୄ ? 铸㔰 ? ୄ?笰䁢ୄୄ
ୄ ㌵ [ୄ笰 ୄ ୄ ? 鄸? [ 鄸鄸鄸ୄ[? 䁢ୄୄ [ 鄸 ୄୄ ㌵ ୄ ? 䳀 ୄ? ? 鄸‸ ୄୄ ୄ鄸
? 铸ୄ
鄸[ୄ ୄ ୄ 鄸? ୄ [? ? 铸ୄ 铸㔰鄸ୄ ୄ㔰[ ୄ ୄ[ୄ 鄸铸鄸‸ୄ ? 鄸 ୄ ୄ ୄୄ 铸㔰
鄸ୄ 笰ୄ ㌵鄸Ȳ ୄୄ 鄸[? 鄸铸 ' ? ' 鄸 ୄ ୄୄ ୄ 鎸䘸鄸鄸[? ୄ ୄ 鄸 ୄ 铸晦鄸
鄸ୄ 㔰 ୄୄ 鄸? ୄ 䘸鄸 Ȳ㌵ ?ୄୄ ㌵铸铸铸㌵鄸? ?ୄୄ 鄸? ୄ 铸 ? ? Ȳ㌵ ?ୄୄ 铸ୄ
铸㔰鄸 ୄ 䘸 ୄ ୄ ㌳䘸鄸铸 [ୄ 鄸 ୄ ୄ ୄ 铸 ? ୄ鄸鉸鄸铸㠰ୄ䁠鄸 ୄ ୄ鄸 ?
ୄୄ 铸㔰 ? @ ? ୄ 䘸 [ 鄸 ୄ ୄୄ ㌵ ୄ ? ୄ ㌵鄸 [ ‸铸鄸ୄ
铸鄸鉸 ȡ 鄸ୄ 㔰鄸? [ 鄸 ୄ ୄୄ ୄ ?鄸 [ୄ ୄୄ[? ‸ୄ 铸鄸ୄ 铸 [ୄ笰䘸鄸? [ 鄸铸㔰鄸铸
ୄ 鄸‸ୄ ୄୄ [鄸㌵ ୄ ୄ ୄୄ 鄸铸鄸‸[  鄸? ‸㌵ @ ? ‸ୄ ୄ[ୄ 鄸铸鄸‸ୄ ? ? ୄୄ ?铸 ‘鄸 ୄ ’
ୄ 鄸铸㔰鄸ୄ ୄ㔰[ 鄸 ୄୄ ୄ ୄୄ鄸 ୄ  ? ? ୄ[ୄ 鄸鄸ୄ ୄୄ ୄ ‸ȡ?鄸铸 ୄୄ  ୄ
ୄ笰ୄ[ 䁢ୄୄ 䘸 ୄ 铸  ୄ ㌵䘸 ? 铸㠰铸ୄ  鄸? 笰㌵ȡ㔰 ‸ୄ ? ୄ [ [ 铸 ୄ 鄸铸鄸‸ୄ [ ?
铸ୄ
鄸铸鄸‸[  ?ୄୄ㌳鄸? 鄸鄸鄸ୄ[? ୄ ୄ ㌵ ୄ 铸ୄ 鄸[? 鄸? ‸㌵鄸铸鄸‸ ୄ 鄸鄸铸鄸‸ୄ [ ୄୄ[? ୄ ㌵鄸ୄ
[ 㘮 ୄ ? 虠ୄ
ୄ ୄ 躸ୄ 躸ୄୄ ୄୄୄୄୄ -
ୄୄ[ୄୄୄ㌳ [? ? 铸鄸铸铸 ୄ ୄ㌳㌵鄸ୄ[? ୄ 䘸鄸? 鄸铸ୄ [ 铸㔰鄸?
?[㌵ ? ୄ 铸ୄ ୄ㌵鄸㌵铸 ୄ 笰ୄ 鄸䘸鄸? 笰铸㔰 ୄ ୄ 鄸鄸ୄ ୄୄ 铸ୄ ୄ@ 铸 ୄ 铸䘸鄸ୄ 笰ୄ ?
鄸? 鄸ୄ [ 铸  ୄ 铸[  ‸㌵鄸 ୄ ୄୄ 铸ୄ ୄ ୄ ୄ 铸鄸鄸? 笰ୄ ? ㌵铸砀㌵㌵ ୄ@ ? 铸
Ȣ铸 ୄ 鄸? ୄ ? 㘮 ?ୄ [ ୄ@ ୄ? ୄ 鄸? ୄ ‸㌵铸ୄ ୄ 铸鄸? 笰ୄ 鄸 ୄ㌵ ୄ
‸㌵铸 ୄ 铸鄸铸笰ୄ 铸 [鄸鄸? 鄸ୄ[? ?ୄ [ ୄ ୄ㌵鄸㌵鄸? ୄ ୄ 鄸ୄ ? 䳀ୄ 铸ୄ 铸鄸 ୄ 铸
铸㔰鄸ୄ ୄ鄸ୄ [ ୄ 鄸? 笰ୄ 鄸ୄ[ ? 1430 . ? 铸 ୄୄ 铸 ୄ ୄ鄸ୄ 铸 ୄ[ ㌵鄸?
[ ୄ 鄸? 铸ୄ ୄୄ [ 鄸鄸? 鄸ୄ[ ? 1444 . ? 铸 ୄ ୄ[ ㌵鄸? ୄ 鄸? ୄ 鄸ୄ ୄ 铸 ୄ ୄ
ୄ ୄୄ 铸㔰 ? 鄸 ? 䁢ୄୄ ୄ 㔰铸[ ୄୄ ୄ 笰ୄ铸鄸䁠鄸? ୄȡୄ㔰鄸 ? ୄୄ[ୄ ୄ笰ୄ[ 㠰?ୄ
铸鄸铸[? 鄸ୄ[? 鄸 ? 鄸? 鄸 ୄ ? ୄ㌳㌵ ୄ 铸鄸鄸 ? 鄸铸鉸䁠铸錘Ȳ ? ? 鄸? [ ୄ㌳㌵ ? ୄ ୄ ୄ ? ୄୄ[ୄ
ୄୄ ୄୄ
ୄୄ 铸铸 [ୄ
[ୄ ㌵鄸ୄ
㌵鄸ୄ ?? 鄸
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ୄ 鄸 ୄ 铸ୄ ୄ@ 铸晦鄸? 鄸[ 鄸 ? ୄୄ[? ୄ 铸? 㘮铸ୄ 鄸ୄ[? 鄸 ୄ 铸䘸鄸ୄ
鄸 ୄ鄸‸[ ㌵鄸 [ୄୄ 铸ୄ
铸㔰䠀 ୄ ୄ笰ୄ[ ୄୄ ୄ 铸 ?ୄୄ 䘸鄸? 鄸ୄ [ 铸㔰 ? ? 铸Ȣୄ 铸铸铸ୄ
铸㔰笰䠀㔰 ? ?鄸 ‸ 鎸䁠 ୄ 鄸? ୄ ୄ 鄸鄸ୄ ୄ㠰㌵铸ୄ 鄸 ୄ ୄ 鄸? 笰晦鄸㌵ ୄ ㌵ ୄ 铸鄸?
笰ୄ 鄸 ? 虠䘸 ? ୄ ㌵ ୄ铸‸ୄ 䁠 ୄ 鄸 ୄୄ ? 铸 [ ୄ ୄ㌵鄸㌵鄸铸鎸 ୄ ୄୄ ୄ 铸 ?
铸 [ 鄸㌵ ୄ? ୄ 鄸? ୄ ‸㌵铸鄸ୄ 㔰 ‸㌵ ୄȡ㔰 ୄ@ [ ୄ 铸ୄ
鄸[ୄ [ ୄ ୄ㌵鄸㌵鄸? ୄ㌵ ୄ 鄸? [ 㘮 ୄ 铸铸 1423 ? ୄ鄸Ȳ铸鄸? 铸ୄୄ 铸笰鄸笰ୄ ? [㌳ୄ 铸
ୄ㌵鄸铸 ୄ 铸 ୄ 铸㘮铸 ୄ ୄ 䘸 ? ㌵㠰ୄ 㔰䠀鄸 ୄୄ
଻ୄୄ 躸ୄ 躸ୄୄ-
ୄ[䠀鄸? 铸鄸㌳㌵ ? 鄸? 鄸 ୄ ? ? 铸㔰铸ୄ ? ୄ ㌵鄸ୄ[ ୄ ୄ[? 铸 ୄ ୄ[铸砀 ୄ ? ୄ ୄ
ୄୄ ୄୄ Ȳୄୄ@. 笰笰 ୄ㔰鄸? 铸 ୄ 鄸? ୄ㔰[鄸ୄ㔰 ୄ ୄ鄸笰鄸? ୄ ‸ ? 錘 [䘸鄸铸
铸鄸 ? 鄸? [ 鄸 ୄୄ ୄ ୄୄ 䠀 ?笰鄸鄸 ୄୄ 鄸ୄ ୄ㔰[ 鄸ୄ㔰 ୄ 笰ୄ 鄸䘸鄸铸 ୄ ? 虠ୄ 鄸? 㔰 ୄ[ 铸 ୄ 䘸
鄸? ୄ[䠀笰ୄୄୄ 鄸ୄ 鄸 ୄ 鄸 ୄୄ ୄ[䠀鄸[? 鄸? ୄ 铸 [  ୄ㔰铸 ? 鄸? 鄸ୄ [ ୄ@ 鄸? 铸 ୄ 铸 ?
铸 ୄ 鄸 [ୄ ?ୄ 鄸[? ? 笰铸㌵ [鄸笰ୄ 鄸? ୄ 铸ୄ 铸 ? 铸 ୄ 笰ୄ 鄸鄸ୄ Ȳ ?
鄸? [ୄ 砀㌵鄸? 錘 [ 鄸? ୄ[䠀鄸ୄ 㘮 ୄ鄸ୄ 铸 ୄୄ ୄ@ 鄸ୄ 㘮笰ୄ 鄸鄸ୄ ㌳ ? 䠀 ୄ
1305 1311 ୄ 铸 [ୄ 砀㌵ ୄ[ ㌵ ? [㌳ୄ 铸 ୄ㌵鄸铸 ୄ 铸 ୄ 鄸[? ୄ 䠀 ୄ
铸[鄸鄸䘸铸鄸@ ୄȢ䠀㌳铸鄸ୄ 䁠 ୄୄ
鄸[? 鄸? ‸㌵㌵铸 ୄୄ ୄ 铸铸ୄ㔰 ? ୄ 笰ୄ 鄸 ‸铸䁢ୄୄ ୄ 㔰鄸鄸鉸 ୄȢ笰ୄ[ୄ ㌵铸
鄸ȡ㔰鄸铸ୄ
躸躸ୄ 躸ୄୄ ଻y -
? ? 鄸[? 鄸ୄ ୄ㔰[ 1570 ? 鄸 ? 鄸 ୄୄ ୄ ୄୄ 鄸[? 鄸铸 ? ㌵鄸ୄ 鄸[ୄ ୄ
鄸鄸ୄ 䠀[ୄୄ ୄ ‸㌵鄸 ? 铸ୄ 铸铸 [ 㘮 ? 㔰鄸[? 鄸铸鄸 ? 䁢ୄୄ ୄ 铸铸砀㌵
㌵鄸? 鄸 ୄ 笰㔰鄸 ? ?铸 ୄୄ ୄ ୄୄ 1576 ? ୄ ୄ ୄ ୄ 鄸? ୄ‸㘮 ୄ ? ୄ ? 铸㘮鄸?
铸 ୄ 鄸铸 ‸㌵㌵鄸[? ? ୄ ୄ ୄୄ
ୄ@ ㌵ ?ୄୄ㌳鄸铸㌵ ୄ ? [ୄ ? 鄸? [ ㌵ ୄȡ㔰鄸㌵鄸[? ? 鄸ୄ ୄୄ 䠀 ୄ ୄ鎸笰鎸ୄ ?鄸
鄸? ୄ 铸鎸铸 ? ㌵鄸[? ? 10 ୄ ? 1616 鄸铸 ୄ@ ㌵ ? 铸[ୄ鄸ୄ 鄸? ㌵ୄ1801 ?
鄸 ? 䘸 ? 鄸[? 鄸ୄ 鄸 ? ୄ 笰 ୄୄ ୄ 铸ୄ ㌵ ୄ [ ୄୄ 鄸[? ? [?笰ୄ ୄ鄸ୄ ?
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ୄ ୄ ୄ 鄸㠰䘸鄸? ?ୄୄ 䘸 ? 鎸㌵鄸ୄ ? 鄸ୄ 鄸ୄ 㔰㌳ୄ 鄸[ୄ 铸[㔰鄸 ? 鄸 ୄ ୄ 铸ୄ ୄ㔰 ୄ ? ୄ@ ୄ 鄸?
鄸 ୄ[ 铸ୄ
ୄୄ ୄ ଻y -
? ? ୄ ୄ  鄸铸 ‘  ㌵Ȣ[?’ 鄸? ୄ ? ‸㌵ ୄ ୄ ୄୄ 铸ୄ 䠀 ୄ 笰ୄ 鄸 ୄ 1105 1133
䁢ୄୄ ୄ 㔰鄸[? 鄸? ୄ ? ? ୄ ୄ 铸鄸 ୄ[ୄ ୄ鄸 ୄ 鄸? ‸ୄ 鄸铸@ୄ 鉸 ୄ㌵ ୄ ? 鄸[? 鄸? 鄸铸 ‸ୄ
ୄୄ鄸㌵䁠㌵ ୄ ୄ 鄸? ୄ 鄸ୄ ୄ ୄ ୄ  ୄୄ ୄୄ ୄ ୄ  鄸? ‸㌵ 14 ୄ笰ୄ[ 铸㔰 ?鄸
[ୄ笰铸 [ 鄸㌵ ୄ ȡ ୄ 鄸? ୄ ㌵铸铸ୄ
ୄୄ ୄ 耀ୄ -
铸@ ? 鄸ୄ 铸㔰 ୄ ୄ  ୄ㔰鄸? @ ㌵铸 ? ୄ ? 鄸? ୄ ୄୄ ? ? 鄸? 鄸ୄ [ ‘ୄ ୄ ’ 鄸? ୄ ? 㘮铸ୄ
ୄ㌳ୄ 笰ୄ 鄸鄸䁢ୄୄ ୄ 䠀 ୄ㌵鄸 ? ? ୄୄ ? ? 鄸[? 鄸铸 ୄ[ୄୄ 鄸? 铸 ୄ[ ㌵ ?ୄୄ㌳鄸? ୄ[ୄ
㠰?ୄ 鄸铸鄸? ୄୄ 鄸鄸? 錘 [䘸鄸ୄ ୄ ୄ 鄸 ୄ ㌳ୄୄ ୄ@ 鄸? 笰ୄ 鄸铸㔰 ୄ㌳ୄ 䁢ୄୄ ୄ
1569 ? 鄸鄸? ㌵ ୄ ୄ㌵鄸ୄ ? 鄸? 鄸ୄ [ 鄸[ୄ 䁠㠰 ? 铸 [ ㌵ ୄ ? [ୄ ୄୄ
ୄ ୄ  鄸? [䘸鄸? ‸㌵铸鄸 ୄ鄸ୄ ? ‸ 䁠 ୄ ୄ㌳䠀㌵鄸[ୄ 鄸? ㌵ୄ 鄸ୄ 䁠ୄ 鄸㌵铸ୄ 鄸[?
? ୄ [ 㘮 [ ୄ [ [ 铸[ [ 䁠 ୄ ? 铸 ? 虠ୄ
ୄ ଻ ୄ -
鄸[? 鄸ୄ ୄ㔰[ ୄୄ 鄸 ? 鄸 ୄୄ ୄ ୄୄ 鄸[? 鄸铸铸笰㔰  鄸? ୄ ? ‸㌵ ୄ ୄ ୄୄ 铸ୄ ?
铸鄸ୄ ? ୄ 鄸 ୄ ୄୄ 铸ୄ ୄ ୄ ୄ ୄୄ 铸鄸鄸[? 鄸ୄ ୄ㔰[ ୄୄ 鄸 ? ୄȢ䘸鄸? ୄ‸㘮
铸㠰ୄ 鄸? 晦 ? 鄸 ୄୄ ୄ ୄୄ 鄸[? ? ୄୄ ୄ 铸鄸 ? ㌵䠀 ୄ ୄୄ 䘸鄸? ୄ 鄸 ୄ 䠀
[ ୄୄ ୄ
ୄୄ ୄ ୄ ୄ -
ୄ 笰ୄ 鄸铸 [ ? ? 1733 ? ୄୄ ୄ ୄୄ 鄸[ୄ ୄ ୄ 鄸? 鄸䁢ୄୄ ‸ 铸 ? ୄ ୄ ୄ 鄸鄸?
ୄ㌵ ୄ ୄ鄸笰䠀㔰 ୄ ୄ 鄸鄸铸 ? 鄸 [ ? ? ? 铸铸ୄ [铸 ୄ  鄸ୄ 鄸[ୄ ? ୄ ୄ鄸铸 ୄ 鄸? [ 㘮
虠ୄ [铸 ୄ  鄸铸 ୄ@ 铸ୄ㔰 ? 鄸㌵鄸? ? 鄸铸 ୄ鄸鄸鄸? ୄ㔰 ୄ ? ୄ ୄ 㔰鄸 ୄ ୄୄ
鄸[? 鄸? ୄ?笰䁢ୄୄ 晦 ୄ铸㔰鄸[ୄ䁠鄸铸 ୄୄ ୄ ‸㌵ [铸 ୄ  鄸ୄ [铸 ୄ ୄୄୄ
㌵铸ୄ 铸ୄ 鄸[ୄ䁠鄸 ୄୄ ? 鄸铸 ୄ ୄ ୄ ୄୄ 鄸 1765 ? ୄ[? ? ୄ 鄸鄸? [ୄ ? ?ୄ 鄸[?
鄸? ‸?䁢 ୄ 鄸ୄ 鄸ୄ [ 鄸? ㌳㌵㌳㌵䠀㌳㌵ ?ୄୄ ? 铸ୄ 鄸[? 鄸? ୄ ? ୄ ㌵㌵鄸? ㌵铸 ୄ 鄸? ୄ 䘸
鄸 ? ୄୄ 铸ୄ 鄸 ? [ [ୄȲ㔰 [?鄸 ? 铸㌵ ୄ笰ୄ[ ? ୄ 铸 ୄୄ ? 鄸? ୄ ୄ@ ୄ
ୄୄ ୄୄ
ୄୄ 铸铸 [ୄ
[ୄ ㌵鄸ୄ
㌵鄸ୄ ?? 鄸
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鄸[? ୄ 鄸? 铸 ୄ ? ୄ 鄸ୄ ୄ ୄ 鄸 ୄ ㌳ୄୄ 鄸[? ? ? 鄸笰铸 ? [ ୄୄ 铸㔰
鄸铸Ȣ♠ ୄୄ ୄ ? ୄ@ 鄸ୄ [ ୄ ㌵鄸? 鄸铸Ȣ♠ 鄸 ୄ 鄸 [ୄ [ 鄸笰㔰㌵虠ୄ
ୄୄ 躸ୄ ୄୄୄ 躸ୄୄ-
ୄ[ୄ 鄸[ୄ [ୄ 鄸? ? 铸鄸? [ ? [ ‸ 1960 ? ୄ鄸 [ୄ ?
鄸 ୄ ? @ ㌵ ୄ㌳㌵㔰铸ୄ ? 鄸铸鄸‸ ?笰䘸 ? ? 鄸[? 鄸? ? ୄୄ ୄ ୄୄ 1542 ?
ୄୄ ୄ ୄ [ୄୄ[ ୄୄ鄸 ? ? 鄸铸鄸‸䘸 ? ♠ ୄ ୄ 鄸[? 鄸铸 ୄ㔰 ୄ ୄୄ 鄸? 铸ୄ ୄୄ鄸 ?ୄୄ㌵
? 鄸ୄ 1550 ? ㌵[@㘮ୄ 鄸 ୄ ୄୄ ㌵鄸ୄ [ ? ୄୄ ?ୄୄ㌵䁢ୄୄ ୄ ୄ ୄ ୄ ୄ 鄸 ୄ ୄୄ 铸ୄ ୄ ?
铸 [䘸鄸ୄ 鄸ୄ 铸 ୄୄ 鄸? ୄ 铸 [䘸 ? ୄȢ䘸鄸铸 ୄȢ䘸 ? ୄ 䘸鄸? ୄ [ୄ ୄ
鄸 ? 1775 . ? 铸鄸? ୄ ୄ ୄ 鄸鄸鎸 ୄୄ ୄ ୄ 铸䁢ୄୄ ୄ 鄸 ୄ 鄸 [ ୄ ୄୄ
鄸[ୄ 䁠 ? 㠰[ ? [ ‸ 5 鄸[铸㌵ [鄸 ୄ ୄ [ ‸ 1.5 鄸[铸㌵䠀㌳ୄ 铸ୄ 鄸[? 鄸? ? ? ?
18 铸 @ ㌵ ?ୄୄ 䘸鄸ୄ 鄸铸 ୄ 铸ୄ 鄸[? ? ୄ?笰鄸? [ ୄ?笰䁢ୄୄ 虠铸 ୄ鄸铸[ 铸铸[ ‸ 铸鄸?
ୄ ୄ 铸 [ 鄸? ୄ 铸[ 鄸笰铸[ 鄸 ? ? ? ୄ鄸 [ୄ [ 铸[ 虠ୄ 鄸 ୄ ୄୄ 铸鄸 [ୄ
ୄୄ 鄸? 鄸 ୄ 鄸 ୄ ୄ ୄ 鄸 ? [? ୄ 鄸[? ? ୄ?笰鄸? [ [ୄ [ 铸[ 鄸ୄ 铸鄸 ୄ ୄୄ ㌵
? [ୄ 笰鄸鎸鄸? ㌳鄸䁢ୄୄ ୄ [ୄ [ 铸[ 鄸? ୄ 铸㌳ୄ 铸 ୄୄ 鄸[? ? 3359 鄸鄸铸 ? 15 ㌳㌵
51 铸 ? 铸 Ȣ 虠ୄ 鄸[? ? 铸鄸 ୄ ㌵鄸? [ 446 ୄ 8 ୄ笰ୄ[ 铸㔰虠ୄ
铸㔰 ୄ ୄ 鄸 ୄ 8 铸[ 1527 鄸铸鄸 ? 8 鄸 ୄୄ ୄ ? ୄ@ 鄸ୄ ୄ ୄ ୄ [?
ୄ鄸 ? 铸ୄ 铸 ୄ 铸@ 鄸铸鎸 ୄ ୄୄ 鄸 ? 铸ୄ [? ୄ鄸㌵ ? ‸晦铸 ୄ ୄ ? ?笰
鄸ୄ[ୄ ? ୄ ୄ 鎸䘸鄸 ? 鄸鄸? 䠀䁠䘸 ? ? 鄸铸[ [ 鄸铸 ୄ ? 鄸ୄ ୄ 鄸 ୄ ୄ
ୄ鄸㌵ ‸㌵ ୄ@ 鄸铸䘸鄸? [ ‸鄸ୄ ୄୄ [ ? ୄ铸 ‸鄸ୄ ୄ ? [? [ 鄸? ୄ ? ୄ ୄ ୄୄ
铸ୄ 1550 . ? 笰? 笰ୄ 铸 ? 鄸? 鄸? [? 笰ୄ 鄸? ?笰鄸? ୄ ㌵ ୄୄ鄸 ? ୄ@ [? ୄ ୄୄ ୄୄ
ୄ ? ୄ ㌵ ୄୄ鄸 ୄ鄸ୄ 笰ୄ 鄸 ୄୄ ୄ 笰ୄ 笰ୄ [ ? [? ‸ 铸鄸? ୄ ୄ 铸 [ ୄ ? ?
铸 ? ♠ [ ୄ ୄ ? [ୄ 鄸? ୄ ୄ ୄ 鄸 ? 铸㔰鄸铸 ୄ ୄ [㌳? ? 鄸 ? ? [?
[ ୄୄ ୄ 鄸鎸 ୄ 铸鄸鄸[? 鄸‸㌵铸㘮 ?鄸铸 [ ? ' ୄ[ୄ 鄸[ୄ ୄ 鄸铸鄸ୄୄ ୄ 鄸[ୄ'
‸㌵鄸 ? 虠ୄ
鄸? [ ? 鄸? ୄ鄸ୄ ? 笰㔰㌵铸ୄ 鄸? ୄ㌳? 铸鄸 ? [ 鄸铸 ? [ୄ 鄸铸 ?ୄ鄸
? Ȣୄ ୄ ୄ 鄸ୄ 铸ୄ ୄ[ୄ 鄸[ୄ ୄ ? 鄸 [㌵ ୄୄ 錘 ୄ ? 铸 ୄ
铸铸㌵– 鄸[? ୄ 鄸? 鄸铸Ȣ♠ 鄸鄸? 铸铸 ୄ鄸Ȳ 鄸铸Ȣ♠ ୄୄ㌳㌵鄸铸 @ ? 铸虠ୄ
躸ୄȡୄy 躸ୄ 躸ୄୄ
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鄸铸 ୄ 鄸ୄ 鄸[ୄ ୄ ୄ ୄ 䠀 [? 鄸? ୄୄୄ鄸㌵[ 鄸? 鄸铸 ୄ ? 铸ୄ 鄸[ୄ ୄ ୄ 鄸? ?
铸 ୄ ? 鄸[䘸 ? ? 铸ୄ 鄸[ୄ ୄ㔰鄸? ? ? ? 铸铸 ? 鄸? 鄸㌵[ 鄸ୄ 䘸 [ୄ 铸ୄ 铸 ୄ
鄸ୄ ୄ㔰[ 㠰ୄୄ ୄ ୄ ୄ鄸笰鄸? 鎸ୄ ୄ ‸ ? 750 o ? 鄸 ୄ ୄୄ 铸铸笰ୄ 鄸
?錘Ȳ[? ୄ 笰ୄ 鄸䘸鄸ୄ 铸ୄ Ȣ鄸ୄ ୄ ୄୄ ?Ȳ ୄ 笰ୄ 鄸 ୄ[? 鄸 ? ୄ ୄ錘Ȳ㌵ ୄ䁠 ୄ 鄸? 笰㌵ȡ ?
鄸[? 鄸? ㌵ୄ鄸 ୄ㌵ୄ 鄸[? ? 铸 ? 鄸? ୄ ?鄸鄸ୄ 鄸? [ 铸 ? 铸㔰㘮铸 ୄ ୄ@ ୄୄ [
ୄ 铸㌵ ୄ 䁠鄸[ୄ 鄸? [ 㘮铸ୄ ? ୄ ㌵ ? 鄸[䘸鄸ୄ 䠀鄸 ୄ ୄୄ 铸ୄ
鄸铸 ୄ 鄸ୄ 鄸[ୄ ? ୄ ‸㌵鄸ୄ 鄸铸铸 32 铸 @ 10 䁢ୄୄ 铸 ୄ‸ 铸鄸㠰 ୄ ୄୄ[ୄ
鄸[ୄ 铸ୄ 鄸 ୄୄ 铸ୄ㌵ ୄୄ 铸鄸[ୄ ୄୄ[ୄ 鄸[ୄ 铸ୄ 鄸[? ? [ 鄸㠰[ 鄸鄸? 鎸 ? 鄸 ୄ
铸ୄୄ
鄸[? ? 鄸 ‸铸虠鄸 ‸㌵ ୄ䁢 ୄ 铸鄸铸 ୄ 鄸[? ? 鄸 ‸铸铸 Ȣ鄸ୄ ? ୄ ㌵鄸鄸铸
鄸ୄ ୄ ୄ 虠 ? ‸㌵ ?ୄୄ ୄ 鄸ୄ 铸ୄ ୄ㔰 ୄ ? ? ?ୄ ? 铸 [ ? ?[ 铸 ୄ 铸 ୄ
䠀[?ୄ铸Ȳ ୄ 铸鄸? 铸鄸铸㌵铸ୄ
®ୄ 躸ୄ 躸ୄୄ
ୄୄ 鄸ୄ 鄸[ୄ ୄ ୄ 鄸? ୄ 䠀 ? 铸ୄ 鄸[ୄ ୄ 䠀 ୄ晦䁗? ୄ ୄ 㔰鄸. 65 ? 42 鄸[铸㌵
鄸? 铸 ? 铸ୄ 鄸[ୄ [ ‸ 500 ୄȡ㔰铸 ୄ ୄ 铸ୄ 鄸[ୄ ୄ [ 鄸? Ǘ ? 铸ୄ
鄸[? 鄸ୄ ୄ㔰[ Ȣୄ鄸铸鄸鄸㌵ ? 铸[ ୄ㌵鄸笰ୄ ? ? 鄸 ୄୄ ୄ ୄୄ ୄୄ 鄸[ୄ ୄ 䠀鄸? 铸ୄ 笰㔰㌵
[䘸 ? ? 鄸铸ୄ [? 鄸鄸铸 ୄ 鄸[? 鄸铸铸ୄ ? 铸 [ ? ?[ 鄸 ୄ ୄୄ 铸 [ ?
‸㌵铸鄸铸ୄ ୄ 鄸㔰鄸䘸鄸铸 ୄ 鄸? ୄ㌵铸ୄ ୄ ୄ ୄୄ 铸鄸铸 [ 鎸ୄ 鄸 ? 鄸‸㌵鄸‸ୄ
? 鄸? [ ? ?ୄ
ȡ ୄ 躸ୄୄ
ୄୄ  鄸[ୄ ୄ ୄ 鄸? ୄ 䠀 ? 铸ୄ 鄸[? 鄸ୄ ୄ㔰[ 䠀㌵笰ୄ ? ? 铸 ୄୄ
鄸[? ? ㌵ ୄୄ ? 虠ୄ [? ୄୄ ? 鄸铸铸 ? 鄸铸㌵鄸ୄ 铸[ ㌵ ? 鄸铸鄸 ? 铸[ 鄸 ୄ
ୄୄ 铸ୄ 鄸[? ? 鄸铸铸ୄ [ 铸 ? ୄ ? ୄ ㌵ [ ? 鄸 [ ‸鎸鄸 [ 鄸 [
鄸 ? [ ୄ ㌵ [ 鄸? [ୄୄୄ 铸鄸鄸鉸晦[ୄ 鄸 ୄ鄸 [?笰鄸 ୄ 笰ୄ ୄ ㌵鄸ୄ ୄ 鄸 ‸㌵
ȡୄ 躸ୄ 躸ୄୄ
ୄୄ ୄୄ
ୄୄ 铸铸 [ୄ
[ୄ ㌵鄸ୄ
㌵鄸ୄ ?? 鄸
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[ ''' 鄸 ୄ 铸㔰铸铸铸 ? ? 铸ୄ 鄸ୄ ୄ㔰[ ୄ 笰ୄ 鄸䘸 ? 鄸 ୄୄ ୄ ୄୄ ୄ 铸㔰㘮ୄ
ୄ ୄ[ୄ 鄸铸鄸‸ୄ 䁢ୄୄ ୄ 鄸 ୄୄ ୄ ୄୄ 鄸[? 鄸? ୄ ? ୄ錘Ȳ铸笰ୄ 鄸䁢ୄୄ ୄ ୄୄ ୄ ୄ ୄ ୄ ୄ 铸鄸
铸ୄ [?笰ୄ ୄ ?ୄ ୄ 笰ୄ 鄸铸鄸? ?ୄ ? 鄸? ୄ ? 铸㔰鄸ୄ ୄ " [ " ㌳ୄୄ
铸 ୄ ୄ ୄ 㜷
䁠䠀㌳  [? 鄸? ‸铸铸Ȳ  ୄ 铸ୄ 鄸㔰[ ୄୄ@Ȳ 鄸? 铸 ୄ 鄸ୄ ୄ㔰[ ୄ錘笰ୄ ? 䁢 ୄ㌵
? ‸铸 ୄ 笰ୄ ୄ 鄸 ୄ ୄ ? ୄ 铸Ȳୄ ୄ 鄸鄸 ୄ ? ? [铸 ? 䘸 ? 㠰ୄ 鄸? [ ୄୄ ୄ ୄୄ [ 铸㔰鄸? ?[㌵
? ୄ 铸铸鄸鄸 [ ୄ ୄୄ ㌵䘸鄸? 鄸铸ୄ ? ୄ ୄ 鄸ୄ ୄ?ୄ[铸 ‸㌵鄸 ୄ ୄୄ 铸ୄ
躸ୄ ୄ 㜷
ୄ ୄ鄸 [? ? ୄ ? 铸ୄ ୄ 鄸铸ȡ ? ୄ鉸㘮鄸 ? 鄸? 鄸ୄ [ 鄸ୄ ୄ 鄸铸ȡୄ㘮㔰㌳ୄୄ
ୄ@ ୄ㌵鄸㌵铸 ୄ 笰ୄ 鄸 Ȳ铸 ୄ ୄ ୄ鄸笰㌵㠰?ୄ㌵笰ୄ 鄸䘸鄸铸 ୄ 鄸? ୄȲୄ 笰ୄ 鄸鄸ୄ 笰ୄ ୄୄ
笰? 笰ୄ 铸 ? ? 鄸ୄ ୄ ୄ ୄ 㔰鄸鄸? 笰?  ୄୄୄ ୄ ୄୄ[ 鄸 ? 鄸鄸? ?ୄୄ ୄ[ 鄸 ୄୄ[ୄ ?
㌵[@ ୄ 鄸 ?鄸 [ ୄୄ ? 铸 ୄୄ[ୄ 鄸鄸? ୄ?[? 鄸? ୄ ? 㘮铸ୄ
ୄ ୄ 㜷
鄸 ୄୄ ୄ 笰ୄ 鄸䘸鄸? ୄ ୄ ㌵㌵ୄ 鄸鉸铸鄸? ୄ [? 鄸? ୄ 铸 ୄ ?ୄୄ ? ୄ㌳㌵
铸ୄ 鄸ୄ [ୄ ? ? ୄ 铸ୄ ୄ 鄸? ୄ ㌵铸 @ ? ? 鄸 ୄ ୄ 铸ୄ 鄸ୄ ୄ㔰[ 铸㔰 ୄ 䘸㌳铸㔰䘸
䁢ୄୄ ୄ 鄸 ୄୄ ୄ ୄ ୄୄ ୄ@ 㘮 [ ୄ ㌵铸[ 铸 ? 铸[ ୄ ୄ ㌵鄸ୄ 鄸铸鄸笰㌵[鄸錘Ȣ ୄ ?ୄ 铸 ୄ
ୄ ?ୄ 铸 ୄ ୄ 鄸鄸? ୄ[ 铸 [ 鉸? ୄ ‸䠀 ୄ ㌵鄸ୄ 鄸铸ୄ
鎸 ୄ 㜷 ୄyୄ
ୄ ? 鄸? 铸 ୄ 䁠 ? ㌵ ୄ 鄸ୄ ? ‸㌵鄸 ୄ ୄୄ 铸ୄ ୄ[? 铸ୄୄ 铸 ? 鄸?
鄸ୄ [ 鄸ୄ ୄ ୄ 鄸䁠ୄ ‸㌵鄸 ୄୄ ୄ ୄ 铸㔰鄸? ?[㌵ ? ୄ 铸ୄ 鄸ୄ ୄ㔰[ 鄸鉸晦[ 鄸? 9ୄ?
ୄ鄸笰鄸? ‸ୄ ? ୄ ୄ ‸铸 ? 鄸 ୄୄ ୄ ୄୄ 1001 . ? 铸㌵ ? ୄ 鄸ୄ 鄸 ୄ ୄୄ 1398
. ? ୄୄ 铸鄸? 铸铸 ? 錘 [ 鄸 ୄ ୄୄ 1805 . ? ㌵鄸ୄ ? 鄸? 笰ୄ 鄸铸鄸 ?
鄸[ୄୄ 鄸铸 ୄ ୄ ୄୄ@ ‸ୄ ? 錘 [ 鄸 ? ㌵ୄ [ 鄸ୄ ୄ 铸 ୄ  ୄୄୄ ‸㌵ ? 笰? ୄୄ
鄸? 錘鄸[? ? 铸ୄ ୄ@ ୄ ㌵鄸 [ 鄸? [ 鄸铸錘Ȳ䘸鄸ୄ ୄ㔰[ 鄸 ୄୄ ୄ ୄ ୄୄ
ୄ ୄ 躸ୄ 躸ୄୄ
ୄ ୄ 鄸ୄ 鄸[ୄ ୄ 鎸 ୄ 笰铸 [ 铸鄸ୄ 鄸[ୄ ୄ ୄ 笰ୄ 鄸[ୄୄ
P r 鄸ୄ笰
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躸躸㜷 - 9672910002
‸ 铸 [? 鄸? 㠰[ ? 铸 ୄ 鄸ୄ ୄ㔰[ 铸 ୄ 鄸? ୄ ୄ ୄ ୄ ୄ ୄ[ ? 1040 . [ ‸
鄸 ୄୄ ୄୄ ୄ ୄ[ 鄸? ୄ ?晦Ȣ 铸ୄ ୄୄ‸铸ୄ ୄ[ ? 鄸? ୄ ? ୄ  鄸[? 鄸ୄ ୄ㔰[ 鄸 ୄୄ ୄୄ Ǘ 鄸ୄ[ ?
㠰?ୄ ㌵[ 䁠 ୄ 鄸? [ 䁠㘮 ୄୄ 铸㔰 ? [ୄ[ 䁠䘸 ? ㌵ ‸㌵ [ୄ ୄ ㌵ ୄ[?ୄୄ 䁢ୄୄ ୄ
㔰 ȡୄ 鄸 ? ? [铸 ? ㌵ ୄ ୄ鄸 ? ୄୄ ୄ 铸ୄ
y鎸 ୄ 㜷
铸铸 [? ? 铸ୄ ୄ@ 䠀㘮笰铸[? ? 㔰铸㔰 ୄ 铸 ‸铸鄸鄸 ? 晦铸 ୄୄ ୄ ㌵
ୄ ୄୄ㌳ ୄୄ 鄸? ୄ ୄ ㌵㌵ୄ 铸㔰 ? 铸 ୄ ୄ ? 鄸? ୄ [铸 ? 鄸? 鄸[䘸鄸ୄ 铸鄸 ୄ ୄ 铸ୄ
ୄୄ ୄ ୄ 㜷
ୄ㌳ ? ? 铸㔰鄸ୄ ୄ㔰[ ୄ㌵ ୄ ୄ [ 鄸ୄୄ 铸鄸? ୄ ୄ ‸铸鄸ୄ 铸ୄ ୄ ? 鄸 ୄୄ ୄୄ 1305 .
? 铸㔰 [ୄ 砀㌵ ୄ[ ㌵ ? 錘 [ 鄸 ୄ 铸㔰鄸ୄ ୄ鄸[ ?ୄ 笰ୄ 鄸 ୄୄ [ୄ 砀㌵ ? ୄ
ୄ 铸㔰鄸ୄ ୄ ୄ铸 ୄ ୄ ୄ 쳌 ୄ ୄ 鄸 ୄୄ
蚘躸ୄ -
yୄ ୄ ୄ଻ ୄ ୄ 躸ୄ 躸ୄୄ 铸 [? ? ୄ ㌵鄸? ୄ 铸ୄ 鄸ୄ ୄ㔰[ ୄୄ ୄ ୄ 鄸䁢ୄୄ ୄ
ୄȢ䘸 ୄ 鄸? ୄ 鄸 ୄୄ ୄ ୄୄ ୄ 铸 ୄ 铸 ୄ 鄸 ? 鄸铸 ୄୄ鄸笰 ‸㌵鄸 ୄ ୄୄ 铸ୄ
铸ୄ଻ୄ ୄ 躸ୄ 躸ୄୄ [ୄ [? ? ୄ ୄ ? 铸㔰鄸ୄ ୄ㔰[ ୄୄ ୄ ୄ [ୄ 鄸 ? 1835 ?
鄸 ୄୄ ୄ ୄୄ ? 铸ୄ@ 笰ୄ ? 鄸 ୄ ? ୄ ୄୄ [ 鄸ୄ ୄ㔰[ 鄸 ୄୄ ୄ ୄ ୄୄ
躸 ୄୄ ୄ 㜷 ୄୄ ଻ୄ y♠ 躸 ୄୄ ୄୄ y♠ ୄୄ躸 ୄ 躸ୄ ୄୄ ୄ 铸 y㜷ୄ
躸ୄୄȡ ୄȲy y♠ 游Ǐୄ ୄ 㜷躸ୄ 铸 yୄ㜷ȡ ୄୄ yୄ଻ ୄୄ ୄ 躸 ୄୄ ୄ ୄ
Ȳୄ 躸ୄ 躸ୄୄ ୄୄୄȲୄ ଻ୄ y♠ 游Ǐୄ ୄ 㜷铸 yୄ㜷ȡ ୄ躸 ୄ躸 y耀ୄ y♠ Ǐୄୄୄ
ୄ 㜷 ୄ ୄ ଻ୄ y♠ ȡ躸 ୄ 躸躸 ୄ ୄ଻ୄ yୄୄ ୄ ୄୄ ୄ 躸 ୄୄ ୄ ୄ ୄǏୄ ୄ 耀躸ୄ
铸㔰 ୄ㔰[ 鄸 ୄୄ鄸鄸ୄ ୄ 笰?  ୄୄୄ
ୄ ୄ ୄ 㜷 ୄ ୄ躸 ଻ୄ y♠ yୄ躸ୄ蚘 ୄ ୄ Ȳ y♠ 游Ǐୄ ୄ 㜷躸ୄ 铸 yୄ㜷ȡ ȡ ୄ ୄ 躸 yୄ躸ୄ鎸y ȡ ୄ ୄୄ ୄ 躸 ୄୄ ୄ
ୄୄ
y ୄȡୄ 躸ୄ ୄ 㜷 ୄୄ ଻ୄ y♠ 游Ǐୄ 躸ȡy ୄ 躸 ୄy ୄ䁢 ୄୄ 躸ୄ 躸ୄ 铸 yୄ㜷ȡ ȡୄ ୄ ୄ 躸Ȳ ୄୄ ୄ
鄸 ୄୄ ୄ ୄୄ
ୄୄ ୄୄ
ୄୄ 铸铸 [ୄ
[ୄ ㌵鄸ୄ
㌵鄸ୄ ?? 鄸
鄸鄸㔰
鄸㔰 9
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蚘躸ୄ 躸ୄୄ 躸ୄ 铸 yୄ㜷ȡ 铸躸ୄ躸 Ȳ ୄୄ ୄ ୄୄ ଻ୄ y♠ 躸 ୄୄ ୄ ୄ ୄ 㜷 ୄୄ ୄୄ ୄ 躸鎸 ୄ®
鄸? 鄸鄸 ? ㌵ୄ
ୄ଻ ୄ 㜷躸Ǖୄୄ ୄ ୄ 躸 ୄ଻ୄ ୄୄ 躸躸ୄ 铸 yୄ㜷ȡ ୄୄ ଻ୄ y♠ 躸 ୄୄ ୄ
ȡୄy耀 ୄ 㜷 ୄy ୄ ୄ ୄ ୄǏୄ ୄ ୄǏ 躸ୄ 铸 yୄ㜷ȡ ୄ躸ୄ 躸ȡ㜷躸 ୄୄ ୄ 躸 ୄୄ ୄ ୄ
躸ୄ鎸躸ୄ游ୄୄ 躸ୄ 躸ୄୄ ଻ୄ ୄ y ୄ ୄ଻ୄ yୄ 躸 ୄୄ ୄ ୄǏୄ y ୄǏ 躸ୄ ୄ 躸 ୄ ୄ Ǐୄ ଻ୄୄ
? 铸ୄ
ୄ ୄ଻耀躸ୄ ୄ 㜷 ୄ 㜷躸ୄ 铸 yୄ㜷ȡ ୄୄȡ蚘躸 ୄ 躸ୄୄ y♠ 躸 ୄୄ ୄ ୄ ଻ୄ 躸 ୄୄ ୄ ୄ
⸶ ୄ 躸ୄୄ ୄȲ ୄ ୄ y♠
଻ ୄ ୄ 㜷 ୄȲy
y躸 ୄ ୄ 㜷 ୄȲy
蚘 ୄ 㜷躸ୄ鎸ୄ
躸y ୄ 㜷躸y – ‸㌵[ୄୄ㌳ୄ
躸蚘 ଻ 躸ୄ 躸ୄୄ 躸蚘 ଻ – 䁠䠀㌳ 
躸ୄ鎸躸ୄ 躸ୄୄ ୄȲy
y ୄ 㜷 ୄୄୄȲୄ
ୄୄȲ 躸ୄ 躸ୄୄ ୄୄ⸍ yୄ ୄ ୄ
ୄ଻ୄ 躸ୄ 躸ୄୄ ୄୄୄ躸 ୄ
y ୄ Ǐୄ ୄ 躸ୄ 躸ୄୄ ୄ ୄ 躸ୄୄ 躸躸躸 y ୄୄୄୄୄȲ y♠ ୄȲ 躸鎸 ୄ⸷ ୄ ୄୄୄୄ铸ୄ 躸ୄ
鄸铸ୄ
躸躸ୄȲ 躸ୄ 躸ୄୄ 鎸Ȳ躸
耀y ୄ 㜷 y 鎸䘸鄸
躸 ୄ 躸ୄ 躸ୄୄ 躸 ୄ 䁠䠀Ȳ 
P r 鄸ୄ笰
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躸躸㜷 - 9672910002
躸ୄ躸躸 ୄȲ 躸ୄୄ ୄୄ 躸耀游躸ୄ
଻ 躸ୄ 躸ୄୄ ୄ 㜷躸ୄ 铸 yୄ㜷ȡ ଻ 躸 ୄ y♠ 躸 ୄ ୄȲ 躸 ୄୄ ୄ ୄ 㜷躸ୄ
铸鄸ୄ 铸鄸铸 [ ‸㌵鄸 ? 铸
ୄୄ ୄୄ
ୄୄ 铸铸 [ୄ
[ୄ ㌵鄸ୄ
㌵鄸ୄ ?? 鄸
鄸鄸㔰
鄸㔰 9
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Page 14

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ୄ଻游Ǐୄ 躸 yୄ® ୄ 㜷

ୄ ୄ ? 铸 㔰 ୄ㔰[ 鄸? 鄸 ୄ 铸ୄ㔰 Ǘ 鄸ୄ[ ? ? ?ୄ ? 鄸铸 [㌵ 铸ୄ ୄ@ 笰ୄ ?

鄸铸 ㌵ୄ ?ୄୄ ୄ ୄ ୄ 铸ୄ ୄ@ ୄ 䁠䁠ୄ 铸[㔰 铸 鄸 鄸 铸[㔰 ?笰 ? ୄ ୄ ୄ ?笰 铸 ୄ@

ୄ ୄ晦䁗 Ǘ ?笰 鄸? ୄ ୄୄ㔰 鄸  铸 㔰 ? 铸 虠ୄ 鄸 [ ୄ 鄸? 铸 ୄ ୄ ୄ ? 250 ?

鄸 铸 㔰 ୄ  虠ୄ ୄୄ ୄ 鄸 ‸㌵ 鄸[?  ? ? 铸铸 ୄ[㠰[ 虠ୄ 铸 㔰 ୄ㔰[ ?

ୄ ୄ 鄸? ୄ 䁠 鄸[ୄ 鄸ୄ 䁠鄸ȡ㔰 ?ୄୄ ୄ 鄸ୄ 铸ୄ ୄ ୄ ? 铸 @ 鄸ୄ ୄ㔰[ [ ୄ‸ 䘸

ୄୄ ୄ 铸 㔰 ୄ鄸 [ 铸 㔰 鄸? ?[㌵ ? ‸㌵ ୄ䁢ୄୄ ୄ? 虠ୄ ୄ铸 ? 铸 @ 鄸? ‸㌵ 鄸ୄ 䘸 ? 铸 铸 @ 鄸铸 ?晦Ȣ ୄ ୄ

ୄୄ 铸ୄ ? 铸 㔰 铸 ୄ ? 铸 ୄ㌵ 䘸 鄸? ? ୄ 鄸? ୄ ‸?䁢 ୄ? ୄ? ?ୄ 䁠䠀㌳ 铸 㔰  ୄ ୄ

ୄ ୄ 鄸? 鄸[䘸 ? 㠰?ୄ [ 鄸? 晦 ? ? ㌳ୄ 䁠䠀㌳ 鄸ୄ 鄸[ୄ 铸ୄ ୄ ୄ?笰 䁢ୄୄ 䘸 ? 㔰 鄸[?

鄸ୄ ୄ㔰[ ୄୄ鄸 䠀 㔰 ? 鄸 ୄୄ ୄ ୄୄ 鄸[ୄ 鄸‸㌵ ? ?㌳ 䘸 鄸? 鄸  铸ୄ 铸 㔰

ୄ㌵ ୄ 䁠 ୄ [ ୄ ୄ ୄୄ ୄୄ ‸ ୄ 鄸? ㌵鄸 鄸? ? ?笰 ‸ ? ୄ䁢 ୄ 铸ୄ ୄ[? ? ୄ[ୄୄ

ୄ 铸 ୄ ୄ 㔰 ୄ  铸 ? 鄸? 鄸ୄ [ Ǘ 鄸ୄ[ ? 鄸[? 鄸ୄ ୄ ୄ 鄸 䁠䁠ୄ ୄୄ1303 ? 鄸[?

鄸铸 [ୄ 砀㌵ ୄ[ ㌵ ?  ୄ 1534 ? 铸 ୄ 鄸? ୄ 铸 笰ୄ ? ? 鄸ୄ ? [? [ ୄ ୄୄ 1567 1568 ?

ୄ@ 鄸?  ୄ 㘮 ୄ鄸䘸 ? 1303 鄸ୄ ୄ ㌵ ㌵ 鄸ୄ 䠀 1534 鄸ୄ ୄ ㌵ 鄸[ୄ㔰ୄ㌵ 鄸ୄ 䠀 铸䁢

铸ୄ 鄸[? 鄸? ୄ 铸 ୄ ୄ [ [ 䁠ୄ 鄸? ୄ㌵ ୄ  ୄ ୄ ୄ 鄸? 䁠 ୄ 鄸? ୄ ୄ @ 铸㌳㌵ 虠ୄ

䁠䠀㌳  鄸? ‸㌵ ୄ[ୄ 鄸铸鄸‸ୄ 䁢ୄୄ ୄ 㔰 鄸? 㔰 鄸‸ ? 笰ୄ ୄ 䁠 鄸? 晦 ? 铸Ȣୄ 铸ୄ

鄸[? 鄸? ‸㌵ 㔰 [䘸 䘸 ? ୄ ㌵ ୄ ㌵ 鄸ୄ [ ୄ[ୄୄ ‸錘Ȳୄ 鄸铸鄸‸ ୄ 鄸 㘮? ୄ

ୄୄ ? 铸 㔰 铸 䁠ୄ䘸 鄸? ㌵ 鄸[ୄ䁠 鄸 笰铸[? 鄸? [ ୄ ୄ ୄୄ 铸ୄ ㌵ ୄ笰ୄ[ ୄ ㌵ ୄୄ 䘸 鄸?

鄸ୄ[ୄ [鄸 ? 㔰[ୄ鄸ୄ ୄ ? 鄸? ୄ ? ୄ ? 鄸?  ୄୄȢୄ ୄ㌵[ 鄸? ?ୄୄ 铸

㌳ୄ 铸 ? [ୄ[ [铸 䁠 鄸 ? 㔰 ?ୄୄ ୄ " ୄ 鄸? [ ୄ笰ୄ[

ୄ鄸 [" ?ୄୄ ୄ ୄ " ㌵ 铸 鄸? [ ୄ ୄ鄸 [" ‸ 笰㌵笰 [ ୄ 鄸  ୄ 铸ୄ ୄୄ

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鉸 㘮 鄸? 鄸 ୄ ㌵ 鄸 ? 虠ୄ ㌵[ ? ? 铸 㔰 " ? [" 鄸? ୄ ? ‸㌵ ୄ ୄ ୄୄ 铸ୄ ୄ 铸

ୄ ୄ ୄ ? ୄ ୄୄ 䘸 鄸? ୄ [ ? ୄ 鄸 ? ?ୄ [ 鄸? ୄ?笰 䁢ୄୄ 鄸[? 鄸? [?笰 䁢ୄୄ 鄸?

? 鄸ୄ 鄸[ୄ  铸 㔰 鄸? ୄ ୄୄ[? ୄ㔰 鉸鄸ୄ[ୄ ㌵[ 鄸? ?[? 鄸? Ȣ♠鄸 鄸ୄ 

铸 鄸 ? 铸 [ [ 鄸[? 铸? 铸 ‸㌵ ? 鄸 ୄ笰ୄ[ 鄸 ୄ 鄸ୄ [?? 铸 ୄୄ ㌳? 虠

铸㌳? 铸 ‸㌵ 虠ୄ ? 鄸? 鄸[? ?  鄸? 鄸[? 鄸 鄸? 铸 鄸 砀? ? ୄ ㌵ ㌵ ㌵ 鄸 铸㘮 鄸?

? ୄ ୄ ୄୄ 鄸? [铸 ୄ ㌵ ? ? 鄸? 鄸[? ?  鄸? 鄸[? ? 铸@ 鄸? 铸 鄸 ? 鄸? 鄸[?

ୄ ୄ鄸笰 鄸? ୄ ୄ ㌵ ? ? ㌵ୄ ୄ ୄ ୄ 鄸 ㌵ ? ୄȡ㔰 1592 ? 鄸ୄ ୄ㔰[ 鄸‸ 鄸 ୄ ୄୄ ୄ㌳㌵

ୄ [ ?? ?? ୄ 䘸 ?ୄୄ 䘸 ? ୄ ㌳ୄ 铸ୄ [ 鄸? ㌵ ? ?  ୄୄ ?ୄ 铸ୄ [ 鄸铸

ୄ ୄ 鄸ୄ ? ୄ ? 2011 鄸铸 ୄ ୄ 鄸? 鄸铸 鄸[䘸 鄸铸 ୄ ୄ 铸 ? 笰ୄ [ 鄸 ? 鄸? [ ୄୄ

鄸ୄ 鄸? 鄸ୄୄ 䘸 鄸? ୄ 铸Ȣ鄸 鄸?ୄ 鄸? ୄ 2013 ? ? ୄ ୄ 铸 ? 笰ୄ [ 鄸 [ ୄ

? 铸 㔰 鄸? ㌵ ? ୄୄȢୄ ୄ[ୄ 䠀[ୄ ୄ 鄸ୄ ୄ ୄ铸 铸 ㌵ 鄸? [ 㘮 铸ୄ 鄸[? ? ? 笰[ୄ ?ୄ㌵

鄸[? ? ୄ㌵ ‘ ୄ[’ 铸 鄸铸 笰 ୄ 鄸? ? ㌳㌵ 铸 ୄ ୄ ୄୄ 铸ୄ  ? ୄ ㌵ 鄸? ୄ笰ୄ[

ୄ鄸鄸䘸 鄸? [ ? ‸㌵ ୄ ୄ ୄୄ 铸ୄ [ 鄸 [ 鄸? ୄୄ 鄸 ㌵鄸 鄸?  㔰  鄸[? 鄸? ୄ 䘸 ୄ㌳ 䘸

㌵ 鎸鄸? ୄ[ 䘸 ? ୄ 鄸ୄ ୄ ㌵ ୄ鄸鄸䘸 ? 鄸ୄ 铸ୄ ୄ 铸ୄ

鄸[? ? ୄ ㌵ 鄸 ? ୄ? ୄ? ?ୄ ୄ ୄ ୄ ୄୄ 铸 鄸 ୄ 鄸 ? ୄ@ 铸 㠰ୄ 鄸? 晦 ? ୄ

ୄ ୄ ୄ ୄ ୄ ୄୄ ୄ㔰 ୄ ?  鄸[? ? Ǘ 鄸ୄ[? 笰 ୄ䘸 鄸ୄ ୄ笰ୄ[ 鄸 ୄ[ 铸ୄ ୄ@ 鄸? [ ‸㌵

ୄ ୄ ?[㌵ 鄸ୄ 铸 㔰 铸 鄸ୄ ୄ㔰[ ୄȢ䠀㌳ 笰ୄ 鄸 ୄ 鄸 䁢ୄୄ ୄ 鄸 ୄୄ ୄ ୄ ୄୄ ୄ㌵ ୄ ? ? 

铸 ? 鄸? 鄸ୄ [ ୄ㌵ ୄ ? 鄸ୄ 鄸[ୄ ‸㌵ 鄸 ୄ ୄୄ 铸ୄ 鄸[? 鄸ୄ ୄ ㌵ 鄸ୄ ?ୄ 铸 ୄ ୄ@ 1567

68 . 鄸? ୄ鄸? 鄸? ୄ㌵ 笰 ? [  ୄ 䁠ୄ 鄸? ୄ  铸 㔰 ୄ鄸 ㌵ 鄸ୄ ୄ[㔰 ୄ鄸 ㌵ ୄୄ㌵ ?

ୄ@ 铸ୄ㔰 ?  铸 ୄ ? 鄸[? 鄸? ୄ 鄸[? 鄸ୄ ୄ㔰[ 鄸 ୄୄ ? 鄸? 鄸ୄ [ ? 铸 ୄ  鄸? ୄ ? ୄ ୄ

ୄୄ 铸ୄ 铸 ୄ  鄸? ୄ 鄸 ୄ?笰 䁢ୄୄ 铸 铸[ 鄸? 铸 䘸  [ ?㌳  ୄ@ 䁠ୄ 铸 ୄ 鄸?

笰  䁠鄸?[㔰 铸ୄ 铸 ୄ  鄸[? ? ? [ 鄸? ୄୄ 笰铸[? 铸 [ ୄ 䁠 鄸[ୄ 鄸? ୄ [ୄ? 虠ୄ

鄸[? ? 鄸铸[ 37 铸 Ʌ 虠 鄸? 鄸‸㌵ 铸 ? ୄ㌵ ୄ㌵ ㌵鄸ୄ

鄸ୄ ୄ㔰[ ୄ ୄ㌵鄸 ? ? ‸ୄ ? 笰ୄ 鄸 ୄୄ 铸 [ ? 鄸 ୄୄ ୄ ୄୄ ୄ ୄ 鄸? ୄ[㔰 ? 鄸 ? ୄ ? ୄୄ[?

铸 [ ? ? ୄୄ鄸铸 ୄ㌳㌵ ㌵[? 䁠 䘸 ? 㔰 鄸[? 鄸铸 ‘ 铸 ୄ 鄸ୄ 鄸[ୄ’ ‸㌵ 鄸 ୄ ୄୄ 铸ୄ 铸 ? ?ୄ ?

鄸[ୄ ୄ㌳㌵ [鄸 Ȳୄ[? 鄸 ୄ 鄸ୄ ‸ୄ 鄸 ୄୄ 铸ୄ 铸 㔰 鄸? ୄ 䘸 ୄ ୄ 铸 ୄ 鄸铸 ୄ ୄ

鄸? ?[ୄୄ㌳ୄ 铸 鄸 䘸 鄸? 铸ୄ 虠ୄ 鄸[? 鄸? [䘸 ? 鄸 [ 铸㌵ [ ୄ[ୄ ୄୄ ୄ[ୄ 铸ୄ

虠ୄ 铸 [ ? 鄸ୄ 鄸[ୄ ୄ@  铸[㔰‸ ୄ ㌵ ୄ錘Ȳ铸 [ 䘸 鄸ୄ 铸ୄ 鄸 鄸? ? ‸㌵ ୄୄ ୄ 㘮

铸 [ ? 鄸ୄ 鄸[ୄ ‘ୄ ୄ鄸?’ 鄸? [ 㘮 铸ୄ

[ୄ ୄ鄸ୄ [ୄ 砀㌵ ୄ[ ㌵ 鄸? 錘 [ 鄸? 䠀 ୄ 1332 . 铸 ୄ ୄ鄸ୄ 铸 铸 [鄸 鄸? 錘 [ 鄸?

䠀 ୄ 1357 . 铸 ୄୄ 1550 . ? 鄸鄸 ୄ 鄸? ㌵ [? ? ୄ@ 鄸? ‸ୄ ? 笰ୄ 鄸 [铸[鄸 [ 鄸铸 ୄ ୄୄ ୄ

鄸[ୄ 铸 㔰 ? 铸 铸 鄸? ㌳ ୄ 铸鄸 ୄ㌳㌵  铸ୄ ? ୄ  鄸ୄ ୄ㔰[ ୄୄ 铸 ୄ ? 1459 ?

? ୄ㌵ [鄸 ㌵ 铸 ? 鄸 ୄ 鄸 ? ୄୄ[? ?鄸 铸 䘸 鄸ୄ ୄ 䠀 ୄ ㌵  ୄ 铸ୄ ? 鄸[ 鄸[ୄ ‸ୄୄ ㌵

[ୄ[ [铸 䁠 ? 㔰 ? ୄ  ୄୄ 铸鄸[ୄ 鄸? 晦 ? ? 铸㌳ 铸ୄ 鄸[? 鄸? ୄ 䁠 䘸 ? 铸㌵ [

 [ ୄ ୄ [ 鉸鄸 ୄ 䠀鄸? 䁢 ୄ[ୄ ㌵ ୄ[ୄ 鄸 ? ୄ[ୄ 䁠 ୄ 鄸ୄ ୄ铸‸ୄ 笰鄸 ㌵

铸ୄ ?  [䘸 鄸? 鎸鄸ୄ笰㌵ ? ୄ ୄ 铸ୄ? ୄ [ 䘸 鄸? ୄୄ 铸  Ȳୄ[ ? ୄୄ[? 铸ୄ

ୄୄ  ୄ鄸 ୄ  铸 ୄୄ ୄ㔰ȡ 鄸? ୄ ? ?  鄸ୄ[ୄ  ? [ 鄸‸铸 ? [ 鄸‸䠀 铸

鄸ୄ ୄ㔰[ 8ୄ㌵鄸 笰ୄ ? 鄸? [ ‸ ? 鄸? 䠀 ୄ 笰ୄ 鄸䘸 䁢ୄୄ ୄ 鄸 ୄୄ ୄ ୄୄ 1301 . ? [ୄ 砀㌵ ?

铸 铸 [ ? 1087 ㌵ @ ୄ 铸 㔰 ?ୄୄ㌳ 鄸? 笰 ୄ㌵ ୄ ୄ[ୄ 鄸铸鄸‸ୄ 鄸? 铸ୄ 铸ୄ ୄ ‸ୄ 鄸ୄ

铸 ୄ 鄸 铸ୄ 铸 㔰 鄸ୄ ୄ㔰[ 鎸ୄ 笰铸鄸 鄸? 䁢 ୄ㌵ 铸ୄ 鄸  鄸? ୄ ? 铸 㔰 鄸? ୄ笰?ȡ䘸 1443

? 笰铸 铸鄸 15 ୄȡ@ ୄ 1458 ? 铸 ୄ 铸 ୄୄ 铸 㔰 鄸ୄ ୄ㔰[ 鄸ୄ 㔰 铸[㔰 铸 ? ୄ ୄ[ୄ 鄸铸鄸‸ୄ ? 鎸鄸?

ୄ ୄ ? 铸㔰 ୄ㔰[ 鄸? 鄸 ୄ 铸ୄ㔰 Ǘ 鄸ୄ[ ? ? ?ୄ ? 鄸铸 [㌵铸ୄ ୄ@ 笰ୄ ?

鄸铸㌵ୄ ?ୄୄ ୄ ୄ ୄ 铸ୄ ୄ@ ୄ 䁠䁠ୄ 铸[㔰铸鄸鄸铸[㔰 ?笰 ? ୄ ୄ ୄ ?笰铸 ୄ@

ୄ ୄ晦䁗 Ǘ ?笰鄸? ୄ ୄୄ㔰鄸  铸㔰 ? 铸虠ୄ 鄸 [ ୄ 鄸? 铸 ୄ ୄ ୄ ? 250 ?

鄸铸㔰 ୄ  虠ୄ ୄୄ ୄ 鄸 ‸㌵鄸[?  ? ? 铸铸 ୄ[㠰[ 虠ୄ 铸㔰 ୄ㔰[ ?

ୄ ୄ 鄸? ୄ 䁠鄸[ୄ 鄸ୄ 䁠鄸ȡ㔰 ?ୄୄ ୄ 鄸ୄ 铸ୄ ୄ ୄ ? 铸 @ 鄸ୄ ୄ㔰[ [ ୄ‸ 䘸

ୄୄ ୄ 铸㔰 ୄ鄸 [ 铸㔰鄸? ?[㌵ ? ‸㌵ ୄ䁢ୄୄ ୄ? 虠ୄ ୄ铸 ? 铸 @ 鄸? ‸㌵鄸ୄ 䘸 ? 铸铸 @ 鄸铸 ?晦Ȣ ୄ ୄ

ୄୄ 铸ୄ ? 铸㔰铸 ୄ ? 铸 ୄ㌵䘸鄸? ? ୄ 鄸? ୄ ‸?䁢 ୄ? ୄ? ?ୄ 䁠䠀㌳铸㔰 ୄ ୄ

ୄ ୄ 鄸? 鄸[䘸 ? 㠰?ୄ [ 鄸? 晦 ? ? ㌳ୄ 䁠䠀㌳鄸ୄ 鄸[ୄ 铸ୄ ୄ ୄ?笰䁢ୄୄ 䘸 ? 㔰鄸[?

鄸ୄ ୄ㔰[ ୄୄ鄸䠀㔰 ? 鄸 ୄୄ ୄ ୄୄ 鄸[ୄ 鄸‸㌵ ? ?㌳䘸鄸? 鄸铸ୄ 铸㔰

ୄ㌵ ୄ 䁠 ୄ [ ୄ ୄ ୄୄ ୄୄ ‸ ୄ 鄸? ㌵鄸鄸? ? ?笰 ‸ ? ୄ䁢 ୄ 铸ୄ ୄ[? ? ୄ[ୄୄ

ୄ 铸 ୄ ୄ 㔰 ୄ 铸 ? 鄸? 鄸ୄ [ Ǘ 鄸ୄ[ ? 鄸[? 鄸ୄ ୄ ୄ 鄸䁠䁠ୄ ୄୄ1303 ? 鄸[?

鄸铸 [ୄ 砀㌵ ୄ[ ㌵ ? ୄ 1534 ? 铸 ୄ 鄸? ୄ 铸笰ୄ ? ? 鄸ୄ ? [? [ ୄ ୄୄ 1567 1568 ?

ୄ@ 鄸? ୄ 㘮 ୄ鄸䘸 ? 1303 鄸ୄ ୄ ㌵㌵鄸ୄ 䠀 1534 鄸ୄ ୄ ㌵鄸[ୄ㔰ୄ㌵鄸ୄ 䠀铸䁢

铸ୄ 鄸[? 鄸? ୄ 铸 ୄ ୄ [ [ 䁠ୄ 鄸? ୄ㌵ ୄ ୄ ୄ ୄ 鄸? 䁠 ୄ 鄸? ୄ ୄ @ 铸㌳㌵虠ୄ

䁠䠀㌳  鄸? ‸㌵ ୄ[ୄ 鄸铸鄸‸ୄ 䁢ୄୄ ୄ 㔰鄸? 㔰鄸‸ ? 笰ୄ ୄ 䁠鄸? 晦 ? 铸Ȣୄ 铸ୄ

鄸[? 鄸? ‸㌵㔰 [䘸䘸 ? ୄ ㌵ ୄ ㌵鄸ୄ [ ୄ[ୄୄ ‸錘Ȳୄ 鄸铸鄸‸ ୄ 鄸㘮? ୄ

ୄୄ ? 铸㔰铸䁠ୄ䘸鄸? ㌵鄸[ୄ䁠鄸笰铸[? 鄸? [ ୄ ୄ ୄୄ 铸ୄ ㌵ ୄ笰ୄ[ ୄ ㌵ ୄୄ 䘸鄸?

鄸ୄ[ୄ [鄸 ? 㔰[ୄ鄸ୄ ୄ ? 鄸? ୄ ? ୄ ? 鄸? ୄୄȢୄ ୄ㌵[ 鄸? ?ୄୄ 铸

㌳ୄ 铸 ? [ୄ[ [铸䁠鄸 ? 㔰 ?ୄୄ ୄ " ୄ 鄸? [ ୄ笰ୄ[

ୄ鄸 [" ?ୄୄ ୄ ୄ " ㌵铸鄸? [ ୄ ୄ鄸 [" ‸ 笰㌵笰 [ ୄ 鄸 ୄ 铸ୄ ୄୄ

笰ୄ [ 虠 ? 㔰䘸 ? Ȣ鄸Ȳୄ ୄ ? 鄸? [ 铸㔰鄸? ‸㌵ ? 鄸鉸ୄୄ ? ୄ ? ୄ ㌵鄸? ୄ ? 鄸?

鉸㘮鄸? 鄸 ୄ ㌵鄸 ? 虠ୄ ㌵[ ? ? 铸㔰 " ? [" 鄸? ୄ ? ‸㌵ ୄ ୄ ୄୄ 铸ୄ ୄ 铸

ୄ ୄ ୄ ? ୄ ୄୄ 䘸鄸? ୄ [ ? ୄ 鄸 ? ?ୄ [ 鄸? ୄ?笰䁢ୄୄ 鄸[? 鄸? [?笰䁢ୄୄ 鄸?

? 鄸ୄ 鄸[ୄ  铸㔰鄸? ୄ ୄୄ[? ୄ㔰鉸鄸ୄ[ୄ ㌵[ 鄸? ?[? 鄸? Ȣ♠鄸鄸ୄ

铸鄸 ? 铸 [ [ 鄸[? 铸? 铸 ‸㌵ ? 鄸 ୄ笰ୄ[ 鄸 ୄ 鄸ୄ [?? 铸 ୄୄ ㌳? 虠

铸㌳? 铸 ‸㌵虠ୄ ? 鄸? 鄸[? ?  鄸? 鄸[? 鄸鄸? 铸鄸砀? ? ୄ ㌵㌵㌵鄸铸㘮鄸?

? ୄ ୄ ୄୄ 鄸? [铸 ୄ ㌵ ? ? 鄸? 鄸[? ?  鄸? 鄸[? ? 铸@ 鄸? 铸鄸 ? 鄸? 鄸[?

ୄ ୄ鄸笰鄸? ୄ ୄ ㌵ ? ? ㌵ୄ ୄ ୄ ୄ 鄸㌵ ? ୄȡ㔰 1592 ? 鄸ୄ ୄ㔰[ 鄸‸ 鄸 ୄ ୄୄ ୄ㌳㌵

ୄ [ ?? ?? ୄ 䘸 ?ୄୄ 䘸 ? ୄ ㌳ୄ 铸ୄ [ 鄸? ㌵ ? ? ୄୄ ?ୄ 铸ୄ [ 鄸铸

ୄ ୄ 鄸ୄ ? ୄ ? 2011 鄸铸 ୄ ୄ 鄸? 鄸铸鄸[䘸鄸铸 ୄ ୄ 铸 ? 笰ୄ [ 鄸 ? 鄸? [ ୄୄ

鄸ୄ 鄸? 鄸ୄୄ 䘸鄸? ୄ 铸Ȣ鄸鄸?ୄ 鄸? ୄ 2013 ? ? ୄ ୄ 铸 ? 笰ୄ [ 鄸 [ ୄ

? 铸㔰鄸? ㌵ ? ୄୄȢୄ ୄ[ୄ 䠀[ୄ ୄ 鄸ୄ ୄ ୄ铸铸㌵鄸? [ 㘮铸ୄ 鄸[? ? ? 笰[ୄ ?ୄ㌵

鄸[? ? ୄ㌵ ‘ ୄ[’ 铸鄸铸笰 ୄ 鄸? ? ㌳㌵铸 ୄ ୄ ୄୄ 铸ୄ  ? ୄ ㌵鄸? ୄ笰ୄ[

ୄ鄸鄸䘸鄸? [ ? ‸㌵ ୄ ୄ ୄୄ 铸ୄ [ 鄸 [ 鄸? ୄୄ 鄸㌵鄸鄸? 㔰  鄸[? 鄸? ୄ 䘸 ୄ㌳䘸

㌵鎸鄸? ୄ[ 䘸 ? ୄ 鄸ୄ ୄ ㌵ ୄ鄸鄸䘸 ? 鄸ୄ 铸ୄ ୄ 铸ୄ

鄸[? ? ୄ ㌵鄸 ? ୄ? ୄ? ?ୄ ୄ ୄ ୄ ୄୄ 铸鄸 ୄ 鄸 ? ୄ@ 铸㠰ୄ 鄸? 晦 ? ୄ

ୄ ୄ ୄ ୄ ୄ ୄୄ ୄ㔰 ୄ ?  鄸[? ? Ǘ 鄸ୄ[? 笰 ୄ䘸鄸ୄ ୄ笰ୄ[ 鄸 ୄ[ 铸ୄ ୄ@ 鄸? [ ‸㌵

ୄ ୄ ?[㌵鄸ୄ 铸㔰铸鄸ୄ ୄ㔰[ ୄȢ䠀㌳笰ୄ 鄸 ୄ 鄸䁢ୄୄ ୄ 鄸 ୄୄ ୄ ୄ ୄୄ ୄ㌵ ୄ ? ?

铸 ? 鄸? 鄸ୄ [ ୄ㌵ ୄ ? 鄸ୄ 鄸[ୄ ‸㌵鄸 ୄ ୄୄ 铸ୄ 鄸[? 鄸ୄ ୄ ㌵鄸ୄ ?ୄ 铸 ୄ ୄ@ 1567

68 . 鄸? ୄ鄸? 鄸? ୄ㌵笰 ? [ ୄ 䁠ୄ 鄸? ୄ  铸㔰 ୄ鄸㌵鄸ୄ ୄ[㔰 ୄ鄸㌵ ୄୄ㌵ ?

ୄ@ 铸ୄ㔰 ? 铸 ୄ ? 鄸[? 鄸? ୄ 鄸[? 鄸ୄ ୄ㔰[ 鄸 ୄୄ ? 鄸? 鄸ୄ [ ? 铸 ୄ  鄸? ୄ ? ୄ ୄ

ୄୄ 铸ୄ 铸 ୄ  鄸? ୄ 鄸 ୄ?笰䁢ୄୄ 铸铸[ 鄸? 铸䘸 [ ?㌳ ୄ@ 䁠ୄ 铸 ୄ 鄸?

笰䁠鄸?[㔰铸ୄ 铸 ୄ  鄸[? ? ? [ 鄸? ୄୄ 笰铸[? 铸 [ ୄ 䁠鄸[ୄ 鄸? ୄ [ୄ? 虠ୄ

鄸[? ? 鄸铸[ 37 铸 Ʌ 虠鄸? 鄸‸㌵铸 ? ୄ㌵ ୄ㌵㌵鄸ୄ

铸 [ ? ? ୄୄ鄸铸 ୄ㌳㌵㌵[? 䁠䘸 ? 㔰鄸[? 鄸铸 ‘ 铸 ୄ 鄸ୄ 鄸[ୄ’ ‸㌵鄸 ୄ ୄୄ 铸ୄ 铸 ? ?ୄ ?

鄸[ୄ ୄ㌳㌵ [鄸 Ȳୄ[? 鄸 ୄ 鄸ୄ ‸ୄ 鄸 ୄୄ 铸ୄ 铸㔰鄸? ୄ 䘸 ୄ ୄ 铸 ୄ 鄸铸 ୄ ୄ

鄸? ?[ୄୄ㌳ୄ 铸鄸䘸鄸? 铸ୄ 虠ୄ 鄸[? 鄸? [䘸 ? 鄸 [ 铸㌵ [ ୄ[ୄ ୄୄ ୄ[ୄ 铸ୄ

虠ୄ 铸 [ ? 鄸ୄ 鄸[ୄ ୄ@ 铸[㔰‸ ୄ ㌵ ୄ錘Ȳ铸 [ 䘸鄸ୄ 铸ୄ 鄸鄸? ? ‸㌵ ୄୄ ୄ 㘮

铸 [ ? 鄸ୄ 鄸[ୄ ‘ୄ ୄ鄸?’ 鄸? [ 㘮铸ୄ

[ୄ ୄ鄸ୄ [ୄ 砀㌵ ୄ[ ㌵鄸? 錘 [ 鄸? 䠀 ୄ 1332 . 铸 ୄ ୄ鄸ୄ 铸铸 [鄸鄸? 錘 [ 鄸?

䠀 ୄ 1357 . 铸 ୄୄ 1550 . ? 鄸鄸 ୄ 鄸? ㌵ [? ? ୄ@ 鄸? ‸ୄ ? 笰ୄ 鄸 [铸[鄸 [ 鄸铸 ୄ ୄୄ ୄ

鄸[ୄ 铸㔰 ? 铸铸鄸? ㌳ ୄ 铸鄸 ୄ㌳㌵铸ୄ ? ୄ  鄸ୄ ୄ㔰[ ୄୄ 铸 ୄ ? 1459 ?

? ୄ㌵ [鄸㌵铸 ? 鄸 ୄ 鄸 ? ୄୄ[? ?鄸铸䘸鄸ୄ ୄ 䠀 ୄ ㌵ ୄ 铸ୄ ? 鄸[ 鄸[ୄ ‸ୄୄ ㌵

[ୄ[ [铸䁠 ? 㔰 ? ୄ  ୄୄ 铸鄸[ୄ 鄸? 晦 ? ? 铸㌳铸ୄ 鄸[? 鄸? ୄ 䁠䘸 ? 铸㌵ [

[ ୄ ୄ [ 鉸鄸 ୄ 䠀鄸? 䁢 ୄ[ୄ ㌵ ୄ[ୄ 鄸 ? ୄ[ୄ 䁠 ୄ 鄸ୄ ୄ铸‸ୄ 笰鄸㌵

铸ୄ ? [䘸鄸? 鎸鄸ୄ笰㌵ ? ୄ ୄ 铸ୄ? ୄ [ 䘸鄸? ୄୄ 铸 Ȳୄ[ ? ୄୄ[? 铸ୄ

ୄୄ ୄ鄸 ୄ 铸 ୄୄ ୄ㔰ȡ 鄸? ୄ ? ? 鄸ୄ[ୄ ? [ 鄸‸铸 ? [ 鄸‸䠀铸

鄸ୄ ୄ㔰[ 8ୄ㌵鄸笰ୄ ? 鄸? [ ‸ ? 鄸? 䠀 ୄ 笰ୄ 鄸䘸䁢ୄୄ ୄ 鄸 ୄୄ ୄ ୄୄ 1301 . ? [ୄ 砀㌵ ?

铸铸 [ ? 1087 ㌵ @ ୄ 铸㔰 ?ୄୄ㌳鄸? 笰 ୄ㌵ ୄ ୄ[ୄ 鄸铸鄸‸ୄ 鄸? 铸ୄ 铸ୄ ୄ ‸ୄ 鄸ୄ

铸 ୄ 鄸铸ୄ 铸㔰鄸ୄ ୄ㔰[ 鎸ୄ 笰铸鄸鄸? 䁢 ୄ㌵铸ୄ 鄸鄸? ୄ ? 铸㔰鄸? ୄ笰?ȡ䘸 1443

? 笰铸铸鄸 15 ୄȡ@ ୄ 1458 ? 铸 ୄ 铸 ୄୄ 铸㔰鄸ୄ ୄ㔰[ 鄸ୄ 㔰铸[㔰铸 ? ୄ ୄ[ୄ 鄸铸鄸‸ୄ ? 鎸鄸?

Ȳ[ୄୄ ? 铸㔰鄸ୄ ୄ 鄸鄸 ୄୄ ୄୄ 铸笰ୄ ୄ 鄸? ୄ 铸 ୄ ? 铸㔰 ? ୄ?笰䁢ୄୄ

ୄ ㌵ [ୄ笰 ୄ ୄ ? 鄸? [ 鄸鄸鄸ୄ[? 䁢ୄୄ [ 鄸 ୄୄ ㌵ ୄ ? 䳀 ୄ? ? 鄸‸ ୄୄ ୄ鄸

鄸[ୄ ୄ ୄ 鄸? ୄ [? ? 铸ୄ 铸㔰鄸ୄ ୄ㔰[ ୄ ୄ[ୄ 鄸铸鄸‸ୄ ? 鄸 ୄ ୄ ୄୄ 铸㔰

鄸ୄ 笰ୄ ㌵鄸Ȳ ୄୄ 鄸[? 鄸铸 ' ? ' 鄸 ୄ ୄୄ ୄ 鎸䘸鄸鄸[? ୄ ୄ 鄸 ୄ 铸晦鄸

鄸ୄ 㔰 ୄୄ 鄸? ୄ 䘸鄸 Ȳ㌵ ?ୄୄ ㌵铸铸铸㌵鄸? ?ୄୄ 鄸? ୄ 铸 ? ? Ȳ㌵ ?ୄୄ 铸ୄ

铸鄸鉸 ȡ 鄸ୄ 㔰鄸? [ 鄸 ୄ ୄୄ ୄ ?鄸 [ୄ ୄୄ[? ‸ୄ 铸鄸ୄ 铸 [ୄ笰䘸鄸? [ 鄸铸㔰鄸铸

ୄ 鄸‸ୄ ୄୄ [鄸㌵ ୄ ୄ ୄୄ 鄸铸鄸‸[  鄸? ‸㌵ @ ? ‸ୄ ୄ[ୄ 鄸铸鄸‸ୄ ? ? ୄୄ ?铸 ‘鄸 ୄ ’

ୄ 鄸铸㔰鄸ୄ ୄ㔰[ 鄸 ୄୄ ୄ ୄୄ鄸 ୄ  ? ? ୄ[ୄ 鄸鄸ୄ ୄୄ ୄ ‸ȡ?鄸铸 ୄୄ  ୄ

ୄ笰ୄ[ 䁢ୄୄ 䘸 ୄ 铸  ୄ ㌵䘸 ? 铸㠰铸ୄ  鄸? 笰㌵ȡ㔰 ‸ୄ ? ୄ [ [ 铸 ୄ 鄸铸鄸‸ୄ [ ?

鄸铸鄸‸[  ?ୄୄ㌳鄸? 鄸鄸鄸ୄ[? ୄ ୄ ㌵ ୄ 铸ୄ 鄸[? 鄸? ‸㌵鄸铸鄸‸ ୄ 鄸鄸铸鄸‸ୄ [ ୄୄ[? ୄ ㌵鄸ୄ

ୄୄ[ୄୄୄ㌳ [? ? 铸鄸铸铸 ୄ ୄ㌳㌵鄸ୄ[? ୄ 䘸鄸? 鄸铸ୄ [ 铸㔰鄸?

?[㌵ ? ୄ 铸ୄ ୄ㌵鄸㌵铸 ୄ 笰ୄ 鄸䘸鄸? 笰铸㔰 ୄ ୄ 鄸鄸ୄ ୄୄ 铸ୄ ୄ@ 铸 ୄ 铸䘸鄸ୄ 笰ୄ ?

鄸? 鄸ୄ [ 铸  ୄ 铸[  ‸㌵鄸 ୄ ୄୄ 铸ୄ ୄ ୄ ୄ 铸鄸鄸? 笰ୄ ? ㌵铸砀㌵㌵ ୄ@ ? 铸

‸㌵铸 ୄ 铸鄸铸笰ୄ 铸 [鄸鄸? 鄸ୄ[? ?ୄ [ ୄ ୄ㌵鄸㌵鄸? ୄ ୄ 鄸ୄ ? 䳀ୄ 铸ୄ 铸鄸 ୄ 铸

铸㔰鄸ୄ ୄ鄸ୄ [ ୄ 鄸? 笰ୄ 鄸ୄ[ ? 1430 . ? 铸 ୄୄ 铸 ୄ ୄ鄸ୄ 铸 ୄ[ ㌵鄸?

ୄ ୄୄ 铸㔰 ? 鄸 ? 䁢ୄୄ ୄ 㔰铸[ ୄୄ ୄ 笰ୄ铸鄸䁠鄸? ୄȡୄ㔰鄸 ? ୄୄ[ୄ ୄ笰ୄ[ 㠰?ୄ

铸鄸铸[? 鄸ୄ[? 鄸 ? 鄸? 鄸 ୄ ? ୄ㌳㌵ ୄ 铸鄸鄸 ? 鄸铸鉸䁠铸錘Ȳ ? ? 鄸? [ ୄ㌳㌵ ? ୄ ୄ ୄ ? ୄୄ[ୄ

铸㔰䠀 ୄ ୄ笰ୄ[ ୄୄ ୄ 铸 ?ୄୄ 䘸鄸? 鄸ୄ [ 铸㔰 ? ? 铸Ȣୄ 铸铸铸ୄ

鄸[ୄ [ ୄ ୄ㌵鄸㌵鄸? ୄ㌵ ୄ 鄸? [ 㘮 ୄ 铸铸 1423 ? ୄ鄸Ȳ铸鄸? 铸ୄୄ 铸笰鄸笰ୄ ? [㌳ୄ 铸