United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission Official Hearing Exhibit NYS000007

In the Matter of:

Entergy Nuclear Operations, Inc. Submitted: December 12, 2011
(Indian Point Nuclear Generating Units 2 and 3)
Excerpt
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HANDBOOK OF
TRANSFORMER
DESIGN AND
APPLICATIONS

William M. Flanagan

Second Edition

McGRAW-Hill, INC.
New Vork San Francisco Washington, D.C. Auckland Bogota
Caracas Usbon London Madrid Mexico Chy Milan
Montreal New Delhi San Juan Singapore
Sydney Tokyo Toronto

OAGI0001237_00001
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Flanagan, William M.
Handbook of transformer design and applications / William M.
Flanagan.-2nd ed.
p. cm.
Rev. ed. of: Handbook of transformer applications.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-07-021291-0
I. Electric transformers - Design and construction - Handbooks,
manuals, etc. I. Flanagan, William M. Handbook of transformer
applications. II. Title.
TK2791.F57 1992 92-32318
621.3'14-dc20 CIP

Copyright © 1993, 1986 by McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed

in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United
States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be repro-
duced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a data base
or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 [X)C/[X)C 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2

ISBN 0-07-021291-0

The sponsoring editor for this book was Daniel A. Gonneau. the editing
supen'isor was Kimber!.\, A. Go.lJ: and the production superrisor was
Suzanne W. Babeu.f This book was set in Times Roman b.l' frcgressil'e.

Printed and bound by R. R. Donnelle.I' & Sons Company.

LIMITS OF LIABILITY AND DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTY

The author and publisher have exercised care in preparing this book
and the programs contained in it. They make no representation, how-
ever, that the programs are error-free or suitable for every application
to which the reader may attempt to apply them. The author and pub-
lisher make no warranty of any kind, expressed or implied, including
the warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose,
with regard to these programs or the documentation or theory con-
tained in this book, all of which are provided "as is." The author and
publisher shall not be liable for damages in amount greater than the
purchase price of this book, or in any event for incidental or conse-
quential damages in connection with, or arising out of the furnishing,
performance, or use of these programs or the associated descriptions
or discussions.
Readers should test any program on their own systems and com-
pare results with those presented in this book. They should then con-
struct their own test programs to verify that they fully understand the
requisite calling conventions and data formats for each of the pro-
grams. Then they should test the specific application thoroughly.

OAGI0001237 _00002
Magnetic and
Electrical
Fundamentals

1.1 INTRODUCTION
Transformers are passive devices for transforming voltage and current.
They are among the most efficient machines, 95 percent efficiency being
common and 99 percent being achievable. There is practically no upper
limit to their power-handling capability, and the lower limit is set only
by the allowable no-load loss. Transformers and inductors perform fun-
damental circuit functions. They are a necessary component in electrical
systems as diverse as distribution terminals for multimegawatt power-
generating stations to hand-held radio transceivers operating on a frac-
tion of a watt. This book is intended to ease some of the difficulties users
and designers face from the limitations of these components, the resolu-
tion of which is still painfully evolving.
Transformers are the largest, heaviest, and often costliest of circuit
components. The geometry of the magnetic circuit is three-dimensional.
This property places a fundamental restraint on reducing tra'nsformer
size. The properties of available materials limit weight reduction. The
high cost of transformers is due to the impracticability of standardization,
the materials needed, and the processes inherent in their manufacture.
The problems associated with the use of magnetic devices can be mini-
mized by the employment of astute application practices.
Transformers are indispensable for voltage transformation in power
applications. Their ability to isolate circuits and to alter ground conven-
tions can often be matched in no other convenient manner. They are
needed in frequency selective circuits whose operation depends on the

I.I

OAGI0001237_00003
1.2 HANDBOOK OF TRANSFORMER DESIGN AND APPLICATIONS

response of inductances. They are rugged, being capable of withstanding

severe environmental conditions.
Transformers are essentially single-application devices. Designed for
specific requirements, they do not offer optimum performance over a
wide range of operation. They are not outstanding performers in appli-
cations requiring high-fidelity reproduction of audio or video signals.
Wideband and high-impedance circuits often experience serious degra-
dation when transformers are used. Transformers do not perform well in
circuits which apply dc magnetization to the core. They are a problem in
equipment in which size and weight must be kept to a minimum.
Transformers can sometimes be eliminated by circuit artifices. A
bridge rectifier directly across the power line can replace a power trans-
former and rectifier if the voltage level and ground isolation can be
accommodated. This is often done to obtain dc voltage for inverter cir-
cuits. Needed voltage transformation is then done at high frequency with
a much smaller transformer. The direct coupling of semiconductor
devices to loads eliminates audio transformers. Operation of driving cir-
cuits at voltages which will provide the desired output voltage by direct
.coupling may eliminate the need for voltage transformation at the output.
Closely related in both theory and construction to transformers are
other magnetic devices which include inductors, saturable reactors, and
magnetic amplifiers. Much of the discussion on transformers is applicable
to them. The unique features of these devices are discussed separately.

1.2 FUNDAMENTALS OF MAGNETIC CIRCUITS

The literature on magnetic devices uses a vocabulary which may be unfa-
miliar to some readers. It is not difficult to learn these terms and to mas-
ter the fundamentals of magnetic circuits. This section provides an intro-
duction to the subject.
The study of magnetics begins with Coulomb's law for magnetic
poles:

(1.1 )

where F = repulsive force between two magnetic poles oflike polarity m,

and mz
r = distance between the two poles
p, = constant of proportionality called permeability

OAGI0001237_00004