Statistics is concerned with scientific methods for collection, organizing, summarizing, Identify the sampling technique used (random,

(random, stratified, systematic, or cluster)

presenting, analyzing, interpreting data and drawing conclusions based on that data. 1. Every 12th customer entering a shopping mall is asked to select his or her favorite store.
2. In a university, all teachers from three buildings are interviewed to determine whether
A population generally consists of the totality of the observations, individuals, or objects in they believe the students have higher grades now than in previous years.
which the investigator is interested. A sample is a subgroup of the target population that the 3. Supervisors are selected using random numbers in order to determine the annual
researcher plans to study for generalizing about the target population. salaries.
4. A teacher writes the name of each student in a card, shuffles the cards, and then draws
Indicate which of the following examples refer to population or sample. five names.
1. A group of 25 students selected to test a new teaching technique 5. A head nurse selects 10 patients from each floor of a hospital.
2. The total machines produced by a factory in one week
3. The yearly expenditures on food for 10 families A political analyst wants to do a survey on the popularity of a certain politician in five of the
4. The ages of employees of all companies in Manila municipalities under the politician’s jurisdiction. (a) Compute for the appropriate sample size
5. The number of subscribers of telephone companies using the Slovin’s formula at 90 percent confidence level; and (b) if stratified random sampling
is to be employed, determine the number of samples per municipality based on the data
Slovin’s Formula: Given the population size, N, the sample size, n, may be obtained through below.
𝑁
the formula: 𝑛 = 1+𝑁𝑒 2 where e is the margin of error.
Computation of Distribution of Distribution of
Municipality Percentage
the sample size Population Sample
Compute for the sample size required for each of the following populations.
Aros 85, 642
1. N = 5,200 e = 5%
San Julio 74, 320
2. N = 6,500 e = 5%
Barangon 230, 911
3. N = 1,250 e = 2%
Salcado 58, 234
Probability Sampling Techniques Bakalngayan 41, 098
Simple Random Sampling - Drawing randomly from a list of the population (e.g.: names from TOTAL
a hat, using a matrix of random numbers).
Systematic Sampling - Taking every kth element in the population as a sample, where The Nature of Data
𝑁 Quantitative data consist of numbers representing counts or measurements.
𝑘= Qualitative data can be separated into different categories that are distinguished by some
𝑛
Stratified Random Sampling - a process in which certain subgroups, or strata, are selected for non-numeric characteristics.
the sample in the same proportion as they exist in the population. Discrete data result from either a finite number of possible values or a countable number of
Cluster Sampling - The selection of groups, or clusters, of subjects rather than individuals. possible values.
Continuous data result from infinitely many possible values that can be associated with points
Non-Probability Sampling Techniques on a continuous scale in such a way that there are no gaps or interruptions.
Convenience Sampling - is selecting a group of individuals who are conveniently available for
study Scales of Measure
Quota Sampling - The number of samples is decided by the researcher and selection is also Nominal scale is characterized by data that consist of names, labels, or categories only.
made out of availability of the respondent. Ordinal scale involves data that may be arranged in some order but differences between
Purposive Sampling - Using researcher’s judgment to select a sample that they believe, based data values either cannot be determined or meaningless.
on prior information, will provide the data they need. Interval scale is data for which we can determine meaningful amounts of differences
Snowball Sampling - One sample leads on to more of the same kind of sample. between data. However, there is no inherent zero starting point.
Ratio scale is the interval scale to include the inherent zero starting point. For these values, For Mindanao, the population per region are registered as follows: Region IX, 3,407,353;
differences and ratios are both meaningful. Region X, 4,297,323; Region XI, 4,468,563; Region XII, 4,109,571; the Autonomous Region of Muslim
Mindanao, 3,256,140; and CARAGA with 2,429,224.
Example:
In her research, a teacher wanted to examine several variables as factors of academic Tabular presentation
performance. As part of her statement of the problem, she indicated:
What is the demographic profile of the student respondents in terms of: Age, Sex, Year of
Birth, Family’s Monthly Income, Order of birth in the family, Parent’s Educational
Attainment,
Classify these variables as quantitative or qualitative, discrete or continuous, and its scale of
measure.

DATA PRESENTATION
Textual Presentation – presents data in a paragraph form which combines text and figures.
Examples are data in business, finance, economics, or industries, which are used to make
emphasis or to make comparisons, contrast, syntheses, generalizations, or findings.
Tabular Presentation – presents data in tables. Tabulation is a process of summarizing
classified data and arranging them in a table. It gives a more precise, systematic and orderly
presentation of data in rows and columns. It makes comparison of figures easy and
comprehensible.
Graphical Presentation – is an effective method of presenting statistical results and can
present clear pictures of the data. There are several kinds of graphs, and some of these are Graphical presentation
as follows:
1. Bar graph – consists of bars either vertically or horizontally and usually constructed
for comparative purposes.
2. Line graph – shows the relationship between two or more sets of quantities. It may
show the relationship between two variables, and it is best used to establish trends.
3. Pie chart – used to represent quantities that make up a whole. It is circular diagram
cut into subdivisions.

EXAMPLE:
Textual presentation
According to the National Statistics Office (NSO), the Philippines has a population of
92,337,852. This is based on the census that the agency has conducted last May, 2010. In the same
census, it was found out that the National Capital Region is home to 11,855,975 while the Cordillera
Administrative Region has a population of 1,616,867.
In Luzon, the regional population are as follows: Region I, 4,748,372; Region II, 3,229,163;
Region III, 10,137,737; Region IVA, 12,609,803; Region IVB, 2,744,671; and Region V, 5,420,411.
In the Visayas, Region VI has a total population of 7,102,438 while Region VII has 6,800,180
and Region VIII with 4,101,322.