Minerals Water Sodium (Na) Potassium (K) Chloride (Cl)

Functions -Maintains blood -Maintains water -Maintains fluid -Maintains

volume, regulates balance balance extracellular
body temperature -Required for -Transmits muscle fluid volume.
-Transports O2 and normal muscle and nerve --ve charge of
nutrients, and nerve impulses. Cl balances the
lubricates the function. -Blunt the effects +ve charge of
joints and removes -Absorbs of high salt Na.
waste products glucose and intake and - Components
(urea and urine) some amino maintain normal for HCl
-Serves as solvent acids in small b.p produced in
in many intestine. -When dietary stomach
metabolic -Main solute in potassium intake -Normal NS
processes and the extracellular is high, the function
actively fluid amount of -Maintains acid-
participates as a compartment. calcium base balance
reactant. excreted in the and dispose of
-Synthesize fluid urine declines. It CO2 by way of
such as saliva, bile also inhibits the exhaled air.
and amniotic renin-angiotensin
fluid. system,
promotes the
excretion of
excess Na and
H20
Food -Beverage and -Sodium- Fruits, -NaCl
Sources liquid foods. chloride, Salt vegetables, milk, -Seaweed,
-Caffeine, a mild -Grains, whole grains, olives, rye,
diuretic. UI is processed dried bead and lettuce and a
500mg/day. meats, soups, meats few fruits and
-Alcoholic sauces, potato vegetables
beverages chips, fries and
increases urine dairy products.
output by
inhibiting the
action of ADH,
dehydration can
occur.
Deficiency -Dehydration: -Athletes may -Hypokalemia. -Caused by
solute conc. In need to Low blood K. vomiting, poor-
blood rise, b.p consume sports Symptoms: nutrients diet.
reduces, heart drinks to avoid weakness, -Symptoms:
rate rises. More the depletion of fatigue, Weakness,
severe, kidney Na and other constipation and anorexia and
failure, seizures, electrolytes. irregular lethargy 昏睡
delirium (illusion) -In infants, heartbeats.
and coma. diarrhea and -Raise b.p and
First sign: Thirst, b.v vomiting can be the risk of stroke.
reduces and the occurred. -People with
hypothalamus -Hyponatremia, eating disorder,
low Na serum. low food intake,
 triggers drinking Symptoms: vomiting and
behaviour. Headache, laxative 泻药
2nd: Dry mouth nausea, causes depletion
and skin, fatigue vomiting, fatigue of K.
and muscle and muscle
weakness, urine cramp.
output
decreased, deep
yellow urine,
headache and
dizziness.
Excessive Water -Hyperkalemia,
intake intoxication. Low high blood K
sodium conc in -Kidney failure
the blood called causes the K be
hyponatremia. built up quickly in
The dilution of the blood and
electrolytes and causes an
the swelling of irregular
cells can cause heartbeat and
headache, even cardiac
blurred vision, arrest.
muscle cramps,
convulsions 抽蓄.
Absorption -Absorbed in Same with Na -Completely
small and large absorbed in
intestine by small and large
active transport. intestine.
Energy is used in -Cl absorption
Na/K pump. followed by the
Na absorption
to maintain the
balance of
electrical
charges.
Excretion -When Na intake By kidney or Kidneys
is high, excess retention.
Na is excreted
by the kidneys.
Conversely, the
aldosterone
hormone inhibits
the Na excretion
by the kidney.
-In patients with
nephrotic
syndrome and
congestive heart
failure, Na
excretion by
kidneys is failure.
Recommended AI: AI: AI:4700mg/day Ai: 2300mg/day
intake Adult man: Adult under age DV:3500mg/day (40:60 ration of
15cups (3.7L) 51: 1500mg/day Na to Cl in salt)
Adult Age 51-70: DV:3400mg/day
woman:11cups 1300mg/day (9g of salts yield
(2.7L) Age >70: 5400mg of Cl)
1200mg/day
DV:2400mg

Minerals Iron (Fe) Zinc (Zn) Copper (Cu) Vitamin K

Functions -Participates in -Synthesizes of -able to -Synthesize of
oxidation and heme. DNA alternate blood-clotting
reduction and RNA, between 2 factors by the
reactions. (Fe2+ & -For oxidation states liver and the
Fe3+) reproduction, (Cu2+ and Cu+) conversion of
-Cofactor for growth and -copper- preprothrombin
enzymes which development, containing to the
involved in bone enzymes involve prothrombin.
synthesize of formation, in metabolism -Converted to an
neurotransmitter. immune - a part of a inactive form
-Produces function, the family of once it has
lymphocytes and antioxidant enzymes activated the
NK cells that defence superoxide clotting factors.
prevents infection. network, and dismutase -Bone metabolism
-Tightly bound to taste acuity 敏 which
transport, 锐 eliminates
functional or -stabilize cell superoxide free
storage proteins. membrane radical, prevent
-Have 2 parts of proteins, gene oxidative
proteins: transcription damage to cell
haemoglobin and fingers and membranes
myoglobin for receptor -Helps catalyse
transport and proteins for vit the last step of
metabolism of O2. A,D and thyroid the electron
-Haemoglobin, 3 hormone transport chain
iron-containing in enzyme
heme compounds cytochrome C
and each bind to oxidase.
1 molecule of O2. -regulates
neurotransmitter
-connective
tissue formation
such as
collagen and
elastin.
Food -Animal flesh, Protein-rich Liver, shellfish, Broccoli, peas,
present as heme meat and nuts, seeds, green beans
sources iron seafood lentils 扁豆, soy
products, dark
chocolate and
 -In vegetables, Nuts, beans, whole-grains
present as whole grains, products
nonheme iron wheat germs
-Spinach and dark
leafy greens
Deficiency Loss appetite, -Menkes -Occurs in
delayed growth disease. newborns,
and sexual Intestinal cells intestinal tracts of
maturation, absorb Cu but newborns do not
dermatitis 皮肤 cannot release have bacteria for
炎, impaired it into the synthesize of Vit K
vitA function, circulation. -Injection form of
alopecia, -Symptoms: vit K causes
decreased anemia, hemolytic
taste sensitivity, decreases WBC anaemia, excess
poor wound counts, bilirubin inn the
healing, osteopenia, loss blood and death
immune of skin and hair in newborns.
dysfunction, pigmentation,
severe CV changes
diarrhea, birth and impaired
defects and immune
increased function.
infant mortality.
-Stunted growth
of dwarfism.
Excessive -UL: 45mg/day -UL:40mg/day -UL: 10mg/day
-nausea and -Loss of -Individual
intake vomiting, stomach appetite, consumes
irritation, diarrhea, diarrhea, copper-
impaired nausea, contaminated
absorption of vomiting, food or water in
other trace intestinal Wilson’s disease
minerals. cramps, -Accumulation
-In adults, impaired of Cu in the liver
hemochromatosis, immune and the brain
a genetic function and causes cirrhosis
condition where reduce copper and
the mucosal is absorption and neurological
ineffective. It the activity of damage.
causes the copper-
deficiency of containing
hepcidin thus enzymes.
prevents the
normal
degradation of
ferroportin.
Absorption -Absorbed across -Absorbed in -Occurs -80% of dietary
the brush border the cells of primarily in the vitamin K is taken
membrane into small intestine small intestine. by the small
the small intestine by simple -Absorbed by intestine and
by carrier- diffusion and enterocytes by
 mediated active simple diffusion incorporated into
mechanisms. transport. and active chylomicrons.
-The enterocytes -Absorbed into transport and
produce different enterocytes to transported out
iron-binding carrier induce the of the mucosal
proteins. Ex:ferritin synthesize of cells into the
binds and stores cysteine-rich- bloodstream.
mucosal iron. intestinal -Bound with
-When iron needs protein and albumin in the
are high, it will be metallothionein. blood and
transported out of moves rapidly
the enterocytes by to the liver and
ferroprotein into kidneys.
interstitial fluid for -Transported to
release into the other tissues
bloodstream and bound primarily
distribute to body to the protein
cells. ceruloplasmin.
-To transport iron, it This binds to
is oxidized from specific
Fe2+ to Fe3+ by receptor.
copper-containing
enzyme and
bound to
transferrin. All cells
have transferrin
receptor on their
surface
membrane and
form transferrin-
iron complex. Cells
can control the
amount of iron
they take in by
altering the
synthesize of
transferrin
receptor.
Transferrin binds to
receptor and
engulfed into the
cell by
endocytosis. Iron is
released in
lysosomes and it is
released to the
cell surface for
reuse.
Excretion -A portion of this -If zinc is not -Very little of -Bile passes out of
ferritin-bound iron transported out copper is stored the body via
remains in the of the intestine in the body feces
intestinal iron pool absorptive cell
 and excessive is into the
excreted when bloodstream
the intestinal cells before intestinal
are sloughed off cells are
after several days. sloughed off, it
This process called passes out of
mucosal block to the body in the
prevent excess feces.
accumulation of
iron.
- 90% iron is
recycled and
recovered, 10% is
excreted via bile
lost in the feces.
Recommend RDA: RDA: RDA: 900µg/day AI:
Woman:18mg/day Adult woman: Woman:90µg/day
ed intake Man: 8mg/day 8mg/day Man: 120µg/day
Woman after Adult DV: 80µg
menopause: man:11mg/day
8mg/day DV:15mg
DV:18mg