INFRASTRUCTURE

INFRASTRUCTURE AND MOBILITY PLANNING

ZOYA AFTAB
M.PLAN
INTRODUCTION
The planning of infrastructure is based on the hierarchy of urban development, which are:
1. Transportation Planning
2. Physical Infrastructure
3. Social Infrastructure
4. Commercial Infrastructure
5. Miscellaneous Infrastructure

A planned city for an environment of convenience should have a hierarchical structure; with each
unit planned for basic self‐sufficiency. The smallest planning unit is conceived as Housing Area for
5000 population with convenience shopping, open area, Anganwadi and milk booth as minimum
infrastructure provision. The
higher level of additional
facilities is to be provided at
Neighborhood, Community,
District, Zonal, Sub‐city and
Regional levels.
TRANSPORTATION PLANNING
■ Classification of Urban road
■ Design Consideration of Urban Roads
■ Footpath
■ Cycle Tracks
■ For Hilly Areas
■ Passenger Car Units (PCU)
■ Design Service Volume
■ Parking
■ Bus Terminals :
The functions of bus terminal primarily includes processing of vehicles, passengers etc. with
provision of necessary facilities for their smooth flow. The terminal serves as a point and
unit where necessary information to user is made available for processing. To create
seamless multimodal connectivity, the bus terminal should be integrated with other modes
of transport (train, metro, bicycle, pedestrian, private car)
The design criteria of terminal are as follows:
a) Traffic demand
b) Traffic characteristics
c) Function of terminal
d) Types and sophistication of facilities
■ Truck Terminal :
A truck terminal is highly specialized facility, designed for a specific function and operatin
g plan in terms of service standards it must meet, the area it serves and the volumes to be
handled.
■ Integrated Freight Complex
■ Travel Demand Modelling Process :
A travel model is a simplified representation of travel behavior through the use of mathematical
equations and data analysis. Models are based on the theory that an individual's travel choices
are a function of his or her socioeconomic characteristics.
■ MRT options for the City
■ Urban Buses and characteristics :
MoUD has established different types of buses for urban services, their characteristics
and floor definition
■ TOD Norms :
Transit Oriented Development is a development, macro or micro that is focused around
transit node, and facilitates complete ease of access to the transit facility thereby inducing
people to prefer to walk and use public transportation over personal modes of transport.
■ Non‐Motorised Vehicles (NMV) :
As per MoUD guidelines, NMVs can be promoted through some of the following initiatives:
a)Providing better facilities to accommodate existing NMV use and encourage more NMVs
through visible infrastructure;
b) Segregating NMVs/MVs to improve safety and smooth passage of NMVs;
c) Giving NMVs priority over MVs on selected routes and in selected areas; etc.
■ Road Safety
■ Special Requirements for Barrier Free Built Environment for Disabled and Elderly :
Barrier free environment is one, which enables people with disabilities to move about
safely and freely and to use the facilities within the built environment. The goal of
barrier free design is to provide an environment that supports independent functioning of
individuals so that they can get to and participate without assistance in everyday activities
such as procurement of goods and services, community living, employment and leisure.
■ Inland Water Transportation :
Water based transport is effective as operating costs of fuel are lower and environmental
pollution is lower than for corresponding volumes of movement by road, rail or air. A major
advantage is that the main infrastructure, i.e. the waterway is often naturally available.
■ Airport Planning :
Airport planning is a systematic process used to establish guidelines for the efficient
development of airports that is consistent with local, state and national goals. A key
objective of airport planning is to assure the effective use of airport resources in
order to satisfy aviation demand in a financially feasible manner.
PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE
Physical infrastructure includes following facilities in any area:
■ Water Supply :
Main objective of public protected water supply system is to supply safe and clean water in
adequate quantity, conveniently and as economically as possible. Although rising demand
of water due to rapid urbanization is putting enormous stress. It is important to consider water
conservation aspects while planning water supply for an area.
■ Sewerage & Sanitation :
National Urban Sanitation Policy
The aim of the National Urban Sanitation Policy (NUSP), 2008 is to transform Urban India
into community‐driven, totally sanitized, healthy, and livable cities and towns.
■ Drainage :
As per CPHEEO manual on Sewerage and Sewage Treatment System, sanitary sewers are
not expected to receive storm water. Strict inspection, vigilance, proper design and construction
of sewers and manholes should eliminate this flow or bring it down to a very insignificant
quantity. Therefore, it is evident to plan a separate system to carry storm water.
■ Rain Water Harvesting :
Rain water harvesting and conservation is the activity of direct collection of rain
water. The conservation of rain water so collected can be stored for direct use or can
be recharged into the ground water. The main goal is to minimize flow of rain water
through drains / nallahs to the rivers.
■ Electricity :
Based on the estimated requirements of power supply as per the National Electricity
Policy published in 2005, the recommended consumption is 1000 units per Capita
per year or 2.74 kWh per capita per day demand which included domestic,
commercial, industrial and other requirements.
■ Solid Waste Management :
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is the trash or garbage that is discarded day to day in a
human settlement. According to MSW Rules 2000 MSW includes commercial and
residential wastes generated in a municipal or notified areas in either solid or semi‐
solid form excluding industrial hazardous wastes but including treated bio‐medical
wastes.
■ Domestic Gas Supply Pipelines :
Criteria for Technically Feasible Domestic PNG Connection182 ‘
A technically feasible area/locality/ society / building shall have provision to lay Medium
‐Density Polythylene (MDPE) pipelines and its lanes shall have free accessibility for fire
tender in case of any emergency. The under‐developed slum areas, water‐logging areas,
places with soak pits, narrow lanes that do not have room for excavation and/or the narrow
and/or crowded lanes which prevent accessing the area in case of emergency and structurally
unstable buildings shall be considered technically not feasible.
■ Telecom Services
■ Service Level Benchmarking for Infrastructure
SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE
The quality of life in any urban center depends upon the availability of and accessibility
to quality social infrastructure. These include the following infrastructure:
a) Education facilities
b) Healthcare facilities
c) Socio Cultural facilities
d) Recreational facilities
e) Sports Facilities
f) Distribution Services
g) Police Safety
SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE
Social infrastructure includes following facilities in any area:
■ Provision of Infrastructure :
The provision of social amenities in any urban area shall consider the regional
bearings; as small towns cater to the requirements (especially of higher level facilities)
of surrounding villages, medium size towns cater to small towns and villages and
soon. However, in case of large and metro cities, certain apex level facilities significantly
cater to regional requirements in addition to the city demand.
■ Education Facilities :
Threshold population of each education facility should not only depend on the number
of population, but also on the characteristics of the population. Considering that there
is a wide variation in the levels of literacy and increasing rate of entry into
the school, the variations based on the areas are to be respected.
■ Healthcare Facilities :
The size of a hospital depends upon the hospital bed requirement, which in turn is a
function of the size of the population it serves.
■ Socio‐cultural :
The provision of socio cultural facilities shall correspond to the changing urban
demography and work lifestyle.
■ Open Spaces :
The open spaces can include the following three categories, namely:
a)Recreational space
b)Organized green
c)Other common open spaces (such as vacant lands/open spaces including flood plain,
forest cover etc. in plain areas.)
■ Sports Facilities
■ Distribution services :
Distribution services deal with petrol/ diesel filling and service centre, CNG gas/ filling
centre, milk distribution, etc and their land requirements and population catered to.
■ Police, Civil Defence and Home Guards :
These include norms for police facilities, i.e., police station, district jail, police training
institute, police booth and their land requirements.
■ Safety Management :
These include norms for fire station, disaster management centre, fire training college
and their requirements.
■ Special Requirements for Gender Sensitive Planning :
Women’s travel is characterized by trip chaining i.e. combining multiple destinations with
in one trip. Given women’s higher domestic and caretaking responsibilities, they tend to
seek employment opportunities closer to home with more flexible hours than their male
counterparts. This translates into a higher sensitivity to distance.
MISCELLANEOUS INFRASTRUCTURE
Miscellaneous infrastructure includes following facilities in any area:
■ Cremation/Burial Ground

■ Dhobi Ghat
■ Mandis and whole‐sale agricultural produce markets :
According to the recommendations by National Farmers Commission (2004), availability
of regulated Markets should be within 5 km radius (area served approx. 80 sq km)
The planning for the mandisshall depend upon the following parameters:
a) Number of food items
b) Perishability of food items
c) Volume to be handled
d) Type of storage/ cool chain facilities.
e) The mandis shall be preferably adjacent to arterial roads.
■ Provisions for Livestock Management/ Animal Management Centre
In order to ensure primary economic activities and food security, in urban areas and
region, sustainable development of agricultural sector and associated activities is
interdependent.
The National Livestock Policy, 2013 provides a policy framework for improving
productivity of the livestock sector in a sustainable manner.
■ Telephone, Postal and Banking facilities