CHE391A

Unit Operation Laboratory

​ExperimentNo. - 3
Name of Experiment - Centrifugal Pump

Date of Experiment : 13/02/19 Regular

Date of Report Submission : 06/03/19 Makeup

Any Revision Sought :

Group Number : 8 Name of T.A :

Batch : Wednesday
Name of Students : Marks:
1. Tejas Gupta
2. Vaibhav Agarwal
3. Varanasi Nitesh
4. Vasundhara Rakesh

Prof. Animangsu Ghatak

Prof. Anurag Tripathi
Department of Chemical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Objective: 4

Aim: 4

Introduction: 4
Multistage Centrifugal Pump: 5
Description: 6
Efficiency of Centrifugal pumps 6

Nomenclature: 8

Procedure: 9

Observations: 10
Constant RPM 10
Constant Pd 12

Calculations: 14
Sample Calculations: 14
Single Stage Centrifugal Pump: 14
Parallel setup: 15
Series setup: 15
Complete Calculations: 16
Pure Water, constant RPM 17
Constant Pd 18

Innovation: 19
Solution Preparation: 19
Observations: 19
With Gelatin (0.01%w/v), constant RPM: 20
With Gelatin (0.01%w/v), Constant Pd: 21
With Gelatin (0.02%w/v),Constant RPM: 22
With Gelatin (0.02%w/v), Constant Pd: 23
Sample Calculations: 24
Single Stage Centrifugal Pump: 24
Parallel setup: 24
Series setup: 25
Single Stage Centrifugal Pump: 26
Series setup: 27
Parallel setup: 28
Complete Calculations: 29
With Gelatin (0.01%w/v), constant RPM 29
With Gelatin (0.01%w/v), constant Pd 30
 With Gelatin (0.02%w/v), constant RPM 31
With Gelatin (0.02%w/v), constant Pd 32

Results: 33
Pressure Head 33
Pure Water 33
Summary 38
Efficiency: 38
Pure Water 38
Effect of Gelatin 39
Summary 42
Frequency Domain Analysis 42
Pump 1 43
Pump 2 44
Pump 1 vs Pump 2 46

Conclusions: 46

References: 47
Objective:
To study single and multistage centrifugal pump-Series and Parallel combination.

Aim:
The aim is to compute the following:
• Power input
• Shaft output
• Discharge
• Total head
• Pump output
• Overall efficiency
• Pump efficiency

To plot the following performance characteristics:

• Head vs Discharge
• Speed vs Discharge
• Pump efficiency vs Discharge

Introduction:
Centrifugal pump converts mechanical energy to hydraulic energy (in form of pressure
energy) by the action of centrifugal force on the fluid. Common uses include water,
sewage, agriculture, petroleum and petrochemical pumping.

Theory:
The centrifugal pump acts as a reversed of an inward radial flow reaction turbine. This
means that the flow in centrifugal pumps is in the radial outward directions. The
centrifugal pump works on the principle of forced vortex flow, which means that an
external torque rotates a certain mass of liquid, the rise in pressure head of the rotating
liquid takes place. The rise in pressure head at any point of the rotating liquid is
proportional to the square of tangential velocity of (i.e. rise in pressure head = V​2​/ 2g or
ω​2​r​2​/2g) the liquid at that point. Thus at the outlet of the impeller where radius is more,
the rise in pressure head will be more and the liquid will be discharged at the outlet with
a high- pressure head. Due to this high-pressure head, the liquid can be lifted to a high
level.

Centrifugal Pump is a mechanical device, which consists of a body, impeller and a

rotating mean i.e. motor, engine etc. Impeller rotates in a stationary body and sucks the
fluid through its axes and delivers through its periphery. Impeller has an inlet angle,
outlet angle and peripheral speed, which affect the head and discharge. Impeller is
rotated by motor or i.e. engine or any other device.

Multistage Centrifugal Pump:

A centrifugal pump consisting two or more impellers is called a multistage centrifugal
pump. A multi stage pump has the following two important functions:

1. To produce a high head.

2. To discharge a large quantity of liquid.
Description:
The present Centrifugal Pump Test Rig is a self-contained unit operated on closed
circuit basis containing a sump tank. The set-up consists of two Centrifugal pumps. Both
pumps are coupled with individual DC Motors. Power input to these DC Motors is varied
by means of Thyristor controlled DC Drives to vary the RPM of motor. RPM Indicator
with separate Proximity sensors indicates the RPM of each Pump. Flow of water is
measured by using Rotameter. Vacuum gauges are fitted on suction line and Pressure
gauges are fitted on delivery line of each pump to measure the pressure.

Experimental Set-Up

Efficiency of Centrifugal pumps

Pump increases the Bernoulli head of the flow between 1 and 2

Now, since V​1​ ~ V​2​ and Z​1​ ~ Z​2

Pressure Head H,

This implies net pump head is equal to the change in the pressure head
Power delivered to fluid:
P​w​ = Q∆P

Power to drive the pump:

P​bhp​ = ωT
where ω is the shaft angular velocity and T is the shaft torque

Efficiency:

Relevant Equations:

, kW

, m3 sec−1

, m of water

, kW
Nomenclature:
A = Area of measuring tank, m​2​.
EMC = energy meter constant, Pulses/kW-hr
E​i = Pump input, kW
E​S = Shaft output, kW
E​o = Pump output, kW
F​L = Flow rate, LPH.
g = Acceleration due to gravity, m/sec​2​.
H = Total Head, m.
h​pg = Height of pressure gauge from suction of the pump, m.
N = Speed of Pump, RPM.
P = Pulses of energy meter.
P​d = Delivery pressure, kg/cm​2
P​S1 = Suction pressure of pump 1, mmHg.
P​S2 = Suction pressure of pump 2, mmHg / kg/cm​2​.
Q = Discharge, m​3​/sec.
t​p = Time taken for P pulses of energy meter, sec.
ⲣ = Density of fluid, kg/m​3​.
η​p = Pump efficiency, %.
η​o = overall efficiency, %.
η​m = Motor efficiency, %
Procedure:
1. The drain valves were fully closed.
2. The sump tank was ¾ filled with clean water while ensuring that no foreign
particles are present in the tank.
3. Flow Control Valve given on the water discharge line and control valve given on
suction line were fully opened.
4. It was ensured that all On/Off Switches given on the Panel are at OFF position.
5. The Main Power Supply (220 VAC, 50 Hz) was switched on and the Pump was
switched on.
6. The desired RPM of pump was set.
7. The Flow Control Valve was operated in order to regulate the flow of water
discharged by the pump.
8. The Control Valve was operated to regulate the suction of the pump
9. Discharge pressure, suction pressure, power consumption & discharge were
recorded.
10. The same procedure for different RPMs of the pumps was repeated.
11. The same procedure for different discharge pressures with constant speed of
pumps was repeated.
12. When experiment is over, gate valve provided on the discharge line was properly
opened.
13. The RPM of the pump was reduced with the help of DC Drive.
14. The pump was switched off.
15. The Power Supply to Panel was switched off.
Observations:
EMC = 3200 pulses/k W hr
ⲣ = 1000 kg/m​3
h​pg =
​ 1 m
g = 9.81 m/s​2
η​m ​=0.8 (assumed)

Least count of the instruments used

• Stopwatch: 0.01 seconds
• Rotameter: 250 LPH
• Gate valve Pressure Gauge: 0.05 kg cm​2
• Vacuum Gauge: 20 mmHg
• Rotational Speed: 1 RPM

Tank Water Dimensions:

Length = 84 cm
Width = 61 cm
Height = 25 cm
Thus, volume of water = 128100 cm​3 ​= 128.1 L

Constant RPM
Centrifugal pump-1 (Single Stage)

N1 P​d P​S1 F​L Power V I E

R.P.M (kg/cm​2​) (mm Hg) (LPH) (volts) (amp)

2572 0.1 260 11000 563.7 210 4.59 340

2565 0.2 220 10000 548.7 210 4.48 362

2546 0.45 160 8000 509.6 210 4.21 373

2537 0.6 100 6000 468 214 3.97 380

2538 0.65 80 5000 450.2 211 3.82 391

 Centrifugal pump-2 (Single Stage)

N2 P​d P​S2 F​L Power V I E

R.P.M (kg/cm​2​) (mm Hg) (LPH) (volts) (amp)

2058 0.05 120 7750 339.8 215 3.09 540

2052 0.15 100 7000 329.9 216 3.01 533

2035 0.2 90 6000 321.3 214 2.9 526

2064 0.3 60 5000 315.5 215 2.89 547

2062 0.35 40 4000 301.9 214 2.78 553

Parallel Stage

N1 N2 P​d P​S1 P​S2 F​L Power V I E

R.P.M R.P.M (kg/cm​2​) (mm Hg) (mm Hg) (LPH)

2185 1708 0.2 160 25 14000 608.4 218 6.01 995

2198 1730 0.2 140 20 13000 596.3 219 5.95 971

2205 1746 0.25 135 10 12000 589.8 217 5.85 1017

Series Stage

N1 N2 P​d P​S1 F​L Power V I E

R.P.M R.P.M (kg/cm​2​) (mm Hg) (LPH)

2335 2030 0.25 160 8000 637.9 215 5.83 664

2341 2032 0.40 130 7000 624.3 216 5.73 687

2358 2040 0.45 100 6000 613.1 212 5.65 711

2354 2038 0.50 80 5000 598.2 215 5.53 737

2355 2042 0.60 60 4000 575.4 215 5.34 755

Constant P​d
Centrifugal pump-1 (Single Stage)

N1 P​d P​S1 F​L Power V I E

R.P.M (kg/cm​2​) (mm Hg) (LPH) (volts) (amp)

2740 0.4 200 8750 626.7 211 4.74 469

2519 0.4 160 7750 500.7 212 4.25 455

2408 0.4 140 7250 441.1 213 3.92 427

2243 0.4 80 5750 359 210 3.41 435

2098 0.4 80 4500 303.1 213 3.11 445

Centrifugal pump-2 (Single Stage)

N2 P​d P​S2 F​L Power V I E

R.P.M (kg/cm​2​) (mm Hg) (LPH) (volts) (amp)

2340 0.25 140 7500 430.4 216 3.52 592

2202 0.25 100 6750 372.3 213 3.22 574

2076 0.25 80 5750 323.6 214 2.96 561

1925 0.25 50 4750 276.3 216 2.68 565

1848 0.25 40 4000 257.2 214 2.53 600

Parallel Stage

N1 N2 P​d P​S1 P​S2 F​L Power V I E

R.P.M R.P.M (kg/cm​2​) (mm Hg) (mm Hg) (LPH)

2697 1935 0.25 240 60 16250 901.5 207 7.51 1105

2529 1911 0.25 210 50 15500 797.5 208 7.16 1163

2375 1713 0.25 180 40 13000 655.4 208 6.34 1179

2588 1718 0.25 220 40 14250 774.4 209 6.82 1207

2101 1540 0.25 130 0 10500 504.2 210 5.35 1217

 Series Stage

N1 N2 P​d P​S1 F​L Power V I E

R.P.M R.P.M (kg/cm​2​) (mm Hg) (LPH)

1732 1728 0.25 60 3900 377 214 4.23 780

2200 1729 0.25 140 7250 533.4 215 5.26 795

2568 1902 0.25 220 9500 730.7 214 6.27 816

2762 1597 0.25 260 10750 814.7 213 6.44 836

2996 1943 0.25 320 12000 1019 216 7.33 863

Calculations:
Sample Calculations:

Single Stage Centrifugal Pump:

P 3600
E​i​ = tp x EM C
= 0.340 kW
E​s​ = E​i​ × η​m
= 0.340*0.8
= 0.272 kW
Fl
Q = 1000 3600
*
11000
= 1000 3600
*
= 0.0031 m​3​/s
P s1
H = 10 × [P​d​ + 760 ]​+h⍴g
260
= 10*[0.1+ 760 ]​+1
=5.42 m of water
⍴gQH
E​o​ = 1000
1000*9.8*0.0031*5.42
= 1000
= 0.16 kW
Eo
η​o​ = E *​100
i
0.16
= 0.34 *​100
= 47.06 %
Eo
η​p​ = E *​100
s
0.16
= 0.272 *​100
= 58.82 %
Parallel setup:
P 3600
E​i​ = tp x EM C
= 0.995 kW
E​s​ = E​i​ × η​m
= 0.995*0.8
= 0.796 kW
Fl
Q = 1000 3600
*
14000
= 1000 3600
*
= 0.0039 m​3​/s
(P s1 +P s2 )/2
H = 10 × [P​d​ + 760 ]​+h⍴g
(160+25)/2
= 10*[0.2+ 760 ]​+1
= 4.21 m of water
⍴gQH
E​o​ = 1000
1000*0.0039*4.21*9.8
= 1000
= 0.161 kW
Eo
η​o​ = E *​100
i
0.161
= .995 *​100
= 16.18 %
Eo
η​p​ = E *​100
s
0.161
= 0.796 *​100
= 20.23 %

Series setup:
P 3600
E​i​ = tp x EM C
=E
= 0.664 kW
E​s​ = E​i​ × η​m
= 0.664*0.8
 = 0.531 kW
Fl
Q = 1000 3600
*
8000
= 1000 3600
*
= 0.0022 m​3​/s
P s1
H= 10 × [Pd + 760 ]​+h⍴g
160
= 10*[0.25+ 760 ]​+1
= 5.61 m of water
⍴gQH
E​o​ = 1000
1000*9.8*0.0022*5.61
= 1000
= 0.121 kW
Eo
η​o​ = E *​100
i
0.121
= 0.664 *​100
=18.22 %
Eo
η​p​ = E *​100
s
0.121
= 0.531 *​100
= 22.79 %

Complete Calculations:
Pure Water, constant RPM
Single Stage - Pump 1
Ei Es Q H Eo ηo ηp
0.34 0.272 0.0031 5.42 0.162 47.744 59.680
0.362 0.2896 0.0028 5.89 0.160 44.328 55.410
0.373 0.2984 0.0022 7.61 0.166 44.404 55.505
0.38 0.304 0.0017 8.32 0.136 35.743 44.679
0.391 0.3128 0.0014 8.55 0.116 29.773 37.216

Single Stage - Pump 2

Ei Es Q H Eo ηo ηp
0.54 0.432 0.0022 3.08 0.065 12.029 15.036
0.533 0.4264 0.0019 3.82 0.073 13.642 17.053
0.526 0.4208 0.0017 4.18 0.068 12.993 16.241
0.547 0.4376 0.0014 4.79 0.065 11.918 14.897
0.553 0.4424 0.0011 5.03 0.055 9.897 12.371

Parallel Stage
Ei Es Q H Eo ηo ηp
0.995 0.796 0.0039 4.22 0.161 16.153 20.191
0.971 0.7768 0.0036 4.05 0.143 14.770 18.463
1.017 0.8136 0.0033 4.45 0.145 14.306 17.883

Series Stage
Ei Es Q H Eo ηo ηp
0.664 0.5312 0.0022 5.61 0.122 18.384 22.980
0.687 0.5496 0.0019 6.71 0.128 18.613 23.267
0.711 0.5688 0.0017 6.82 0.111 15.657 19.572
0.737 0.5896 0.0014 7.05 0.096 13.025 16.281
0.755 0.604 0.0011 7.79 0.085 11.234 14.043
Constant P​d
Single Stage - Pump 1
Ei Es Q H Eo ηo ηp
0.469 0.375 0.0024 7.63 0.182 38.759 48.449
0.455 0.364 0.0022 7.11 0.150 32.945 41.182
0.427 0.342 0.0020 6.84 0.135 31.624 39.531
0.435 0.348 0.0016 6.05 0.095 21.779 27.224
0.445 0.356 0.0013 6.06 0.074 16.662 20.827

Single Stage - Pump 2

Ei Es Q H Eo ηo ηp
0.592 0.474 0.0021 5.34 0.109 18.424 23.030
0.574 0.459 0.0019 4.82 0.088 15.416 19.270
0.561 0.449 0.0016 4.55 0.071 12.703 15.878
0.565 0.452 0.0013 4.16 0.054 9.516 11.895
0.6 0.480 0.0011 4.03 0.044 7.307 9.134

Parallel Stage
Ei Es Q H Eo ηo ηp
1.105 0.884 0.0045 5.47 0.242 21.913 27.391
1.163 0.9304 0.0043 5.21 0.220 18.904 23.630
1.179 0.9432 0.0036 4.95 0.175 14.850 18.563
1.207 0.9656 0.0040 5.21 0.202 16.746 20.933
1.217 0.9736 0.0029 4.36 0.124 10.229 12.786

Series Stage
Ei Es Q H Eo ηo ηp
0.78 0.624 0.0011 4.29 0.046 5.838 7.298
0.795 0.636 0.0020 5.34 0.105 13.262 16.577
0.816 0.6528 0.0026 6.39 0.165 20.267 25.333
0.836 0.6688 0.0030 6.92 0.203 24.227 30.284
0.863 0.6904 0.0033 7.71 0.252 29.186 36.483
Innovation:
To test the effect of fluid properties on the pump, a gelatin solution was used instead of pure
water as the fluid circulating in the apparatus. This solution was prepared at two different
concentrations and the same experiment was carried out for single stage, parallel stage and
series stage setups.

Solution Preparation:
We have 128L of water.

Thus, for 0.01% w/v (g/mL) of solution, required amount of solute:

0.01/100*128*1000 = 12.8 g
Similarly, for 0.02% w/v (g/mL) solution, required amount of solute:
0.02/100*128*1000 = 25.6 g

The required amount of solutes were carefully weighed, and the solution was prepared by
dissolving the solute in a small volume of heated water (200 mL) and using magnetic stirrer to
obtain a well-mixed solution. This solution was added to the volume of water in the tank in order
to obtain the required concentration of solution circulating in the apparatus.

Observations:
With Gelatin (0.01%w/v), constant RPM:
Centrifugal pump-1 (Single Stage)

N1 P​d P​S1 F​L Power V I E

R.P.M (kg/cm​2​) (mm Hg) (LPH) (volts) (amp)

2546 0.15 240 10000 542.9 207 4.57 859

2544 0.25 200 9000 527.4 207 4.47 869

2540 0.36 175 8000 507.1 207 4.33 878

2528 0.5 140 7000 482.7 208 4.17 885

2520 0.55 120 6000 463.9 209 4.02 894

Parallel Stage

N1 N2 P​d P​S1 P​S2 F​L Power V I E

R.P.M R.P.M (kg/cm​2​) (mm Hg) (mm Hg) (LPH)

2241 2098 0.25 140 80 15000 718 206 6.85 761

2241 2101 0.30 130 70 14000 700 204 6.71 778

2234 2098 0.35 120 60 13000 688.1 206 6.62 796

2232 2102 0.39 100 40 12000 679.1 206 6.52 813

2226 2105 0.40 80 20 11000 664.6 207 6.38 839

Series Stage

N1 N2 P​d P​S1 F​L Power V I E

R.P.M R.P.M (kg/cm​2​) (mm Hg) (LPH)

2785 1817 0.3 280-320 4000 880.6 210 6.76 358

2815 1834 0.2 300-380 5000 905 207 6.86 377

2828 1844 0.2 340-400 6000 920.6 207 6.94 398

2838 1852 0.15 360-400 7000 929.9 208 7.00 420

2857 1866 0.1 380-420 8000 937.7 206 7.07 434

With Gelatin (0.01%w/v), Constant P​d​:
Centrifugal pump-1 (Single Stage)

N1 P​d P​S1 F​L Power V I E

R.P.M (kg/cm​2​) (mm Hg) (LPH) (volts) (amp)

2535 0.35 180 8250 511.2 208 4.38 904

2077 0.35 80 5000 303.2 209 3.15 910

2709 0.35 210 9250 611.2 209 4.81 927

2599 0.35 190 8500 543.6 209 4.51 996

2644 0.35 200 9000 571.2 209 4.65 1009

Parallel Stage

N1 N2 P​d P​S1 P​S2 F​L Power V I E

R.P.M R.P.M (kg/cm​2​) (mm Hg) (mm Hg) (LPH)

1908 1475 0.15 120 30 11500 583 210 5.05 449

1922 1488 0.15 100 30 10500 447.9 209 5.05 629

1928 1496 0.15 120 30 12000 458.7 209 5.16 644

1934 1504 0.15 120 30 11000 451.8 208 5.08 667

1935 1508 0.15 120 30 10750 451.1 208 5.07 683

Series Stage

N1 N2 P​d P​S1 F​L Power V I E

R.P.M R.P.M (kg/cm​2​) (mm Hg) (LPH)

2860 1868 0.15 360-400 6500 946.1 206 7.09 457

2447 1878 0.15 360 4250 689 209 6.25 563

2230 2641 0.15 300 3800 729.9 208 6.25 496

2776 1029 0.15 360 6000 808.9 207 6.21 519

2533 979 0.15 290 4500 649.4 205 5.61 540

With Gelatin (0.02%w/v),Constant RPM:
Centrifugal pump-1 (Single Stage)

N1 P​d P​S1 F​L No. of T​P

R.P.M (kg/cm​2​) (mm Hg) (LPH) Pulses (s)

2108 0.3 100 6000 20 60

2123 0.225 120 7000 20 60

2132 0.1 160 8000 21 60

2138 0.38 80 5000 18 60

2115 0.45 40 4000 17 60

Series Stage

N1 N2 P​d P​S1 F​L No. of T​P

R.P.M R.P.M (kg/cm​2​) (mm Hg) (LPH) pulses (s)

2386 1755 0.15 260 4000 37 60

2393 1768 0.05 280 6250 38 60

2400 1777 0.10 280 6000 38 60

2401 1786 0.10 290 5000 37 60

2393 1788 0.15 270 4500 38 60

Parallel Stage

N1 N2 P​d P​S1 P​S2 F​L No. of T​P

R.P.M R.P.M (kg/cm​2​) (mm Hg) (mm Hg) (LPH) pulses (s)

2685 2217 0.55 160 30 12000 48 60

2691 2229 0.52 160 30 13000 50 60

2700 2235 0.5 180 50 14000 51 60

2704 2247 0.45 180 60 15000 52 60

2705 2248 0.4 200 70 16000 53 60

With Gelatin (0.02%w/v), Constant P​d​:
Centrifugal pump-1 (Single Stage)

N1 P​d P​S1 F​L No. of T​P

R.P.M (kg/cm​2​) (mm Hg) (LPH) Pulses (s)

2134 0.25 120 6750 20 60

2296 0.25 150 7750 23 60

2550 0.25 200 9500 29 60

2669 0.25 240 10250 33 60

2784 0.25 260 11000 37 60

Series Stage

N1 N2 P​d P​S1 F​L No. of T​P

R.P.M R.P.M (kg/cm​2​) (mm Hg) (LPH) pulses (s)

2565 1052 0.15 300 4750 38 60

2450 1344 0.15 280 4500 35 60

2143 1475 0.15 200 3800 28 60

2689 1836 0.15 340 5500 45 60

2996 2157 0.15 420 7250 59 60

Parallel Stage

N1 N2 P​d P​S1 P​S2 F​L No. of T​P

R.P.M R.P.M (kg/cm​2​) (mm Hg) (mm Hg) (LPH) pulses (s)

2355 2264 0.35 140 90 15000 44 60

2588 2102 0.35 180 50 15250 47 60

2839 1945 0.35 250 30 15500 53 60

3092 2110 0.35 280 60 18000 65 60

1987 2092 0.35 60 60 13000 32 60

Sample Calculations:

Single Stage Centrifugal Pump:

P 3600
E​i​ = tp x EM C
= 0.340 kW
E​s​ = E​i​ × η​m
= 0.340*0.8
= 0.272 kW
Fl
Q = 1000 3600
*
11000
= 1000 3600
*
= 0.0031 m​3​/s
P s1
H = 10 × [P​d​ + 760 ]​+h⍴g
260
= 10*[0.1+ 760 ]​+1
=5.42 m of water
⍴gQH
E​o​ = 1000
1000*9.8*0.0031*5.42
= 1000
= 0.16 kW
Eo
η​o​ = E *​100
i
0.16
= 0.34 *​100
= 47.06 %
Eo
η​p​ = E *​100
s
0.16
= 0.272 *​100
= 58.82 %

Parallel setup:
P 3600
E​i​ = tp x EM C
= 0.995 kW
E​s​ = E​i​ × η​m
 = 0.995*0.8
= 0.796 kW
Fl
Q = 1000 3600
*
14000
= 1000 3600
*
= 0.0039 m​3​/s
(P s1 +P s2 )/2
H = 10 × [P​d​ + 760 ]​+h⍴g
(160+25)/2
= 10*[0.2+ 760 ]​+1
= 4.21 m of water
⍴gQH
E​o​ = 1000
1000*0.0039*4.21*9.8
= 1000
= 0.161 kW
Eo
η​o​ = E *​100
i
0.161
= .995 *​100
= 16.18 %
Eo
η​p​ = E *​100
s
0.161
= 0.796 *​100
= 20.23 %

Series setup:
P 3600
E​i​ = tp x EM C
=E
= 0.664 kW
E​s​ = E​i​ × η​m
= 0.664*0.8
= 0.531 kW
Fl
Q = 1000 3600
*
8000
= 1000 3600
*
= 0.0022 m​3​/s
 P s1
H= 10 × [Pd + 760 ]​+h⍴g
160
= 10*[0.25+ 760 ]​+1
= 5.61 m of water
⍴gQH
E​o​ = 1000
1000*9.8*0.0022*5.61
= 1000
= 0.121 kW
Eo
η​o​ = E *​100
i
0.121
= 0.664 *​100
=18.22 %
Eo
η​p​ = E *​100
s
0.121
= 0.531 *​100
= 22.79 %

For 0.02 w/v % gelatin:

Single Stage Centrifugal Pump:

P 3600
E​i​ = tp x EM C

​= 20×3600
60×3200
=0.375 kW
E​s​ = E​i​ × η​m
​=0.375x0.8
=0.3 kW
Fl
Q = 1000 3600
*
6000
​= 1000*3600
= 0.0017m​3​/s
P s1
H= 10 × [Pd + 760 ]​+h​pg
= 10(0.3+100/760) +1
= 5.32 m
 ⍴gQH
E​o​ =1000
1000*9.8*0.0017*5.32
= 1000

= 0.087 kW
Eo
η​o​ = E *​100
i
0.087
= 0.375 *​100
= 23.2 %
Eo
η​p​ = E *​100
s
0.087
= 0.3 *​100
= 29.0 %

Series setup:
P 3600
E​i​ = tp x EM C

​= 37×3600
60×3200
= 0.694 kW
E​s​ = E​i​ × η​m
​=0.694x0.8
=0.555 kW
Fl
Q = 1000 3600
*
4000
​= 1000*3600
= 0.0011m​3​/s
P s1
H= 10 × [Pd + 760 ]​+h​pg
= 10(0.15+260/760) +1
= 5.92 m
⍴gQH
E​o​ = 1000
1000*9.8*0.0011*5.92
= 1000

= 0.064 kW
 Eo
η​o​ = E *​100
i
0.064
= 0.694 *​100
= 9.2 %
Eo
η​p​ = E *​100
s
0.064
= 0.555 *​100
= 11.53 %

Parallel setup:
P 3600
E​i​ = tp x EM C
48×3600
= 60×3200
= 0.9 kW
E​s​ = E​i​ × η​m
= 0.9*0.8
= 0.72 kW
Fl
Q = 1000 3600
*
12000
= 1000 3600
*
= 0.0033 m​3​/s
(P s1 +P s2 )/2
H = 10 × [P​d​ + 760 ]​+h⍴g
(160+30)/2
= 10*[0.55+ 760 ]​+1
= 7.75 m of water
⍴gQH
E​o​ = 1000
1000*0.0033*7.75*9.8
= 1000
= 0.253 kW
Eo
η​o​ = E *​100
i
0.253
= 0.9 *​100
= 28.11 %
Eo
η​p​ = E *​100
s
 0.253
= 0.720 *​100
= 35.139 %

Complete Calculations:

With Gelatin (0.01%w/v), constant RPM

Single Stage - Pump 1
Ei Es Q H Eo ηo ηp
0.859 0.6872 0.0028 5.66 0.154 17.930 22.413
0.869 0.6952 0.0025 6.13 0.151 17.287 21.609
0.878 0.7024 0.0022 6.90 0.150 17.121 21.401
0.885 0.708 0.0019 7.84 0.149 16.885 21.107
0.894 0.7152 0.0017 8.08 0.132 14.760 18.450

Parallel Stage
Ei Es Q H Eo ηo ηp
0.761 0.6088 0.0042 4.95 0.202 26.546 33.183
0.778 0.6224 0.0039 5.32 0.203 26.040 32.550
0.796 0.6368 0.0036 5.68 0.201 25.271 31.589
0.813 0.6504 0.0033 5.82 0.190 23.389 29.237
0.839 0.6712 0.0031 5.66 0.169 20.193 25.242

Series Stage
Ei Es Q H Eo ηo ηp
0.358 0.2864 0.0011 7.95 0.087 24.173 30.216
0.377 0.3016 0.0014 7.47 0.102 26.983 33.728
0.398 0.3184 0.0017 7.87 0.129 32.291 40.364
0.42 0.336 0.0019 7.50 0.143 34.028 42.535
0.434 0.3472 0.0022 7.26 0.158 36.446 45.557
With Gelatin (0.01%w/v), constant P​d

Single Stage - Pump 1

Ei Es Q H Eo ηo ηp
0.904 0.7232 0.0023 6.87 0.154 17.063 21.329
0.91 0.728 0.0014 5.55 0.076 8.305 10.382
0.927 0.7416 0.0026 7.26 0.183 19.729 24.662
0.996 0.7968 0.0023 7.00 0.162 16.262 20.328
1.009 0.8072 0.0025 7.13 0.175 17.317 21.646

Parallel Stage
Ei Es Q H Eo ηo ηp
0.4488 0.35904 0.0031 3.48 0.109 24.320 30.400
0.629 0.5032 0.0029 3.35 0.095 15.240 19.050
0.644 0.5152 0.0033 3.48 0.114 17.680 22.100
0.667 0.5336 0.0030 3.49 0.104 15.654 19.567
0.683 0.5464 0.0029 3.49 0.102 14.940 18.675

Series Stage
Ei Es Q H Eo ηo ηp
0.457 0.3656 0.0018 7.50 0.133 29.039 36.299
0.563 0.4504 0.0012 7.24 0.084 14.871 18.589
0.496 0.3968 0.0011 6.45 0.067 13.446 16.808
0.519 0.4152 0.0017 7.24 0.118 22.775 28.469
0.54 0.432 0.0013 6.32 0.077 14.327 17.909
With Gelatin (0.02%w/v), constant RPM
Single Stage - Pump 1
Ei Es Q H Eo ηo ηp
0.375 0.300 0.0017 5.32 0.087 23.18 28.97
0.375 0.300 0.0019 4.83 0.092 24.56 30.70
0.394 0.315 0.0022 4.11 0.089 22.73 28.41
0.338 0.270 0.0014 5.85 0.080 23.63 29.53
0.319 0.255 0.0011 6.03 0.066 20.61 25.76

Parallel Stage
Ei Es Q H Eo ηo ηp
0.900 0.720 0.0033 7.75 0.253 28.16 35.20
0.938 0.750 0.0036 7.45 0.264 28.15 35.19
0.956 0.765 0.0039 7.51 0.287 29.97 37.47
0.975 0.780 0.0042 7.08 0.289 29.68 37.10
0.994 0.795 0.0044 6.78 0.295 29.73 37.16

Series Stage
Ei Es Q H Eo ηo ηp
0.694 0.555 0.0011 5.92 0.065 9.30 11.63
0.713 0.570 0.0017 5.18 0.088 12.39 15.49
0.713 0.570 0.0017 5.68 0.093 13.04 16.30
0.694 0.555 0.0014 5.82 0.079 11.42 14.28
0.713 0.570 0.0013 6.05 0.074 10.42 13.02
With Gelatin (0.02%w/v), constant Pd
Single Stage - Pump 1
Ei Es Q H Eo ηo ηp
0.375 0.300 0.0019 5.08 0.093 24.91 31.14
0.431 0.345 0.0022 5.47 0.116 26.81 33.51
0.544 0.435 0.0026 6.13 0.159 29.19 36.49
0.619 0.495 0.0028 6.66 0.186 30.05 37.57
0.694 0.555 0.0031 6.92 0.207 29.90 37.38

Parallel Stage
Ei Es Q H Eo ηo ηp
0.825 0.660 0.0042 6.01 0.246 29.79 37.24
0.881 0.705 0.0042 6.01 0.250 28.36 35.44
0.994 0.795 0.0043 6.34 0.268 26.96 33.69
1.219 0.975 0.0050 6.74 0.330 27.11 33.89
0.600 0.480 0.0036 5.29 0.187 31.23 39.04

Series Stage
Ei Es Q H Eo ηo ηp
0.713 0.570 0.0013 6.45 0.083 11.71 14.64
0.656 0.525 0.0013 6.18 0.076 11.56 14.44
0.525 0.420 0.0011 5.13 0.053 10.12 12.65
0.844 0.675 0.0015 6.97 0.105 12.39 15.48
1.106 0.885 0.0020 8.03 0.159 14.33 17.92
Results:
Pressure Head

Pure Water

1. The head decreases with increasing discharge flow rate for constant RPM.
2. An increased flow rate causes a decrease in the head because the increased
flow rate involved opening the valve that provides resistance against flow. As the
valve is opened, the decrease in resistance to flow causes head to decrease.
3. In case of the series set up, the pressure heads of the two pumps are added. For
identical pumps, this would cause the pressure head to double. Since the pumps
in consideration are non identical, we get an intermediate value for the pressure
head here.
4. In case of parallel set up, flow rates of the two pumps are added with
corresponding head.
1. The head increases with increasing discharge flow rate.
2. The series and parallel set ups have lower pressure head than Pump 1 for the
same discharge flow rate.
3. The series set up has almost the same pressure head as Pump 2, but this might
be since Pump 2 had a much lower RPM than Pump 1 and thus, the parallel and
series set up are primarily dominated by Pump 1.
Effect of Gelatin

1. Adding gelatin reduces the pressure head as compared to that due to just water.
This is due to the fact that adding gelatin increases viscosity of the fluid.
2. The more gelatin is added, the more decrease is observed in the pressure head.

For the first concentration of gelatin the pressure head increases but for the second
concentration of gelatin, the pressure head decreases (which is the expected result).
Thus, no conclusion can be drawn.
1. Adding gelatin increases the pressure head as compared to that due to just
water.
2. The more gelatin is added, the more increase is observed in the pressure head.

1. Adding gelatin decreases the pressure head compared to that due to just water.
This is due to the fact that viscosity increases on adding gelatin.
2. The more gelatin is added, the more decrease is observed in the pressure head.
For the first concentration of gelatin the pressure head decreases but for the second
concentration of gelatin, the pressure head increases. Thus, no conclusion can be
drawn.

1. Adding gelatin increases the pressure head compared to that due to just water.
2. The more gelatin is added, the more increase is observed in the pressure head
(as per the trend line).
Summary
1. For single pump set up, adding gelatin leads to reduction in the head due to increase in
the viscosity of the fluid.
2. For series set up, the results are ambiguous.
3. For the parallel set up, adding gelatin leads to an increase in head of the pump.

Efficiency:

Pure Water

1. Efficiency increases, reaches a maxima and then decreases with increase in flow
rate. This is in keeping with the theoretical expectation.
2. This trend is not observed for the parallel, which just shows an increase in the
efficiency with increase in flow rate. This is most likely due to the fact that the
flow rates are very high and the maxima could not be reached due to the
constraints in the apparatus.
 1. We observe that the efficiency increases with increase in flow rate.
2. The efficiency of the single pumps is more than that of the series and parallel set
ups for the same flow rate.
3. The series set up has a higher efficiency than the parallel set up.

Effect of Gelatin

Adding gelatin reduces efficiency. This makes sense since the addition of gelatin leads to an
increase in the viscosity of the fluid circulating through the set up. However, addition of more
gelatin increases efficiency. Thus, results are inconclusive.
 1. Adding gelatin increases efficiency.
2. Adding more concentration of gelatin leads to greater increase in efficiency.

Adding gelatin increases efficiency. However, too much concentration of gelatin decreases
efficiency to a value comparable to that which was achieved with pure water. Thus, results are
inconclusive.
Adding gelatin reduces efficiency for the first concentration of gelatin, which makes sense since
the viscosity of the fluid has increased. However, it increases efficiency for the second
concentration. Thus, results are inconclusive.

1. Adding gelatin increases efficiency.

2. Adding more concentration of gelatin leads to greater increase in efficiency.
 1. Adding gelatin increases efficiency.
2. Adding more concentration of gelatin leads to greater increase in efficiency.

Summary
1. For single pump set up, adding gelatin leads to reduction in the efficiency due to
increase in the viscosity of the fluid.
2. For series pump set up, adding gelatin leads to an increase followed by a decrease in
the efficiency of the pump. This could be because different portions of the efficiency
curve were investigated (which shows a maxima).
3. For the parallel set up, adding gelatin leads to an increase in efficiency of the pump.

Frequency Domain Analysis

We recorded the sound of both the pumps in single stage operation for the various
concentrations of gelatin. We then carried out the FFT of the recordings in order to study the
effect of gelatin solution on the amplitude of the motor’s vibrations.
Pump 1
All the recordings for Pump 1 were made at RPM = 2200 and Flow rate = 8000 LPH.

It can be seen that the amplitude of the pump’s vibrations reduces upon adding gelatin for both
concentrations of gelatin.
Among the two concentrations of gelatin added, there is not significant difference in the
amplitude of the pump’s vibrations. However, the amplitude is slightly lower for the higher
concentration.

Pump 2
All recordings for Pump 2 were done at RPM = 1620 and Flow Rate = 4250 LPH.
It is again seen that the amplitude for the pump’s vibrations reduces upon adding gelatin, as in
the case of Pump-1.

It is clearly seen that the amplitude of the pump’s vibrations is lower in the case of higher
concentration of gelatin.
Pump 1 vs Pump 2

Since Pump 1 was operated at a higher RPM than Pump 2, its amplitude is predictably higher
than that of Pump 2.

Thus, we may conjecture that adding solute has the same effect as increasing the RPM for a
pump. Alternatively, adding gelatin causes the power requirement to increase, which is in
keeping with expectations since adding gelatin increases the viscosity of the fluid, which now
requires more work in order to be circulated.

Conclusions:
1. In this experiment we studied the centrifugal pump in three different
configurations and by a series of experiment plotted the performance
characteristics.
2. It was verified that parallel pumps give us much higher discharge flow rate as
compared to single pumps and series pumps give us much higher head as
compared to single pump.
3. When solute (Gelatin) was added, decrease in efficiency was observed for single
stage setups while efficiency slightly improved for series and parallel setup.
4. Adding solute (Gelatin) also caused the power input of the pumps to increase.
References:
1. CHE391A Lab Manual
2. Viscosity effects:
https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/centrifugal-pumps-viscosity-d_670.html
3. Pump theory: ​http://ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in/mod/page/view.php?id=1864