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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND

ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY,
MINNA

EET219
BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING I

Prescribed Book:
B.L. THERAJA and A. K. Theraja, A
Textbook Of Electrical Tech. Vol. 1 Basic
Electrical Engineering

Dr. C. Alenoghena, Dr ‘Ayo IMORU, Dr A Daniyan,

Engr Odianosen E Okosun & Engr. K. E. Jack

Course Synopsis
PART-I
• Basic atomic theory: Conductors, insulators and
semiconductors.
• Electric current concept: Electrical quan44es
(emf, current, poten4al, p.d., power, energy).
Basic circuit elements: func4ons, proper4es and
iden4fica4on.
• D.C. circuits: Ohm’s law, voltage- and current-
divider theorems, KVL, KCL, mesh current analysis,
node poten4al methods, Thevenin and Norton
equivalents, superposi4on theorem, maximum
power transfer theorem.

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A Simple
Electrical System

Series and Parallel Networks Recap

Series Circuits:
• Voltage drops add to equal total voltage.
• All components share the same (equal) current.
• Resistances add to equal total resistance.
Parallel Circuits:
• All components share the same (equal) voltage.
• Branch currents add to equal total current.
• Resistances diminish to equal total resistance.

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Network Analysis and Theorems

• Many prac(cal circuits can be understood in
terms of series and parallel circuits.
• Some electrical engineering applica(ons,
especially in electronic engineering, involve
networks with large numbers of components.
• It would be possible to solve many of them
using the techniques such as KCL, KVL, series
and parallel networks.

Network Analysis and Theorems Contd..

• These techniques however can be lengthy and 5me-
consuming especially when large components are involved.
• To overcome this, the techniques below have been
developed to speed up the analysis of the more
complicated networks:
– Mesh analysis
– Nodal analysis,
– the Superposi5on theorem,
– Thévenin’s theorem and
– Norton’s theorem,
• It is always a good idea to make life as easy as possible!
• Each of these techniques have par5cular strengths in
solving a par5cular type of problem

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Mesh Analysis
• This method is given a number of different names – all
of which are an indica7on of the analysis technique
employed.
• It is variously known as
– Maxwell’s circula7ng current method,
– loop analysis or
– Mesh current analysis.
• The terminology is chosen to dis7nguish it from the
familiar ‘branch current’ technique, in which currents
are assigned to individual branches of a circuit.
• Mesh analysis relies on Kirchhoff ’s laws

Mesh Analysis
• The Mesh Current Method, also known as the
Loop Current Method, uses simultaneous
equa2ons, Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law, and Ohm’s
Law to determine unknown currents in a
network.

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Mesh current analysis (2)

• Loop; A closed path in a circuit in which no
element or node is encountered more than
once
• Mesh; It is a loop that contains no other loop
within it.

Mesh current analysis

• The technique for mesh current analysis proceeds
as follows:
1. Circulating currents are allocated to closed loops
or meshes in the circuit rather than to branches.
2. An equation for each loop of the circuit is then
obtained by equating the algebraic sum of the
e.m.f.s round that loop to the algebraic sum of
the potential differences (in the direction of the
loop, mesh or circulating current), as required by
Kirchhoff ’s voltage (second) law.
3. Branch currents are found thereafter by taking
the algebraic sum of the loop currents common
to individual branches.

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Mesh current analysis

Steps to follow for the “Mesh Current” method of analysis:
1. Draw mesh currents in loops of circuit, enough to account for all
components.
2. Label resistor voltage drop polariCes based on assumed direcCons of
mesh currents.
3. Write KVL equaCons for each loop of the circuit, subsCtuCng the product
IR for E in each resistor term of the equaCon. Where two mesh currents
intersect through a component, express the current as the algebraic sum
of those two mesh currents (i.e. I1 + I2) if the currents go in the same
direcCon through that component. If not, express the current as the
difference (i.e. I1 - I2).
4. Solve for unknown mesh currents (simultaneous equaCons).
5. If any soluCon is negaCve, then the assumed current direcCon is wrong!
6. Algebraically add mesh currents to find current in components sharing
mulCple mesh currents.
7. Solve for voltage drops across all resistors (E=IR).

Mesh Analysis Example

• Calculate
the current
in each
branch of
the
network
shown

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Nodal Analysis
• This technique of circuit solution, also known as
the Node Voltage method, is based on the
application of Kirchhoff ’s first (current) law at
each junction (node) of the circuit, to find the
node voltages.
• It should be noted that, in contrast, both the
branch current and Mesh current techniques of
circuit analysis are based on the applications of
Kirchhoff ’s second (voltage) law, often to find
unknown currents.

Node Voltage Method

• The node voltage method of analysis solves
for unknown voltages at circuit nodes in terms
of a system of KCL equa;ons

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Nodal Analysis Steps

• The Node Voltage method generally proceeds as follows:
• Step 1:
– Choose a reference node to which all node voltages can be
referred.
– Label all the other nodes with (unknown) values of voltage, V1 ,
V2 , etc.
• Step 2:
– Assign currents in each connecFon to each node, except the
reference node, in terms of the node voltages, V1 , V2 , etc.
• Step 3:
– Apply Kirchhoff ’s current law at each node, obtaining as many
equaFons as there are unknown node voltages.
• Step 4:
– Solve the resulFng equaFons to find the node voltages.

Node voltage rules:

• Convert voltage sources in series with a resistor to an equivalent current source
with the resistor in parallel.
• Change resistor values to conductances.
• Select a reference node (E0)
• Assign unknown voltages (E1)(E2) ... (EN)to remaining nodes.
• Write a KCL equation for each node 1,2, ... N. The positive coefficient of the first
voltage in the first equation is the sum of conductances connected to the node.
The coefficient for the second voltage in the second equation is the sum of
conductances connected to that node. Repeat for coefficient of third voltage, third
equation, and other equations. These coefficients fall on a diagonal.
• All other coefficients for all equations are negative, representing conductances
between nodes. The first equation, second coefficient is the conductance from
node 1 to node 2, the third coefficient is the conductance from node 1 to node 3.
Fill in negative coefficients for other equations.
• The right hand side of the equations is the current source connected to the
respective nodes.
• Solve system of equations for unknown node voltages.

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Nodal Analysis Example 1

• Using Nodal analysis, calculate the voltages V1
and V2 in the circuit

Nodal Analysis Example 2

• Using the Node Voltage method calculate the voltages
V1 and V2 in the Fig and hence calculate the currents
in the 8 Ω resistor.

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Introduc)on to Network
Theorems

Superposition Theorem
• The Superposi,on Theorem states that a circuit
can be analyzed with only one source of power at
a ,me, the corresponding component voltages
and currents algebraically added to find out what
they’ll do with all power sources in effect.
• To negate all but one power source for analysis,
replace any source of voltage (baAeries) with a
wire; replace any current source with an open
(break).

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Superposi)on Theorem
• The Superposi+on theorem states that in any
network containing more than one source, the
current in, or the p.d. across, any branch can
be found by considering each source
separately and adding their effects:
– omi=ed sources of e.m.f. are replaced by
resistances equal to their internal resistances.

Superposi)on Theorem Example

• By means of the Superposi2on theorem,
calculate the currents in the network shown

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Thevenin’s Theorem
• Thevenin’s Theorem states that it is possible to
simplify any linear circuit, no ma7er how
complex, to an equivalent circuit with just a
single voltage source and series resistance
connected to a load.
• Thevenin’s Theorem is a way to reduce a
network to an equivalent circuit composed of
a single voltage source, series resistance, and
series load.

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Thevenin’s Theorem (alterna1vely)

• The current through a resistor R connected
across any two points A and B of an ac6ve
network [i.e. a network containing one or
more sources of e.m.f.] is obtained by dividing
the p.d. between A and B , with R
disconnected, by (R + r), where r is the
resistance of the network measured between
points A and B with R disconnected and the
sources of e.m.f. replaced by their internal
resistances.

Thevenin’s Theorem (alterna1vely)

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Thevenin’s Theorem (alterna1vely)

Thevenin’s Theorem
Steps:
1. Find the Thevenin source voltage by removing the load resistor
from the original circuit and calcula9ng voltage across the open
connec9on points where the load resistor used to be.
2. Find the Thevenin resistance by removing all power sources in the
original circuit (voltage sources shorted and current sources open)
and calcula9ng total resistance between the open connec9on
points.
3. Draw the Thevenin equivalent circuit, with the Thevenin voltage
source in series with the Thevenin resistance. The load resistor re-
aDaches between the two open points of the equivalent circuit.
4. Analyze voltage and current for the load resistor following the
rules for series circuits.

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Thevenin’s Theorem Example

• In the Fig. below, C and D represent the two
terminals of an ac:ve network. Calculate the
current through R3.

Norton’s Theorem
• Norton’s Theorem states that it is possible to
simplify any linear circuit, no ma7er how
complex, to an equivalent circuit with just a
single current source and parallel resistance
connected to a load.
• Norton’s Theorem is a way to reduce a
network to an equivalent circuit composed of
a single current source, parallel resistance, and
parallel load.

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Norton’s Theorem
• Steps to follow for Norton’s Theorem:
1. (1) Find the Norton source current by removing the load resistor
from the original circuit and calculaAng current through a short
(wire) jumping across the open connecAon points where the load
resistor used to be.
2. (2) Find the Norton resistance by removing all power sources in
the original circuit (voltage sources shorted and current sources
open) and calculaAng total resistance between the open
connecAon points.
3. (3) Draw the Norton equivalent circuit, with the Norton current
source in parallel with the Norton resistance. The load resistor re-
aIaches between the two open points of the equivalent circuit.
4. (4) Analyze voltage and current for the load resistor following the
rules for parallel circuits.

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Norton’s Theorem Example

• Calculate the poten5al difference across the
2.0 Ω resistor in the network shown

Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

• Let us consider a source,
such as a ba1ery or a d.c.
generator, having an e.m.f.
E and an internal resistance r,
as shown enclosed by the
do1ed rectangle in the
Figure.
• A variable resistor is
connected across terminals A
and B of the source.
• If the value of the load
resistance is R, then

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Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

• If the value of the load
resistance is R, then

This power is a maximum when the denominator of the above expression is a

minimum, i.e. when

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Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

• The Maximum Power Transfer Theorem states that
the maximum amount of power will be dissipated by
a load resistance if it is equal to the Thevenin or
Norton resistance of the network supplying power.

Terms and Concepts

• Most circuit problems can be solved by applying Kirchhoff’s laws to
produce simultaneous equations; the solution of these equations is
often unnecessarily difficult.
• In Mesh analysis , circulating currents are allocated to closed loops or
meshes in the circuit rather than to branches.
• Nodal analysis is based on the application of Kirchhoff’s first (current)
law at each junction (node) of a circuit, to find the node voltages.
• The Superposition theorem states that we can solve a circuit problem
one source at a time, finally imposing the analyses one on another.
• Thévenin’s theorem states that any network supplying a load can be
replaced by a constant-voltage source in series with an internal
resistance.
• Norton’s theorem states that any network supplying a load can be
replaced by a constant-current source in parallel with an internal
resistance.
• The maximum–power transfer theorem states that maximum power is
dissipated by a load when its resistance is equal to the equivalent
internal resistance of the source.

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