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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND

ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY,
MINNA

EET219
BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING I

Prescribed Book:
B.L. THERAJA and A. K. Theraja, A
Textbook Of Electrical Tech. Vol. 1 Basic
Electrical Engineering

Dr. C. Alenoghena, Dr ‘Ayo IMORU, Dr A Daniyan,

Engr Odianosen E Okosun & Engr. K. E. Jack

Code of Conduct
• Attendance
• Sign register each week.
• Minimum attendance of 75% is mandatory.
• Classroom behaviour:
• Arrive on time for lectures and be prepared (self
study).
• Usage of cell phones in the class is prohibited
• Responsibility of students
• Success of learning in the course. Write all tests
and hand in assignments/practical work as at
when due.

Course Synopsis
PART-I
• Basic atomic theory: Conductors, insulators and
semiconductors.
• Electric current concept: Electrical quantities
(emf, current, potential, p.d., power, energy).
Basic circuit elements: functions, properties and
identification.
• D.C. circuits: Ohm’s law, voltage- and current-
divider theorems, KVL, KCL, mesh current analysis,
node potential methods, Thevenin and Norton
equivalents, superposition theorem, maximum
power transfer theorem.

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Course Synopsis (2)

PART-II
• Electrostatics, Magnetism & Electromagnetism.
• A.C. signals: generation, parameters. Effect of a.c.
signals on resistor, capacitor and inductor. RC, RL,
LC and RLC circuits with d.c. input (transient
analysis).
• Batteries: Primary cells (Zn-C, alkaline, mercury,
fuel cells). Secondary cells (e.g. lead-acid),
connection of cells (series, parallel, series-parallel).

EET - 219
BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING I

PART-I

TODAY’S TOPIC

• BASIC ATOMIC THEORY: Conductors,

insulators and semiconductors.

• FUNDAMENTAL ELECTRICAL CONCEPTS

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Fundamental Electrical Concepts

Charge, Current, Voltage,

Power and Energy

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Electric Charge (Q)

• Characteristic of subatomic particles that
determines their electromagnetic interactions

• An electron has a -1.602·10-19 Coulomb charge

• The rate of flow of charged particles is called

current

Current (I)
• Current = (Number of electrons that pass in
one second) · (charge/electron)
Ø -1 ampere = (6.242·1018 e/sec) ·(-1.602 10-19Coulomb/e)
Ø Notice that an ampere = Coulomb/second
• The negative sign indicates that the current inside is
actually flowing in the opposite direction of the
electron flow
Electrons

Current

Current (I)
• A sustained flow of electric charge past a
point is called an electric current.
• Specifically, electric current is the rate that
electric charge passes a point, so
Charge
Current = or I = q/t
time

1 Ampere = 1 Coulomb/sec

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Current
• i = dq/dt – the derivitive or slope of the charge
when plotted against time in seconds
• Q = ∫ i · dt – the integral or area under the
current when plotted against time in seconds
Current
amps
4
3
Q delivered in 0-5 sec= 12.5 Coulombs
2
1

5 sec

AC and DC Current
•DC Current has a constant value

•AC Current has a value that changes sinusoidally

ØNotice that AC current

changes in value and
direction

ØNo net charge is

transferred

Direct Current
• If the voltage is maintained between two
points in a circuit, charge will flow in one
direction - from high to low potential. This is
called direct current (DC)
• Battery-powered circuits are dc circuits.

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Alternating Current
• If the high & low voltage terminals switch
locations periodically, the current will flow
“back and forth” in the circuit. This is called
alternating current (AC).
• Circuits powered by electrical outlets are AC
circuits.

Why Does Current Flow?

• A voltage source provides the energy (or
work) required to produce a current
ØVolts = joules/Coulomb = dW/dQ
• A source takes charged particles (usually
electrons) and raises their potential so they
flow out of one terminal into and through a
transducer (light bulb or motor) on their way
back to the source’s other terminal

Voltage
• Voltage is a measure of the potential energy that
causes a current to flow through a transducer in a
circuit
• Voltage is always measured as a difference with
respect to an arbitrary common point called
ground
• Voltage is also known as electromotive force or
EMF outside engineering
• An old-fashioned term for electric potential or
voltage is “electromotive force” or “emf”.

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Potential Difference
• Charges can “lose” potential energy by moving
from a location at high potential (voltage) to a
location at low potential.
• Charges will continue to move as long as the
potential difference (voltage) is maintained.

Voltage Source
• A battery or electrical outlet is a source of
electric potential or voltage - not charge.
• The electrons that move in a conductor are
supplied by the conductor - not the
voltage source.
• The net charge on a current-carrying
conductor is zero.

A Circuit
• Current flows from the higher voltage terminal of the source
into the higher voltage terminal of the transducer before
returning to the source
I

+ Transducer - ØThe source expends

Voltage energy & the transducer
+ converts it into
Source
something useful
Voltage I

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Passive Devices
• A passive transducer device functions only
when energized by a source in a circuit
ØPassive devices can be modeled by a resistance
• Passive devices always draw current so that
the highest voltage is present on the terminal
where the current enters the passive device
+ V>0 - Ø Notice that the voltage is
measured across the device
I>0 Ø Current is measured
through the device

Active Devices
• Sources expend energy and are considered
active devices
• Their current normally flows out of their
highest voltage terminal
• Sometimes, when there are multiple sources
in a circuit, one overpowers another, forcing
the other to behave in a passive manner

Types of Electronic component

PASSIVE ACTIVE
(Do not generate or control (Control Voltage) Those
current) They do not have gain that have gain or
or directionality directionality
Examples Examples

Resistors Transistors

Capacitors Diodes

Inductors Integrated circuit

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Power
• The rate at which energy is transferred from
an active source or used by a passive device
• P in watts = dW/dt = joules/second
• P= V·I = dW/dQ · dQ/dt = volts · amps = watts
• W = ∫ P · dt – so the energy (work in joules) is
equal to the area under the power in watts
plotted against time in seconds

Electric Power
• Power = energy/time = current x voltage
– P = IV = I2R
– 1 Watt = (1 Amp)(1 Volt)
– 1 kilowatt = 1000 Watts
– A kilowatt-hour is a unit of energy

Energy

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Basic Circuit Elements:

• Identification, Functions and Properties
Generally two groups
1. Active elements - delivers more energy to
the circuit than what the circuit supplies to it.
2. Passive elements - cannot deliver more
energy to the circuit than what is supplied to
it by the circuit.

Basic Circuit Elements (2)

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Resistors
— The flow of electric current is subject to friction. This
friction, or opposition, is called resistance R and is the
property of a conductor that limits current.
— A resistor impedes the flow of electricity through a circuit.
— Resistors have a setvalue.
— A Resistor always absorbs power and is measured in Watt (w)

Color code
— Tolerance: Gold = within 5%
Black: 0
Brown: 1
Red: 2
Orange: 3
Yellow: 4
Green: 5
Blue: 6
Violet: 7
Gray: 8
White: 9

Units
— Knowing your units is important!
— Kilo and Mega are common inresistors
— Milli, micro, nano and pico can be used in other
components

K (kilo) = 1,000
M (mega) = 1,000,000
M (milli) = 1/1,000
u (micro) = 1/1,000,000
n (nano) = 1/1,000,000,000 (one trillionth)
p (pico) = 1 / 1,000,000,000,000 (onequadrillionth)

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Types of resistors

A Typical Resistor
High-Power Fixed Type &
Adjustable Type Wire Wound

Film Resistor

Wirewound Resistor Carbon Resistor

Resistors in circuit

Resistor color codes

Because carbon resistors are small,
they are color coded to mark their
resistance (R) value in ohms.

Bad Boys Ring Our Young Girls But Vicky Gives Willingly

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Tolerance
The tolerance of a resistor is the maximum
difference between its actual value and the
required value and is generally expressed as a
plus or minus percentage value.

For example
A 1kΩ ± 20% tolerance resistor may have a
maximum and minimum value of:

Maximum Resistance Value

1kΩ or 1000Ω + 20% = 1,200Ω's

Minimum Resistance Value

1kΩ or 1000Ω - 20% = 800Ω's

Then a 1kΩ ±20% tolerance resistor may have a

maximum value of 1200Ω's and a minimum value
of 800Ω's resulting in a span of some 400Ω's!!.

Resistor color codes conts.

Start reading color codes from Left to Right with
the larger width tolerance band oriented to the
right side indicating its tolerance.

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The Standard Resistor

Color Code Chart.

Example

Yellow, Violet, Red, Silver

= 4, 7, 2 = 4 7 x 102 = 4700Ω or 4k7 ±10%.

What is the value of the following resistor and the

tolerance?

Red, Violet, Gold, Gold

Answer: 2.7Ω ± 5%

Example
What is the value of the following resistor and
the tolerance?

Answer: 2700Ω or 2.7kΩ ± 0.25%

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Exercise
Fill in the colour codes for the following resistors:

First Second Third Fourth

Resistor
colour colour colour colour
3,9MΩ ± 2%

680Ω ±1%

0,47Ω ±10%

66 Ω ±5%

8,2k Ω ±5%

Answer
First Second Third Fourth
Resistor
colour colour colour colour
3,9MΩ 2% Orange White Green Red

680Ω 1% Blue Grey Brown Brown

0,47 Ω 10% Yellow Violet Silver Silver

66 Ω 5% Blue Blue Black Gold

8,2k Ω 5% Grey Red Red Gold

Examples

Resistor Tolerance 1 st band 2 nd band 3 rd band 4 th band 5 th band

3M65 Ω ± 5%

12k5 Ω ± 0, 1%
28k7 Ω ± 1%

9k31 Ω ± 2%

60.4 Ω ± 0, 5%

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Answer

Resistor Tolerance 1 st band 2 nd band 3 rd band 4 th band 5 th band

3M65 Ω ± 5% Orange Blue Green Yellow Gold

12k5 Ω ± 0, 1% Brown Red Green Red Violet

28k7 Ω ± 1% Red Grey Violet Red Brown

9k31 Ω ± 2% White Orange Brown Brown Red

60.4 Ω ± 0, 5% Blue Black Yellow Gold Green

Preferred resistor values: E12, etc.

Because it is not possible to stock all possible
values of resistances in a shop or component
store, preferred values have been chosen to
represent a usable spectrum of values.

Depending on the accuracy required, resistances

are available in 12 values for every decade
(between 1 and 10, 10 and 100, 100 and 1000 etc.)
called the E12 series, 24 values for every decade,
called the E24 series, and 48, 96 etc.

E12, etc conts

The E12 series would cover any possible

value of resistance, if the resistors have a
tolerance of 10%, the E24 series 5%, and
the E96 series 1%, etc. The E12 resistor
series must be memorised.

E12 10 12 15 18 22 27 33 39 47 56 68 82

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Examples
Fill in the closest E12 preferred resistor values
for the following:

19847Ω

20348 Ω
148223Ω

9.0356 Ω

61 Ω

Answers

Resistor colour coding and

ohmic values
• Colour Significant Multiplier Tolerance
Figures
Silver – 10 −2 ±10%
Gold – 10 −1 ±5%
Black 01 –
Brown 1 10 ±1%
Red 2 10 2 ±2%
Orange 3 10 3 –
Yellow 4 10 4 –
Green 5 10 5 ±0.5%
Blue 6 10 6 ±0.25%
Violet 7 10 7 ±0.1%
Grey 8 10 8 –
White 9 10 9 –
None – – ±20%
(i) For a four-band

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Letter and digit code for resistors

• Resistance Marked as:
Value
0.47 Ω R47
1Ω 1R0
4.7 Ω 4R7
47 Ω 47R
100 Ω 100R
1kΩ 1K0
10 k Ω 10 K
10 M Ω 10 M
• Tolerance is indicated as follows: F = ±1%,
G = ±2%, J = ±5%, K = ±10% and M = ±20%
Thus, for example;
R33M = 0.33 Ω ± 20%
• https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/resistor/res_2.html (Resistor Colour Code)
• https://www.st-
andrews.ac.uk/~www_pa/Scots_Guide/info/comp/passive/resistor/e12/e12.html (E-12
Resistors)
• https://www.hobby-hour.com/electronics/smdcalc.php (Chips Resistors)
•

Capacitors
— A capacitor stores electricalenergy.
— This pool of electrons is available for electronic components to
use.
Capacitance is measured in Farads (F). The small capacitors usually used in
electronics are often measured in microfarads and nanofarads.

Some capacitors are polarized. Notethe

different length terminals on one of the capacitors.

Polarity of capacitors
— The shorter terminalgoes
on the negativeside.
— The stripe is on the
negative terminal sideof
the capacitor.

— The board is marked for

positive or negative.

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Applications of capacitors
— Capacitors supply a pool of electrons for immediate use.
— If a component needs an immediate supply of electrons, the
capacitor can supply thoseelectrons.

— Capacitors can smooth out a signal – eliminate the ripples

or spikes in DC voltage.
— The capacitor can absorb the peaks and fill in the
valleys of a rippledsignal.

Inductors
— An inductor is a passive element designed to store energy in
its magnetic field.
— An inductor consists of a coil of conducting wire.
Inductance is the property whereby an inductor exhibits opposition
to the change of current flowing through it, measured in henrys (H).

Inductor Symbol and Types

— Inductor types

Solenoidal Wound Toroidal

Wound Chip Wound

— Inductor electrical symbols

Air-core (normal iron-core Variable

inductor symbol) iron-core

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Applications of Inductors
o Inductors find numerous applications in electronic and
power systems.

o They are used in power supplies, transformers, radios,

TVs, radars, and electric motors.

Diode
— A diode is a one way valve (or gate) for electricity. It is a
component with an asymmetrical transfer characteristic. A
diode has low (ideally zero) resistance in one direction, and
high (ideally infinite) resistance in the other direction.

— Diodes will protect yourelectronics.

Diode circuit protection

— In a DPDT switch, if polarity is wrong, the motor will run
backwards.
— In an electronic circuit, if the polarity is wrong, you can fry
your components.
A diode in your system will help to prevent problems.

Diodes have a bar

on the cathode
(negative) side.

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Light emitting diode (LED)

— A light emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source.
When electricity is passing through the diode, it emits light.

— Jeremy is going to talk a lot more about LEDs.

Variable resistor / Potentiometer

— A potentiometer is avariable resistor. As you manually
turn a dial, the resistance changes.

How a variable resistor works

— As the dial/wiper turns, electricity must go through
more or less of the resistive strip.

In series, the change in resistance means a change in voltage.

— So as you turn the

dial/wiper, you get
a change involtage.

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Transistors
— A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify
and switch electronic signals and electrical power.

— This is our electronicswitch!

How a transistor works

— A voltage or current applied to one pair of the
transistor’s terminals changes the current through
another pair of terminals.
— A transistor iscomposed of semiconductor material
with at least threeterminals
for connection to an external
circuit.
Transistors have 3 pins.
For these transistors:
Collector
Emitter
Base

Terminology
— BJT versus FET
— Bipolar junction transistor. Useful as amplifiers.
Collector, Emitter, Base
— Field-effect transistor. Useful as motordrivers.
Source, Drain, Gate
MOSFET: Metal-oxide-semiconductor FET

— NPN (N-channel FET) versus PNP (P-channel FET)

— NPN versus PNP is how the semiconductorsare layered.
NPN: Not pointing in
PNP: Pointing in permanently

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Schematic symbols

BJT PNP BJT NPN

P-channel FET N-channel FET

Integrated circuit
— An integrated circuit (IC) is a set of transistors that is
the controller or ‘brain’ of an electronic circuit.
— An input is received, an output is sent out.

Modern microprocessor ICs can have billions of

transistors per square inch!

What an IC can do for us?

— Billions of electronically controlled on/off switches
(transistors) is how the microprocessor in a digital
computer ‘thinks’ and functions.
— A computer has a wide range of tasks to perform.

—But other ICs can complete simpler, discrete jobs.

For example, an IC can take a voltage input and output
commands to a motor.

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IC Terminology: Op-amp
— An operational amplifier (op-amp) is a set of
transistors inside the integrated circuit. They often are
the components doing the mathematicaloperations.

Ohm’s Law
• Ohm’s law states that the voltage V across a
resistor is directly proportional to the current I
flowing through the resistor.
• Introducing the constant of proportionality,
the resistance.

• V=IxR
• I =V/R
• R=V/I

Ohm’s Law(2)
• The voltage across a resistor is
proportional to the current through the
resistor and is measure in Ohm (Ω)
Conductance (G = 1/R ) is the ability of an
element to conduct electric current; it is
measured in mhos ( ) or siemens (S)

• The sign of the voltage drop across resistor

is determined by the direction of current:
Positive entering, Negative exiting.

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Definition / Units
• Potential difference is measured in Volts [V]
• Current is measured in Amperes [A]
• Resistance is measured in Ohms [Ω]

• Volt = Ampere x Ohm

• 1 Volt = 1 Ampere x 1 Ohm

• 5 Volt = 5 Ampere x 1 Ohm

Example 1
• What is the resistance of a resistor that has a
voltage drop of 100 V and a current through it
of 1 A?

• R = V/I
• R = 100 V / 1 A
• R = 100 Ω

Example 2
• What is the resistance of a resistor that has a
voltage drop of 12 V and a current through it
of 100 mA?

• R = V/I
• R = 12 V / 100 mA
• R = 12 V / 0,1 A
• R = 120 Ω

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Example 3
• What is the voltage that develops over a
resistor of 550 Ω that has a current of 2,5A
flowing through it?

• V = IxR
• V = 2,5 A x 550 Ω
• V = 1375 V
• V = 1,38 kV

Example 4
• What current is flowing through a 10 kΩ
resistor with a voltage of 5V over it?

• I = V / R
• I = 5 V / 10kΩ
• I = 5 V / 10 000Ω
• I = 0,0005 A
• I = 0,5 mA or 500 µA

Exercise
• Complete the table:

V I R

9V 0,5A
5V 10kΩ
1mA 1kΩ

500µV 220Ω

3V 560µA
15000mV 3,3MΩ

6,6V 3300µA

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Table of scales

Table of scales

Examples
• 27000 V = 27kV
• 560 A = 0,56kA
• 0,3 A = 300mA
• 5 000 000 Ω = 5M Ω
• 0,0007 V = 700µV

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Class Work
1. 0,04 A = _ mA
2. 500 000 Ω = _ kΩ
3. 500 000 Ω = _ MΩ
4. 0,0003 V = _ µV
5. 3,14 x 10^7 = _ MΩ

Answers
1. 40 mA
2. 500 kΩ
3. 0,5 MΩ
4. 300 µV
5. 31,4 MΩ

Multiples and sub-multiples

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Electric Power and Energy

• Electrical power P in an electrical circuit is given
by the product of potential difference V and
current I. (P= VI, P= I2R, P = V2/R)
• Electrical energy = power × time (watt-seconds
or joules; or kilowatt-hours,) often called the
‘unit of electricity’. The ‘electricity meter’ in the
home records the number of kilowatt-hours used
and is thus an energy meter.

Main effects of electric current

(a)magnetic effect
(b) chemical effect
(c) heating effect

Assignment 1
1. List ten applications each of the three main
effects of electric current.
2. What are electric fuses and how are they
rated?.

Resistance and Resistivity

The resistance of an electrical conductor depends on the
(a) Length of the conductor,
(b) Cross-sectional area of the conductor,
(c) Type of material and
(d) Temperature of the material.

The constant of proportionality is known as the

resistivity of the material and is given the symbol ρ
(Greek rho).
Thus;
R = ρl/a Ohms.

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• What happens to the resistance of a

material when its temperature
increases?

temperature coefficient of resistance

• The temperature coefficient of resistance of a
material is the increase in the resistance of a 1 Ω
resistor of that material when it is subjected to a
rise of temperature of 1◦C.
• The symbol used for the temperature
coefficient of resistance is α (Greek alpha).
• How do you determine the resistance of a
material at a given temperature?

Open and Short Circuit

• A short circuit is a
circuit element with
resistance
approaching zero.
• An open circuit is a
circuit element with
resistance
approaching infinity.

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Nodes, Branches and Loops

• A branch represents a
single element such as a
voltage source or a
resistor.
• A node is the point of
connection between
two or more branches.
• A loop is any closed
path in a circuit.

Series and Parallel

• Two or more elements are in series if they
exclusively share a single node and
consequently carry the same current.
• Two or more elements are in parallel if they
are connected to the same two nodes and
consequently have the same voltage across
them.

Network Analysis
Solving for all voltages and currents in the network
elements. Two approaches
• 1. Direct methods; determine the different
voltages and current in its original form;
Kirchhoff's laws, loop analysis, Nodal analysis,
superposition etc
• 2. Network reduction method; for complicated
circuits, original network is converted into more
simpler equivalent circuits and solved using
Norton’s theorem, Thevenins theorems etc

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Kirchhoff’s Laws
• Born 12 March 1812 in
Konigsberg, Prussia.
• Died 17 October 1887 in
Berlin
• German physicist
contributed to electrical
circuits

Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)

• The sum of currents entering a node equals
the sum of currents leaving the node.
• The algebraic sum of all currents at any node
in a circuit equals zero.

Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)

• The algebraic sum of all the voltages around
any closed path in a circuit equals zero
• The sum of voltage rise around a loop equals
the sum of drop around the same loop

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Series circuits

In a series circuit

(a) the current I is the same in all parts of the circuit

(b) the sum of the voltages V1, V2 and V3 is equal to the total
applied voltage, V,

Potential Divider

• A potential divider is the simplest way of producing a

source of lower e.m.f. from a source of higher e.m.f.

Parallel Networks
In a parallel circuit:
(a) the sum of the currents is
equal to the total circuit current,
i.e I = I1 + I2 + I3
(b) the source p.d., V volts, is the
same across each of the resistors.

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Series Resistors and Voltage Division

• Resistors in series behave
as a single resistor whose
resistance is equal to the
sum of the resistances of
the individual resistors.
• The equivalent resistance of
any number of resistors
connected in series is the
sum of the individual
resistances.

Series Resistors and Voltage Division

• The source voltage v is
divided among the
resistors in direct
proportion to their
resistances; the larger the
resistance, the larger the
voltage drop.
• This is called the principle
of voltage division

Parallel Resistors and Current Division

• The equivalent resistance of

two parallel resistors is equal
to the product of their
resistances divided by their
sum.
• Conductances in parallel
behave as a single
conductance whose value is
equal to the sum of the
individual conductances.

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Parallel Resistors and Current Division

• The total current i is shared by the resistors in
inverse proportion to their resistances.
• This is known as the principle of current division
• Notice that the larger current flows through the
smaller resistance.

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