6/20/2013

Kingdom Animalia

What Is an Animal

• Multicellular
heterotrophs
• Nutrition by ingestion
• Collagen for structural
support
• Unique tissue types
• Unique life history
• Unique regulatory
genes

Embryonic Development

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Evidence for Colonial Origin?

Cambrian Explosion

• Precambrian seas
– Shallow, high
decomposition, poor
fossilization
– Mostly soft bodies
creatures
• Cambrian seas
– Great diversity
– Fossil deposits of hard
parts
Was there an explosion
and why?

Kingdom Animalia: Cambrian

• Unoccupied niches
• Predator-prey
relationship
• Optimal atmospheric
conditions
• Genetic diversity:
sexual reproduction
– Hox gene diversity

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“Old View”
of Animal
Phylogeny

Animalia: Major Evolutionary Events

• Radial and bilateral

symmetry

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Evolutionary
Events

The
‘New’
Look

“Old” and the “New”

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What were
the ‘key’
evolutionary
events?

Bilaterial Symmetry &

Segmentation
• Paired nerve cords provide rapid
communication
• Ganglion branch off cords in each segment
• Complex movement due to diverse muscles

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Segmentation Evolution?

The Vertebrate Lineage

Garstang’s Hypothesis

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Paedomorphosis

Is it all a Hox?

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Agnathans
• C Myxini
– Hagfish
– Diverged 530 mya
• C Cephalaspidomorphi
– Lampreys

Jaws Formation

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Evidence for
Tetrapod
Origin
-Lobe-finned
fishes
-Tadpole larvae
of amphibians
-Lungfishes

The Amniotes

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Appearance of Mammals

Primate Phylogeny

Misconceptions
• We did not evolve from chimpanzees or
apes
– We had a common ancestor
• The “hominid parade”
– Does evolution have a goal?
• Human features evolved at same rate
– Upright ancestry were dumb critters

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Not A Parade

Origin of Modern Humans

Genetic Human Evolution

• Brain growth & HAR1 gene
– Human accelerated region
– 2 changes in 118 (310-5 mya)
– 18 changes to present
• H erectus and the Y
chromosome
– 160 changes in all men
– Ancestor for all men is 89K ya
• FOXP2 and the spoken
language
– 50K – 200K ya
• ASPM gene evolved 6K ya
– autosomal recessive primary
microcephaly

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