PREFACE

Praise the author for the presence of Almighty God who has bestowed his mercy,
gudiance and inayah so that the author can complete a paper on the theme of “ Verb and
Preposition” as one the tasks of the English course group. In completing this paper, getting
many writers as well as guidance from various parties, for that the authors say many thanks to
anyone who helped in completing this paper can provide benefits in all forms of teaching,
learning so that it can facilitate the achievement of national education goals.

But this paper is still not perfect, so I hope that criticism and suggestions will make this
paper better.

Jambi, 13 February 2020

Author

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 Table of Contents

PREFACE.................................................................................................................................. i

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Paper......................................................................................................3

1.2 Purpose of the Paper.............................................................................................................3

1.3 Problem Formulation............................................................................................................3

CHAPTER II THEORY AND DISCUSION

2.1 Verb .....................................................................................................................................4

2.1.1 Action Verb....................................................................................................................4
2.1.2 Transitive & Intransitive verb........................................................................................4
2.1.3 Auxiliary verb................................................................................................................5
2.1.4 Finite & Nonfinite verb..................................................................................................5
2.1.5 Linking verb...................................................................................................................6
2.1.6 Regular & Irregular verb................................................................................................7
2.2 Preposition ...........................................................................................................................9
2.2.1 Preposition Phrase........................................................................................................10
2.2.2 Preposition of Place......................................................................................................10
2.2.3 Prepositions in Combination With Adjectives.............................................................11
2.3 Science Article...................................................................................................................11

CHAPTER III CONCLUSION

A. Conclusion........................................................................................................................13

B. Suggestion .......................................................................................................................13

BIBLIOGRAPHY....................................................................................................................14

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 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Paper

Language is one of the tools to communicate. People use in English there are many things
that must be known in advance, only one is the parts of the spoken word called part of speech.
In English grammar, part of speech are classified into eight types of words are classified
according to what he showed the noun, pronoun, adjective, verb, adverb, preposition,
conjuction and interjection. But in this paper will only discuss about verb and preposition.

Verb is a word that describes the subject itself or shows an event and situation. verb itself
has functions and types in English sentences. Verb in a sentence are used to identify or explain
the behavior of the doer( the subject in the sentence) explains or events and circumstances.

Different from the preposition, preposition is word that indicates the relationship between
a noun and the other words of a sentence. They explain relationships of sequence, space, and
logic between the object of the sentence and the rest of sentence. Explanations regarding verbs
and prepositions will be explained in this paper.

1.2 Purpose of the Paper

1.2.1 To find out what verb is
1.2.2 To understand the classification of verb
1.2.3 To be able to know the prepositions
1.2.4 To find verb and preposition in science article

1.3 Problem Formulation

1.3.1 What is a verb?
1.3.2 What is the classification of verbs?
1.3.3 What is a preposition?

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 CHAPTER II
THEORY AND DISCUSSION

2.1 Verb

A verb is a word or a group of words which is used to express an action such as

“run”., to express the existence of particular noun such as “is”, “are”, “am”, to make a
statement such as “will”, “shall”, and to link noun to noun or noun to adjective such as
“smell”, “seem”, “look”.

Verb is an english term, while in indonesian it is always called as predicate. Verb are
describing noun also in term of action. Remember, it is used for action. In other hands,
because its occurrences are always needed in making sentences , and the sentences can’t be
said as sentences when no verb in it, verb must exist in sentences. When no verb exist,
helping verb or auxiliary verb is also able as supplementary.

Verb is a part of speech that expresses a physical action, mental action, or a state of
being. Becomes the predicate of the sentences, influenced by the subject. Modified in form
which indicates tense, aspect, voice, and mood

Verb is classified into :

2.1.1 Action verb

An action verb tells what someone or something physically or mentally does or do
and Action verbs express specific actions and are used any time you want to show action or
discuss someone doing something

Example of sentences :
She cleans dining table every morning before leaving
Leo wrote his elder sister a letter last night
Mark kicked the ball
I run faster than Andi
She thinks about poetry all day long

2.1.2 Transitive verb and Intransitive verb

- Transitive verb is a verb when used in an active term must have an object and use an
object directly.

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 Example of sentences :
I borrow her pen
She gives that story book to me
She ate the cereal
Her gardener grew the finest tomatoes
I send the letter to my cousin
They sing the indonesia raya song together
She buys the book from the bookstore
- Intransitive verb is a verb when used in an active sentence does not need an object.

Example of sentences :
She ate for hours on end
He sat alone all afternoon
Joy sings very well
John eats before leaving for school
She runs in the park every morning
She smiled weakly at last

2.1.3 Auxiliary verb

A modal or an auxiliary verb expresses the mood of a verb and aspect, voice. the
most common auxiliary verbs are be, do, and have. another auxiliary verb is can, may, will,
shall, must, ought, might, could, should and would

Example of sentences :
I have written the composition (in this sentences the main verb is write, the auxiliary
verb ‘have’ )
I may go to the movies
He does want the car after all
Ed is studying french this summer
I do not write my home work now
I have moved into a new house
I do not know about it
2.1.4 Finite verb and Nonfinite verb
- Finite verb is verb form that has subject and tense, finite verb form tells when the
event happened and who or what did it.

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 Example of sentences :
Everyone uses computers
He surfed the net. They ate a pizza
Vicky trained hard last year
I swam with my friend yesterday
I spent a lot of money last week

- Nonfinite verb is a verb without tense, non-finite verb does not provide information
about the time and cannot object without using an auxiliary verb.
Example of sentences :
Vicky is training hard
She has studied with me
2.1.5 Linking verb

Linking verbs are verbs that connect subjects with complements. Complement can be
a predicate noun or a predicate adjective and has no object.

A. To be ( is, am, are)

Example :
You are a diligent student
He is a good teacher
I am her brother
B. Verbs that related to the five senses (look, smell, feel, taste, and sound)
Example :
You looks so pretty with that dress
It will smell bad when you do not clean it
This durian tastes sweet
Do you feel well after taking the medicine?
Your argumentation sounds rational
C. Verbs that indicates a state of being (seem, appear, become, remain)
Example :
It seems difficult to be solved
He becomes the best student in this school
Suddenly a whale appeared very close to our boat
Please remain in your seat before the bell ring

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2.1.6 Regular & Irregular verb
- Regular verb form their past tense and past participle by adding ”-ed” in base (simple
present ) form. Regular verbs use ed and ing ending to tell about events in the
past,present, and future.Patterns for making past tense and past participle of a regular verb
are as follows:
 Base form (simple present) doesn`t end in “e” we add “-ed” in base form to
make the past tense and past participle.
Example:
Abandon – abandoned – abandoned (past tense and past participle ending in
“ed”)
 Base form (simple present) ends in ”e” . We add “d” in base form to make the
past tense and past participle.
Example :
Abase – abased - abased (past tense and past participle ending in “ed” )
 We repeat the last letter of the best form (simple present) in the past tense and
past participle before adding “ed”
Example :
Rag – ragged - ragged
 Base form (simple present ) ends in “y” (and there is consonant before “y”).
We replace “y” with “I” in the past tense and past participle before adding
“ed“.
Example :
Accompany – accompanied - accompanied

Note : there are some spelling variation between British English and American
English (for example, ”flavor” becomes “flavour” in British English).

Examples of sentences that use regular verbs :

My mother cooked this meals last night.

He cleaned his bicycle yesterday.
She answered the phone when I knocked the door.
The teacher explained the lesson clearly.
My cousin cried aloud this afternoon.

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- Irregular verbs are verbs that have no rules in changing into preterite and past participle.
An irregular verb does not add ed to show the past tense. Most irregular verbs change
form in the past participle.
Example :
1. I wear a new dress. (present)
I wore a new dress. (past)
I have worn a new dress. (past participle)
2. You do a good job on this report. (present)
You did a good job on this report. (past)
You have done a good job on this report. (past participle)
3. My sister have breakfast this morning. (present)
My sister has breakfast this morning. (past)
My sister had breakfast this morning. (past participle)
4. National chemistry Olympiad begin this morning. (present)
National chemistry Olympiad began this morning. (past)
National chemistry Olympiad have begun this morning. (past participle)
5. My aunt goes to south korea on weekends. (present)
My aunt went to south korea on weekends. (past)
My aunt gone to south korea on weekends. (past participle)
6. We bring the box home. (present)

We brought the box home. (past)

We have brought the box home. (past participle)

7. I forgive the mistakes of my friends who often bullied me. (present)

I forgave the mistakes of my friends who often bullied me. (past)

I have forgiven the mistakes of my friends who often bullied me. (past participle)

1.2 Preposition

A preposition is word that indicates the relationship between a noun and the other
words of a sentence. They explain relationships of sequence, space, and logic between the
object of the sentence and the rest of sentence. They help us understand order, time
connections, and positions. A preposition usually comes before a noun, a noun phrase (one

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that has a noun or pronoun as the most important word at the beginning of the phrase) or a
pronoun.

Example :
1. The boys went to town by bus.
The preposition by comes before the noun bus.
2. The boys are on the bus.
The preposition on comes before the noun phrase the bus.
3. This present is for her.
The preposition for comes before the pronoun her.
 Use prepositions to show location, direction or movement, and time.
Example :
1. There is a mouse under the chair. (Location)
2. The ducks are waddling towards the pond. (Movement)
3. The players must be on the field by 3 o`clock. (Time)

The prepotion under in the first sentence shows the location of the mouse in relation
to the chair. The second sentence has the preposition towards which shows movement. It
links the ducks to the pond and tell us the direction in which they are heading. The
preposition by in the third sentence shows time. It links the players to the time have to be on
the field- 3 o`clock.

 A preposition can be a single word or two or more word. One word

prepositions are called simple prepositions while those made up of two words
or more are called complex prepositions.
Example :
1. There is man standing at the door.
2. I`m on my way back from Kuala Lumpur.
3. My house is next to a haunted cemetery.
4. He sits in front of Yusuf in class.
1.2.1 Preposition phrase

A preposition phrase is made up of a preposition and the words that follow it. A
preposition can be followed by a noun phrase, a pronoun, or a gerund (-ing form of
the verb).

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 Example :
1. On our new car = preposition + noun phrase
We found a cat on our new car this morning.
(on our new car this morning is a prepositional phrase)
2. Behind the cupboard = preposition + noun phrase
I think there is a rat behind the cupboard.
(behind the cupboard is a prepositional phrase)
3. For you = preposition + pronoun
This beautiful red rose for you.
(for you is a prepositional phrase)
4. Before leaving = preposition + gerund
Please turn off the air conditioner before leaving the room.
(before leaving is a prepositional phrase)
1.2.2 Prepositions of place

Prepositions of place tell us where someone or something is. We usually put them
after the verb and before the noun phrase.prepositions of place are sometimes called
prepositions of position.

Example :
1. The mobile phone is on the table.
(is to show verb, on to show preposition of place, and the table to show noun
phrase)
2. She has a mole below her lower lip.
3. The bookshop is next to the museum.
4. There is a small island in the middle of that lake.

Here are some common prepositions of place and their meanings:

 On, to show that something is in contact with the top layer of something else.
Example : There is a bird on my head.
 Under, to show that something is directly below something or covered by it.
Example : There is a sneake hiding under the rug.
 Above, to show that something is a higher level than something else.
Example : There is a photo of my grandfather above the television set.
1.2.3 Prepositions in combination with adjectives

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 In formal English, we are told that we should never and a sentence with a
preposition. This is because the term preposition describes a word that is positioned
before (pre-) another word. So, if we put it at the end of a sentence, it would not come
before any word at all.here are a few examples :

1. This is the place that i told you about.

2. Have you found the pen you were looking for?
3. Who should I give the money to?
4. Nobody likes being made fun of.
5. These tools are difficult to work with.

We can avoid putting the preposition at the end if we rewrite the sentence, as shown
below :

1. This is the place about which i told you.

2. Have you found the pen for which you were looking?
3. To whom should i give the money?
4. Being made fun of is what nobody likes.
5. These tools with which I work are difficult.
1.3 Science article

Chemical reactions
Now back to our battery. The positive and negative electrodes are separated by the chemical
electrolyte. It can be a liquid, but in an ordinary battery it is more likely to be a dry powder.
When you connect the battery to a lamp and switch on, chemical reactions start happening.
One of the reactions generates positive ions (shown here as big yellow blobs) and electrons
(smaller brown blobs) at the negative electrode. The positive ions flow through the
electrolyte to the positive electrode (from the green line to the red one). Meanwhile, the
electrons (smaller brown blobs) flow around the outside circuit (blue line) to the positive
electrode and make the lamp light up on the way.
The electrons and ions flow because of the chemical reactions happening inside the battery—
usually two or three of them going on simultaneously. The exact reactions depend on the
materials from which the electrodes and electrolyte are made, and we won't go into them
here. (If you want to know what they are, enter the type of the battery you're interested in
followed by the words "anode cathode reactions" in your favorite search engine.) Whatever
chemical reactions take place, the general principle of electrons going around the outer
circuit and ions flowing in the opposite direction through the electrolyte happens in all
batteries. As the battery generates power, the chemicals inside it are gradually converted into
different chemicals. Their ability to generate power dwindles, the battery's voltage slowly
falls, and the battery eventually runs flat. In other words, if the battery cannot produce
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positive ions because the chemicals inside it have become depleted, it can't produce electrons
for the outer circuit either.
Now you may be thinking: "Hang on, this doesn't make any sense! Why don't the electrons
just take a short cut and hop straight from the negative electrode through the electrolyte to
the positive electrode? It turns out that, because of the chemistry of the electrolyte, electrons
can't flow through it in this simple way. In fact, so far as the electrons are concerned, the
electrolyte is pretty much an insulator: a barrier they cannot cross. Their easiest path to the
positive electrode is actually by flowing through the outer circuit.

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 CHAPTER III
CONCLUSION

3.1 Conclusion

Verb is a part of speech that expresses a physical action, mental action, or a state of
being. Becomes the predicate of the sentences, influenced by the subject.

Verb is classified into action verb, transitive and intransitive verb, auxiliary verb, finie
and infinite verb. Linking verb and regular and irregular verb.

A preposition is word that indicates the relationship between a noun and the other
words of a sentence. They explain relationships of sequence, space, and logic between the
object of the sentence and the rest of sentence.

3.2 Suggestion

When make this paper author realized that there were any shortcomings and word
errors that author made. For that, author ask for criticsm and suggestions from readers, so
author can make papers better.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Phythian B.A, Albert Rowe. (2012). Correct English. (F.I Dewi, Trans). Jakarta : PT
Indeks. (Original work published 1985).
Simpson, Ron. (2013). Essential English Grammar. (B.A Ismayasari, Trans). Jakarta :
PT Indeks. (Original work published 2001).
Mun. Fika, Sam.A.Warib & Sam.A. Soesanto. (1991). Complete English Grammar.
Surabaya : Apollo
Ehrlich, Eugene. (2004). Schaum’s Outlines English Grammar. (Sutanto, Trans).
Jakarta : Erlangga. (Original work published 1976)
Christiani, Diana, Astrid Robertha & Brenda Pricilla. (2015). Basic Grammar Of
English. Jakarta : PT Gramedia
Sihombing, Binsa, Barbara Burton. (2007). English Grammar Comprehension.
Jakarta : Grasindo
Warsidi. (2017). Buku Ajar Academic Writing. Yogyakarta : Deepublish
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Publishing Sdn. Bhd.

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