Yenisei River

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For the bandy club Yenisey, see Yenisey Krasnoyarsk Bandy Club.

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Yenisei
Beldir.jpg
Bii-Khem and Kaa-Khem near Kyzyl
Yeniseirivermap.png
The Yenisei basin, including Lake Baikal
Etymology from either Old Kyrgyz ???-??? (Ene-Sai, �mother river�) or
Evenki ??????? (Ion?ssi, �big water�)[1][2]
Native name ?????? (Russian)
Location
Country Mongolia, Russia
Region Tuva, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Khakassia, Irkutsk Oblast, Buryatia,
Zabaykalsky Krai
Cities Kyzyl, Shagonar, Sayanogorsk, Abakan, Divnogorsk, Krasnoyarsk,
Yeniseysk, Lesosibirsk, Igarka, Dudinka
Physical characteristics
Source Mungaragiyn-Gol
? location ridge Dod-Taygasyn-Noor, Mongolia
? coordinates 50�43'46?N 98�39'49?E
? elevation 3,351 m (10,994 ft)
Mouth Yenisei Gulf
? location Arctic Ocean, Russia
Length 3,438 km (2,136 mi)
Basin size 2,580,000 km2 (1,000,000 sq mi)
Discharge
? location Igarka[3]
? average 19,600 m3/s (690,000 cu ft/s)
? minimum 3,120 m3/s (110,000 cu ft/s)
? maximum 112,000 m3/s (4,000,000 cu ft/s)
Basin features
Tributaries
? right Angara, Lower Tunguska, Stony Tunguska River
The Yenisei (Russian: ?????�?, Yenis�y; Mongolian: ?????? ?????, Yenisei m�r�n;
Buryat: ?????? ?????, Gorlog m�ren; Tyvan: ????-???, Ulug-Hem; Khakas: ??? ???, Kim
sug)[4] also Romanised Yenisey, Enisei, Jenisej,[5] is the largest river system
flowing to the Arctic Ocean. It is the central of the three great Siberian rivers
that flow into the Arctic Ocean (the other two being the Ob and the Lena). Rising
in Mongolia, it follows a northerly course to the Yenisei Gulf in the Kara Sea,
with the Western Siberian Plain to the west and the Central Siberian Plateau to the
east. It drains a large part of central Siberia. Yenisei is the fifth-longest river
system in the world.

The maximum depth of the Yenisei is 24 metres (80 ft) and the average depth is 14
metres (45 ft). The depth of river outflow is 32 metres (106 ft) and inflow is 31
metres (101 ft).[clarification needed]

Contents
1 Course of the river
1.1 Tributaries
2 Lake Baikal
3 Flora and fauna
3.1 Taimyr reindeer herd
4 Navigation
5 History
6 Pollution
7 Gallery
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Course of the river

The confluence of the rivers Kaa-Khem and Piy-Khem from the height of bird flight
The river flows through Tuva, Khakassia[6] and the city of Krasnoyarsk.[7]

Tributaries
The river forms at the confluence of the Big Yenisei River and the Little Yenisei
River. The Yenisei tributaries include the Angara, Big Pit, Stony Tunguska, Bakhta,
Lower Tunguska, Kureika, Kan, Mana, Bazaikha, Dubches, Tanama, Kacha, Kem,
Khemchik, Abakan, Khantayka, Yeloguy, Big Kheta, Turukhan, Sym and Tuba rivers.[8]

Lake Baikal
Main article: Lake Baikal
The 320-kilometre (200 mi), partly navigable Upper Angara River feeds into the
northern end of Lake Baikal from the Buryat Republic but the largest inflow is from
the Selenga which forms a delta on the southeastern side.[9]

The river as seen from the trans-Siberian railway near Krasnoyarsk

Flora and fauna
The Yenisei River basin (excluding Lake Baikal and lakes of the Khantayka River
headwaters) is home to 55 native fish species, including two endemics: Gobio
sibiricus (a gobionine cyprinid) and Thymallus nigrescens [es] (a grayling).[10]
The grayling is restricted to Kh�vsg�l Nuur and its tributaries.[10] Most fish
found in the Yenisei River basin are relatively widespread Euro-Siberian or
Siberian species, such as northern pike (Esox lucius), common roach (Rutilus
rutilus), common dace (Leuciscus leuciscus), Siberian sculpin (Cottus poecilopus),
European perch (Perca fluviatilis) and Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio). The basin
is also home to many salmonids (trout, whitefish, charr, graylings, taimen and
relatives) and the Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii).[10]

The Yenisei River valley is habitat for numerous flora and fauna, with Siberian
pine and Siberian larch being notable tree species. In prehistoric times Scots
pine, Pinus sylvestris, was abundant in the Yenisei River valley circa 6000 BC.[11]
There are also numerous bird species present in the watershed, including, for
example, the hooded crow, Corvus cornix.[12]

Taimyr reindeer herd

The Taimyr reindeer herd, a migrating tundra reindeer (R.t. sibiricus), the largest
reindeer herd in the world,[13][14] migrated to winter grazing ranges along the
Yenisei River.[15]:336

Navigation

Inclined plane at Krasnoyarsk Dam

River steamers first came to the Yenesei River in 1864 and were brought in from
Holland and England across the icy Kara Sea. One was the SS Nikolai. The SS Thames
attempted to explore the river, overwintered in 1876, but was damaged in the ice
and eventually wrecked in the river. Success came with the steamers Frazer, Express
in 1878, and the next year, Moscow hauling supplies in and wheat out. The Dalman
reached Yeneisisk in 1881.

Imperial Russia placed river steamers on the massive river in an attempt to free up
communication with land-locked Siberia. One boat was the SS St. Nicholas which took
the future Tsar Nicholas II on his voyage to Siberia, and later conveyed Vladimir
Lenin to prison.

Engineers attempted to place river steamers on regular service on the river during
the building of the Trans-Siberian Railway. The boats were needed to bring in the
rails, engines and supplies. Captain Joseph Wiggins sailed the Orestes with rail
and parted out river steamers in 1893. However, the sea and river route proved very
difficult with several ships lost at sea and on the river. Both the Ob and Yenisei
mouths feed into very long inlets, several hundred kilometres in length, which are
shallow, ice bound and prone to high winds and thus treacherous for navigation.
After the completion of the railway, river traffic reduced only to local service as
the Arctic route and long river proved much too indirect a route.

The first recreation team to navigate the Yenisei's entire length, including its
violent upper tributary in Mongolia, was an Australian-Canadian effort completed in
September 2001. Ben Kozel, Tim Cope, Colin Angus and Remy Quinter were on this
team. Both Kozel and Angus wrote books detailing this expedition,[16] and a
documentary was produced for National Geographic Television.

A canal inclined plane was built on the river in 1985 at the Krasnoyarsk Dam.[17]

History
Nomadic tribes such as the Ket people and the Yugh people have lived along the
banks of the Yenisei river since ancient times, and this region is the location of
the Yeniseian language family. The Ket, numbering about 1000, are the only
survivors today of those who originally lived throughout central southern Siberia
near the river banks. Their extinct relatives included the Kotts, Assans, Arins,
Baikots and Pumpokols who lived further upriver to the south. The modern Ket lived
in the eastern middle areas of the river before being assimilated politically into
Russia during the 17th through 19th centuries.[18]

Some of the earliest known evidence of Turkic origins was found in the Yenisei
Valley in the form of stelae, stone monoliths and memorial tablets dating from
between the 7th and 9th centuries AD, along with some documents that were found in
China's Xinjiang region. The written evidence gathered from these sources tells of
battles fought between the Turks and the Chinese and other legends. There are also
examples of Uyghur poetry, though most have survived only in Chinese translation.
[19]

Wheat from the Yenisei was sold by Muslims and Uighurs during inadequate harvests
to Bukhara and Soghd during the Tahirid era.[20]

Russians first reached the upper Yenisei in 1605, travelling from the Ob River, up
the Ket River, portaging and then down the Yenisei as far as the Sym River.[21]

During World War II, Nazi Germany and the Japanese Empire agreed to divide Asia
along a line that followed the Yenisei River to the border of China and then along
the border of China and the Soviet Union.[22]

Pollution
Studies have shown that the Yenisei suffers from contamination caused by
radioactive discharges from a factory that produced bomb-grade plutonium in the
secret city of Krasnoyarsk-26, now known as Zheleznogorsk.[23]
Gallery

The bridge over the Yenisei in Krasnoyarsk, Russia, viewed from the left bank.

Vinogradovsky most, the bridge in Krasnoyarsk, Russia, viewed from the left bank

The Yenisei (left) and the Ob flow into Kara Sea.

See also
List of rivers of Russia
Sayano-Shushenskaya Dam
Yenisei Range
References
?????????, ????????? ????????? (30 August 1990).
"????????? : ?????????????, ?????" � via Google Books.
???????, ???????? (5 September 2017). "????, ???? ? ??????. ??? ???? ?? ?????".
Litres � via Google Books.
"Station: Igarka". Yenisei Basin. UNH / GRDC. Archived from the original on 24
September 2015. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
A.Ochir. "History of the Mongol Oirats" 1993
"Yenisei River". Hammond Quick & Easy Notebook Reference Atlas & Webster
Dictionary. Hammond. p. 31. ISBN 0843709227.
"Yenisei River: Siberia's blessing and curse". RT. 11 June 2010. Archived from the
original on 17 March 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
Alan Taylor (23 August 2013). "A Year on the Yenisei River". The Atlantic.
Archived from the original on 26 June 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
C Michael Hogan (13 May 2012). "Yenisei River". Encyclopedia of Earth. Archived
from the original on 17 May 2015. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
"Yenisei River". Geology Page. 4 February 2014. Archived from the original on 7
January 2019. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (2008). Yenisei. Archived 16 January 2017 at
the Wayback Machine Retrieved 16 July 2014.
Stein, Ruediger et al. 2003. Siberian river run-off in the Kara Sea, Proceedings
in Marine Sciences, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 488 pages
C. Michael Hogan. 2009. Hooded Crow: Corvus cornix, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed, N.
Stromberg Archived 26 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine
Russell, D.E.; Gunn, A. (20 November 2013). "Migratory Tundra Rangifer". NOAA
Arctic Research Program.
Kolpashikov, L.; Makhailov, V.; Russell, D. (2014). "The role of harvest,
predators and socio-political environment in the dynamics of the Taimyr wild
reindeer herd with some lessons for North America". Ecology and Society. JSTOR
26269762.
Baskin, Leonid M. (1986), "Differences in the ecology and behaviour of reindeer
populations in the USSR", Rangifer, Special Issue (1): 333�340, archived from the
original on 3 March 2016, retrieved 7 January 2015
Five Months in a Leaky Boat: A River Journey Through Siberia, Kozel, 2003, Pan
Macmillan
Permanent International Association of Navigation Congresses. (1989). Ship lifts:
report of a Study Commission within the framework of Permanent . PIANC. ISBN 978-2-
87223-006-8. Retrieved 14 December 2011.
Vajda, Edward G. "The Ket and Other Yeniseian Peoples". Archived from the original
on 6 April 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2006.
Halman, Talah. A Millenium of Turkish Literature. p. 6.
Ian Blanchard (2001). Mining, Metallurgy and Minting in the Middle Ages: Asiatic
supremacy, 425-1125. Franz Steiner Verlag. pp. 271�272. ISBN 978-3-515-07958-7.
Archived from the original on 9 January 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2016.
Fisher, Raymond Henry (1943). The Russian Fur Trade, 1550-1700. University of
California Press.
Weinberg, Gerhard L. Visions of Victory: The Hopes of Eight World War II Leaders
Cambridge, England, United Kingdom:2005--Cambridge University Press [1] Archived 17
September 2011 at the Wayback Machine
David Hoffman (17 August 1998). "Wastes of War: Radioactivity Threatens a Mighty
River". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved
13 February 2015.
Coordinates: 71�50'0?N 82�40'0?E

External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Yenisei River.
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclop�dia Britannica article Yenisei.
Yenisey River at the Encyclop�dia Britannica
Photos of river around Krasnoyarsk area at Boston.com
William Barr, 'German paddle-steamers on the Yenisey 1878-84', The Journal of the
Hakluyt Society, August 2014.
Geographic data related to Yenisei River at OpenStreetMap
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KyzylPhysiographic provincesDrainage basins of the Kara SeaYenisei basin
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Yenisei River
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigationJump to search
For the bandy club Yenisey, see Yenisey Krasnoyarsk Bandy Club.

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this
article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be
challenged and removed.
Find sources: "Yenisei River" � news � newspapers � books � scholar � JSTOR (July
2007) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Yenisei
Beldir.jpg
Bii-Khem and Kaa-Khem near Kyzyl
Yeniseirivermap.png
The Yenisei basin, including Lake Baikal
Etymology from either Old Kyrgyz ???-??? (Ene-Sai, �mother river�) or
Evenki ??????? (Ion?ssi, �big water�)[1][2]
Native name ?????? (Russian)
Location
Country Mongolia, Russia
Region Tuva, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Khakassia, Irkutsk Oblast, Buryatia,
Zabaykalsky Krai
Cities Kyzyl, Shagonar, Sayanogorsk, Abakan, Divnogorsk, Krasnoyarsk,
Yeniseysk, Lesosibirsk, Igarka, Dudinka
Physical characteristics
Source Mungaragiyn-Gol
? location ridge Dod-Taygasyn-Noor, Mongolia
? coordinates 50�43'46?N 98�39'49?E
? elevation 3,351 m (10,994 ft)
Mouth Yenisei Gulf
? location Arctic Ocean, Russia
Length 3,438 km (2,136 mi)
Basin size 2,580,000 km2 (1,000,000 sq mi)
Discharge
? location Igarka[3]
? average 19,600 m3/s (690,000 cu ft/s)
? minimum 3,120 m3/s (110,000 cu ft/s)
? maximum 112,000 m3/s (4,000,000 cu ft/s)
Basin features
Tributaries
? right Angara, Lower Tunguska, Stony Tunguska River
The Yenisei (Russian: ?????�?, Yenis�y; Mongolian: ?????? ?????, Yenisei m�r�n;
Buryat: ?????? ?????, Gorlog m�ren; Tyvan: ????-???, Ulug-Hem; Khakas: ??? ???, Kim
sug)[4] also Romanised Yenisey, Enisei, Jenisej,[5] is the largest river system
flowing to the Arctic Ocean. It is the central of the three great Siberian rivers
that flow into the Arctic Ocean (the other two being the Ob and the Lena). Rising
in Mongolia, it follows a northerly course to the Yenisei Gulf in the Kara Sea,
with the Western Siberian Plain to the west and the Central Siberian Plateau to the
east. It drains a large part of central Siberia. Yenisei is the fifth-longest river
system in the world.

The maximum depth of the Yenisei is 24 metres (80 ft) and the average depth is 14
metres (45 ft). The depth of river outflow is 32 metres (106 ft) and inflow is 31
metres (101 ft).[clarification needed]

Contents
1 Course of the river
1.1 Tributaries
2 Lake Baikal
3 Flora and fauna
3.1 Taimyr reindeer herd
4 Navigation
5 History
6 Pollution
7 Gallery
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Course of the river

The confluence of the rivers Kaa-Khem and Piy-Khem from the height of bird flight
The river flows through Tuva, Khakassia[6] and the city of Krasnoyarsk.[7]

Tributaries
The river forms at the confluence of the Big Yenisei River and the Little Yenisei
River. The Yenisei tributaries include the Angara, Big Pit, Stony Tunguska, Bakhta,
Lower Tunguska, Kureika, Kan, Mana, Bazaikha, Dubches, Tanama, Kacha, Kem,
Khemchik, Abakan, Khantayka, Yeloguy, Big Kheta, Turukhan, Sym and Tuba rivers.[8]

Lake Baikal
Main article: Lake Baikal
The 320-kilometre (200 mi), partly navigable Upper Angara River feeds into the
northern end of Lake Baikal from the Buryat Republic but the largest inflow is from
the Selenga which forms a delta on the southeastern side.[9]

The river as seen from the trans-Siberian railway near Krasnoyarsk

Flora and fauna
The Yenisei River basin (excluding Lake Baikal and lakes of the Khantayka River
headwaters) is home to 55 native fish species, including two endemics: Gobio
sibiricus (a gobionine cyprinid) and Thymallus nigrescens [es] (a grayling).[10]
The grayling is restricted to Kh�vsg�l Nuur and its tributaries.[10] Most fish
found in the Yenisei River basin are relatively widespread Euro-Siberian or
Siberian species, such as northern pike (Esox lucius), common roach (Rutilus
rutilus), common dace (Leuciscus leuciscus), Siberian sculpin (Cottus poecilopus),
European perch (Perca fluviatilis) and Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio). The basin
is also home to many salmonids (trout, whitefish, charr, graylings, taimen and
relatives) and the Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii).[10]

The Yenisei River valley is habitat for numerous flora and fauna, with Siberian
pine and Siberian larch being notable tree species. In prehistoric times Scots
pine, Pinus sylvestris, was abundant in the Yenisei River valley circa 6000 BC.[11]
There are also numerous bird species present in the watershed, including, for
example, the hooded crow, Corvus cornix.[12]

Taimyr reindeer herd

The Taimyr reindeer herd, a migrating tundra reindeer (R.t. sibiricus), the largest
reindeer herd in the world,[13][14] migrated to winter grazing ranges along the
Yenisei River.[15]:336

Navigation

Inclined plane at Krasnoyarsk Dam

River steamers first came to the Yenesei River in 1864 and were brought in from
Holland and England across the icy Kara Sea. One was the SS Nikolai. The SS Thames
attempted to explore the river, overwintered in 1876, but was damaged in the ice
and eventually wrecked in the river. Success came with the steamers Frazer, Express
in 1878, and the next year, Moscow hauling supplies in and wheat out. The Dalman
reached Yeneisisk in 1881.

Imperial Russia placed river steamers on the massive river in an attempt to free up
communication with land-locked Siberia. One boat was the SS St. Nicholas which took
the future Tsar Nicholas II on his voyage to Siberia, and later conveyed Vladimir
Lenin to prison.

Engineers attempted to place river steamers on regular service on the river during
the building of the Trans-Siberian Railway. The boats were needed to bring in the
rails, engines and supplies. Captain Joseph Wiggins sailed the Orestes with rail
and parted out river steamers in 1893. However, the sea and river route proved very
difficult with several ships lost at sea and on the river. Both the Ob and Yenisei
mouths feed into very long inlets, several hundred kilometres in length, which are
shallow, ice bound and prone to high winds and thus treacherous for navigation.
After the completion of the railway, river traffic reduced only to local service as
the Arctic route and long river proved much too indirect a route.

The first recreation team to navigate the Yenisei's entire length, including its
violent upper tributary in Mongolia, was an Australian-Canadian effort completed in
September 2001. Ben Kozel, Tim Cope, Colin Angus and Remy Quinter were on this
team. Both Kozel and Angus wrote books detailing this expedition,[16] and a
documentary was produced for National Geographic Television.

A canal inclined plane was built on the river in 1985 at the Krasnoyarsk Dam.[17]

History
Nomadic tribes such as the Ket people and the Yugh people have lived along the
banks of the Yenisei river since ancient times, and this region is the location of
the Yeniseian language family. The Ket, numbering about 1000, are the only
survivors today of those who originally lived throughout central southern Siberia
near the river banks. Their extinct relatives included the Kotts, Assans, Arins,
Baikots and Pumpokols who lived further upriver to the south. The modern Ket lived
in the eastern middle areas of the river before being assimilated politically into
Russia during the 17th through 19th centuries.[18]

Some of the earliest known evidence of Turkic origins was found in the Yenisei
Valley in the form of stelae, stone monoliths and memorial tablets dating from
between the 7th and 9th centuries AD, along with some documents that were found in
China's Xinjiang region. The written evidence gathered from these sources tells of
battles fought between the Turks and the Chinese and other legends. There are also
examples of Uyghur poetry, though most have survived only in Chinese translation.
[19]

Wheat from the Yenisei was sold by Muslims and Uighurs during inadequate harvests
to Bukhara and Soghd during the Tahirid era.[20]

Russians first reached the upper Yenisei in 1605, travelling from the Ob River, up
the Ket River, portaging and then down the Yenisei as far as the Sym River.[21]

During World War II, Nazi Germany and the Japanese Empire agreed to divide Asia
along a line that followed the Yenisei River to the border of China and then along
the border of China and the Soviet Union.[22]

Pollution
Studies have shown that the Yenisei suffers from contamination caused by
radioactive discharges from a factory that produced bomb-grade plutonium in the
secret city of Krasnoyarsk-26, now known as Zheleznogorsk.[23]

Gallery

The bridge over the Yenisei in Krasnoyarsk, Russia, viewed from the left bank.

Vinogradovsky most, the bridge in Krasnoyarsk, Russia, viewed from the left bank

The Yenisei (left) and the Ob flow into Kara Sea.

See also
List of rivers of Russia
Sayano-Shushenskaya Dam
Yenisei Range
References
?????????, ????????? ????????? (30 August 1990).
"????????? : ?????????????, ?????" � via Google Books.
???????, ???????? (5 September 2017). "????, ???? ? ??????. ??? ???? ?? ?????".
Litres � via Google Books.
"Station: Igarka". Yenisei Basin. UNH / GRDC. Archived from the original on 24
September 2015. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
A.Ochir. "History of the Mongol Oirats" 1993
"Yenisei River". Hammond Quick & Easy Notebook Reference Atlas & Webster
Dictionary. Hammond. p. 31. ISBN 0843709227.
"Yenisei River: Siberia's blessing and curse". RT. 11 June 2010. Archived from the
original on 17 March 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
Alan Taylor (23 August 2013). "A Year on the Yenisei River". The Atlantic.
Archived from the original on 26 June 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
C Michael Hogan (13 May 2012). "Yenisei River". Encyclopedia of Earth. Archived
from the original on 17 May 2015. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
"Yenisei River". Geology Page. 4 February 2014. Archived from the original on 7
January 2019. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (2008). Yenisei. Archived 16 January 2017 at
the Wayback Machine Retrieved 16 July 2014.
Stein, Ruediger et al. 2003. Siberian river run-off in the Kara Sea, Proceedings
in Marine Sciences, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 488 pages
C. Michael Hogan. 2009. Hooded Crow: Corvus cornix, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed, N.
Stromberg Archived 26 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine
Russell, D.E.; Gunn, A. (20 November 2013). "Migratory Tundra Rangifer". NOAA
Arctic Research Program.
Kolpashikov, L.; Makhailov, V.; Russell, D. (2014). "The role of harvest,
predators and socio-political environment in the dynamics of the Taimyr wild
reindeer herd with some lessons for North America". Ecology and Society. JSTOR
26269762.
Baskin, Leonid M. (1986), "Differences in the ecology and behaviour of reindeer
populations in the USSR", Rangifer, Special Issue (1): 333�340, archived from the
original on 3 March 2016, retrieved 7 January 2015
Five Months in a Leaky Boat: A River Journey Through Siberia, Kozel, 2003, Pan
Macmillan
Permanent International Association of Navigation Congresses. (1989). Ship lifts:
report of a Study Commission within the framework of Permanent . PIANC. ISBN 978-2-
87223-006-8. Retrieved 14 December 2011.
Vajda, Edward G. "The Ket and Other Yeniseian Peoples". Archived from the original
on 6 April 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2006.
Halman, Talah. A Millenium of Turkish Literature. p. 6.
Ian Blanchard (2001). Mining, Metallurgy and Minting in the Middle Ages: Asiatic
supremacy, 425-1125. Franz Steiner Verlag. pp. 271�272. ISBN 978-3-515-07958-7.
Archived from the original on 9 January 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2016.
Fisher, Raymond Henry (1943). The Russian Fur Trade, 1550-1700. University of
California Press.
Weinberg, Gerhard L. Visions of Victory: The Hopes of Eight World War II Leaders
Cambridge, England, United Kingdom:2005--Cambridge University Press [1] Archived 17
September 2011 at the Wayback Machine
David Hoffman (17 August 1998). "Wastes of War: Radioactivity Threatens a Mighty
River". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved
13 February 2015.
Coordinates: 71�50'0?N 82�40'0?E

External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Yenisei River.
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclop�dia Britannica article Yenisei.
Yenisey River at the Encyclop�dia Britannica
Photos of river around Krasnoyarsk area at Boston.com
William Barr, 'German paddle-steamers on the Yenisey 1878-84', The Journal of the
Hakluyt Society, August 2014.
Geographic data related to Yenisei River at OpenStreetMap
vte
Regions of Asia
Central
Greater Middle EastAral Sea Aralkum DesertCaspian SeaDead SeaSea of
GalileeTartaryTransoxiana TuranGreater
KhorasanArianaArachosiaKhwarazmSistanKazakhstania Kazakh SteppeBetpak-DalaEurasian
Steppe Asian SteppeKazakh SteppePontic�Caspian steppeMongolian-Manchurian
grasslandWild Fields YedisanMuravsky TrailUral Ural MountainsVolga regionIdel-
UralPryazoviaBjarmalandKubanZalesyeIngriaNovorossiyaGornaya ShoriyaTulgasIranian
PlateauAltai MountainsPamir MountainsTian ShanBadakhshanWakhan CorridorWakhjir
PassMount ImeonMongolian PlateauWestern RegionsTaklamakan DesertKarakoram Trans-
Karakoram TractSiachen Glacier
North
Arctic Arctic CircleInner AsiaNortheastUral Ural MountainsFar East Russian Far
EastOkhotsk-Manchurian taigaBeringia Chukchi PeninsulaKamchatka PeninsulaExtreme
NorthTartarySiberia Baikalia (Lake Baikal)Baraba steppeKhatanga
GulfTransbaikalWestAmur BasinYenisei GulfYenisei BasinSikhote-AlinKolymaBering
StraitRing of FireOuter ManchuriaAsia-Pacific
East
OrientJapanese archipelago Northeastern Japan ArcSakhalin Island ArcKorean
PeninsulaGobi DesertTaklamakan DesertGreater KhinganMongolian PlateauInner
AsiaInner MongoliaOuter MongoliaChina properManchuria Outer ManchuriaInner
ManchuriaNortheast China PlainMongolian-Manchurian grasslandNorth China Plain Yan
MountainsKunlun MountainsLiaodong PeninsulaHigh-mountain Asia HimalayasTibetan
PlateauTibetKarakoramTarim BasinSichuan BasinNorthern Silk RoadHexi
CorridorNanzhongLingnanLiangguangJiangnanJianghuaiGuanzhongHuizhouWuJiaozhouZhongyu
anShaannanOrdos Loop Loess PlateauShaanbeiHamgyong MountainsCentral Mountain
RangeJapanese AlpsSuzuka MountainsLeizhou PeninsulaGulf of TonkinYangtze River
Yangtze River DeltaYellow RiverPearl River DeltaYenisei BasinAltai MountainsWakhan
CorridorWakhjir PassFar EastRing of FireAsia-PacificTropical Asia
West
Greater Middle East MENAMENASAMiddle EastRed Sea Hanish IslandsCaspian
SeaMediterranean SeaZagros Mountains ElamPersian Gulf Pirate CoastStrait of
HormuzGreater and Lesser TunbsAl-Faw PeninsulaGulf of OmanGulf of AqabaGulf of
AdenBalochistanArabian Peninsula Najd Al-YamamaHejazTihamahEastern ArabiaSouth
Arabia HadhramautArabian Peninsula coastal fog desertAl-
SharatTigris�EuphratesMesopotamia Upper MesopotamiaLower MesopotamiaSawadNineveh
plainsAkkad (region)BabyloniaCanaanAram Aram-NaharaimEber-NariSuhumEastern
MediterraneanMashriqKurdistanLevant Southern LevantTransjordanJordan Rift
ValleyLevantine SeaHoly Land PalestineLand of IsraelGolan HeightsHula
ValleyGalileeGileadJudeaSamariaArabahAnti-Lebanon MountainsSinai PeninsulaArabian
DesertSyrian DesertFertile CrescentAzerbaijanSyriaHauranIranian Plateau Dasht-e
KavirArmenian HighlandsCaucasus Caucasus Mountains Greater CaucasusLesser
CaucasusNorth CaucasusSouth Caucasus ShirvanKur-Araz LowlandLankaran
LowlandAlborzAbsheron PeninsulaKartliAnatolia Taurus
MountainsAeolisPaphlagoniaPhasianeIsauriaIoniaBithyniaCiliciaCappadociaCariaCorduen
eChaldiaDorisLycaoniaLyciaLydiaGalatiaPisidiaPontusMysiaArzawaSperi SopheneBiga
Peninsula TroadTuwanaAlpide belt
South
OrientGreater IndiaIndian subcontinentHimalayasHindu KushBactriaCarnatic
regionTamilakamWestern GhatsEastern GhatsGanges BasinGanges
DeltaGuzganPashtunistanPunjabBalochistan GedrosiaMakranMarathwadaKashmir Kashmir
ValleyPir Panjal RangeThar DesertIndus ValleyIndus River DeltaIndus Valley
DesertIndo-Gangetic PlainEastern Coastal Plains KalingaWestern Coastal
PlainsMeghalaya subtropical forestsMENASALower Gangetic plains moist deciduous
forestsNorthwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadowsDoabBagar tractGreat Rann of
KutchLittle Rann of KutchDeccan PlateauCoromandel CoastKonkanFalse Divi PointHindi
BeltLadakhAksai ChinGilgit-Baltistan BaltistanShigar ValleyHigh-mountain
AsiaKarakoram Saltoro MountainsSiachen GlacierBengal Bay of BengalGulf of
KhambhatGulf of Kutch HalarGulf of MannarTrans-Karakoram TractWakhan
CorridorWakhjir PassLakshadweep Laccadive IslandsAmindivi
IslandsParopamisadaeAndaman and Nicobar Islands Andaman IslandsNicobar
IslandsMaldive IslandsAlpide beltAsia-PacificTropical Asia
Southeast
OrientSundalandMainland IndochinaMalay PeninsulaNorthern Triangle temperate
forestsMaritime Peninsular MalaysiaSunda IslandsGreater Sunda IslandsLesser Sunda
IslandsIndonesian Archipelago WallaceaTimorPhilippine Archipelago
LuzonVisayasMindanaoLeyte GulfGulf of ThailandEast IndiesNanyangAlpide beltFar
EastRing of FireAsia-PacificTropical Asia
Authority control Edit this at Wikidata
GND: 4109125-5NKC: ge117635VIAF: 244579309WorldCat Identities (via VIAF): 244579309
Categories: Rivers of Krasnoyarsk KraiRivers of KhakassiaRivers of TuvaRivers of
KyzylPhysiographic provincesDrainage basins of the Kara SeaYenisei basin
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Yenisei River
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For the bandy club Yenisey, see Yenisey Krasnoyarsk Bandy Club.

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this
article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be
challenged and removed.
Find sources: "Yenisei River" � news � newspapers � books � scholar � JSTOR (July
2007) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Yenisei
Beldir.jpg
Bii-Khem and Kaa-Khem near Kyzyl
Yeniseirivermap.png
The Yenisei basin, including Lake Baikal
Etymology from either Old Kyrgyz ???-??? (Ene-Sai, �mother river�) or
Evenki ??????? (Ion?ssi, �big water�)[1][2]
Native name ?????? (Russian)
Location
Country Mongolia, Russia
Region Tuva, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Khakassia, Irkutsk Oblast, Buryatia,
Zabaykalsky Krai
Cities Kyzyl, Shagonar, Sayanogorsk, Abakan, Divnogorsk, Krasnoyarsk,
Yeniseysk, Lesosibirsk, Igarka, Dudinka
Physical characteristics
Source Mungaragiyn-Gol
? location ridge Dod-Taygasyn-Noor, Mongolia
? coordinates 50�43'46?N 98�39'49?E
? elevation 3,351 m (10,994 ft)
Mouth Yenisei Gulf
? location Arctic Ocean, Russia
Length 3,438 km (2,136 mi)
Basin size 2,580,000 km2 (1,000,000 sq mi)
Discharge
? location Igarka[3]
? average 19,600 m3/s (690,000 cu ft/s)
? minimum 3,120 m3/s (110,000 cu ft/s)
? maximum 112,000 m3/s (4,000,000 cu ft/s)
Basin features
Tributaries
? right Angara, Lower Tunguska, Stony Tunguska River
The Yenisei (Russian: ?????�?, Yenis�y; Mongolian: ?????? ?????, Yenisei m�r�n;
Buryat: ?????? ?????, Gorlog m�ren; Tyvan: ????-???, Ulug-Hem; Khakas: ??? ???, Kim
sug)[4] also Romanised Yenisey, Enisei, Jenisej,[5] is the largest river system
flowing to the Arctic Ocean. It is the central of the three great Siberian rivers
that flow into the Arctic Ocean (the other two being the Ob and the Lena). Rising
in Mongolia, it follows a northerly course to the Yenisei Gulf in the Kara Sea,
with the Western Siberian Plain to the west and the Central Siberian Plateau to the
east. It drains a large part of central Siberia. Yenisei is the fifth-longest river
system in the world.

The maximum depth of the Yenisei is 24 metres (80 ft) and the average depth is 14
metres (45 ft). The depth of river outflow is 32 metres (106 ft) and inflow is 31
metres (101 ft).[clarification needed]

Contents
1 Course of the river
1.1 Tributaries
2 Lake Baikal
3 Flora and fauna
3.1 Taimyr reindeer herd
4 Navigation
5 History
6 Pollution
7 Gallery
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Course of the river

The confluence of the rivers Kaa-Khem and Piy-Khem from the height of bird flight
The river flows through Tuva, Khakassia[6] and the city of Krasnoyarsk.[7]

Tributaries
The river forms at the confluence of the Big Yenisei River and the Little Yenisei
River. The Yenisei tributaries include the Angara, Big Pit, Stony Tunguska, Bakhta,
Lower Tunguska, Kureika, Kan, Mana, Bazaikha, Dubches, Tanama, Kacha, Kem,
Khemchik, Abakan, Khantayka, Yeloguy, Big Kheta, Turukhan, Sym and Tuba rivers.[8]

Lake Baikal
Main article: Lake Baikal
The 320-kilometre (200 mi), partly navigable Upper Angara River feeds into the
northern end of Lake Baikal from the Buryat Republic but the largest inflow is from
the Selenga which forms a delta on the southeastern side.[9]

The river as seen from the trans-Siberian railway near Krasnoyarsk

Flora and fauna
The Yenisei River basin (excluding Lake Baikal and lakes of the Khantayka River
headwaters) is home to 55 native fish species, including two endemics: Gobio
sibiricus (a gobionine cyprinid) and Thymallus nigrescens [es] (a grayling).[10]
The grayling is restricted to Kh�vsg�l Nuur and its tributaries.[10] Most fish
found in the Yenisei River basin are relatively widespread Euro-Siberian or
Siberian species, such as northern pike (Esox lucius), common roach (Rutilus
rutilus), common dace (Leuciscus leuciscus), Siberian sculpin (Cottus poecilopus),
European perch (Perca fluviatilis) and Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio). The basin
is also home to many salmonids (trout, whitefish, charr, graylings, taimen and
relatives) and the Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii).[10]

The Yenisei River valley is habitat for numerous flora and fauna, with Siberian
pine and Siberian larch being notable tree species. In prehistoric times Scots
pine, Pinus sylvestris, was abundant in the Yenisei River valley circa 6000 BC.[11]
There are also numerous bird species present in the watershed, including, for
example, the hooded crow, Corvus cornix.[12]

Taimyr reindeer herd

The Taimyr reindeer herd, a migrating tundra reindeer (R.t. sibiricus), the largest
reindeer herd in the world,[13][14] migrated to winter grazing ranges along the
Yenisei River.[15]:336

Navigation

Inclined plane at Krasnoyarsk Dam

River steamers first came to the Yenesei River in 1864 and were brought in from
Holland and England across the icy Kara Sea. One was the SS Nikolai. The SS Thames
attempted to explore the river, overwintered in 1876, but was damaged in the ice
and eventually wrecked in the river. Success came with the steamers Frazer, Express
in 1878, and the next year, Moscow hauling supplies in and wheat out. The Dalman
reached Yeneisisk in 1881.

Imperial Russia placed river steamers on the massive river in an attempt to free up
communication with land-locked Siberia. One boat was the SS St. Nicholas which took
the future Tsar Nicholas II on his voyage to Siberia, and later conveyed Vladimir
Lenin to prison.
Engineers attempted to place river steamers on regular service on the river during
the building of the Trans-Siberian Railway. The boats were needed to bring in the
rails, engines and supplies. Captain Joseph Wiggins sailed the Orestes with rail
and parted out river steamers in 1893. However, the sea and river route proved very
difficult with several ships lost at sea and on the river. Both the Ob and Yenisei
mouths feed into very long inlets, several hundred kilometres in length, which are
shallow, ice bound and prone to high winds and thus treacherous for navigation.
After the completion of the railway, river traffic reduced only to local service as
the Arctic route and long river proved much too indirect a route.

The first recreation team to navigate the Yenisei's entire length, including its
violent upper tributary in Mongolia, was an Australian-Canadian effort completed in
September 2001. Ben Kozel, Tim Cope, Colin Angus and Remy Quinter were on this
team. Both Kozel and Angus wrote books detailing this expedition,[16] and a
documentary was produced for National Geographic Television.

A canal inclined plane was built on the river in 1985 at the Krasnoyarsk Dam.[17]

History
Nomadic tribes such as the Ket people and the Yugh people have lived along the
banks of the Yenisei river since ancient times, and this region is the location of
the Yeniseian language family. The Ket, numbering about 1000, are the only
survivors today of those who originally lived throughout central southern Siberia
near the river banks. Their extinct relatives included the Kotts, Assans, Arins,
Baikots and Pumpokols who lived further upriver to the south. The modern Ket lived
in the eastern middle areas of the river before being assimilated politically into
Russia during the 17th through 19th centuries.[18]

Some of the earliest known evidence of Turkic origins was found in the Yenisei
Valley in the form of stelae, stone monoliths and memorial tablets dating from
between the 7th and 9th centuries AD, along with some documents that were found in
China's Xinjiang region. The written evidence gathered from these sources tells of
battles fought between the Turks and the Chinese and other legends. There are also
examples of Uyghur poetry, though most have survived only in Chinese translation.
[19]

Wheat from the Yenisei was sold by Muslims and Uighurs during inadequate harvests
to Bukhara and Soghd during the Tahirid era.[20]

Russians first reached the upper Yenisei in 1605, travelling from the Ob River, up
the Ket River, portaging and then down the Yenisei as far as the Sym River.[21]

During World War II, Nazi Germany and the Japanese Empire agreed to divide Asia
along a line that followed the Yenisei River to the border of China and then along
the border of China and the Soviet Union.[22]

Pollution
Studies have shown that the Yenisei suffers from contamination caused by
radioactive discharges from a factory that produced bomb-grade plutonium in the
secret city of Krasnoyarsk-26, now known as Zheleznogorsk.[23]

Gallery

The bridge over the Yenisei in Krasnoyarsk, Russia, viewed from the left bank.

Vinogradovsky most, the bridge in Krasnoyarsk, Russia, viewed from the left bank
The Yenisei (left) and the Ob flow into Kara Sea.

See also
List of rivers of Russia
Sayano-Shushenskaya Dam
Yenisei Range
References
?????????, ????????? ????????? (30 August 1990).
"????????? : ?????????????, ?????" � via Google Books.
???????, ???????? (5 September 2017). "????, ???? ? ??????. ??? ???? ?? ?????".
Litres � via Google Books.
"Station: Igarka". Yenisei Basin. UNH / GRDC. Archived from the original on 24
September 2015. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
A.Ochir. "History of the Mongol Oirats" 1993
"Yenisei River". Hammond Quick & Easy Notebook Reference Atlas & Webster
Dictionary. Hammond. p. 31. ISBN 0843709227.
"Yenisei River: Siberia's blessing and curse". RT. 11 June 2010. Archived from the
original on 17 March 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
Alan Taylor (23 August 2013). "A Year on the Yenisei River". The Atlantic.
Archived from the original on 26 June 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
C Michael Hogan (13 May 2012). "Yenisei River". Encyclopedia of Earth. Archived
from the original on 17 May 2015. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
"Yenisei River". Geology Page. 4 February 2014. Archived from the original on 7
January 2019. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (2008). Yenisei. Archived 16 January 2017 at
the Wayback Machine Retrieved 16 July 2014.
Stein, Ruediger et al. 2003. Siberian river run-off in the Kara Sea, Proceedings
in Marine Sciences, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 488 pages
C. Michael Hogan. 2009. Hooded Crow: Corvus cornix, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed, N.
Stromberg Archived 26 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine
Russell, D.E.; Gunn, A. (20 November 2013). "Migratory Tundra Rangifer". NOAA
Arctic Research Program.
Kolpashikov, L.; Makhailov, V.; Russell, D. (2014). "The role of harvest,
predators and socio-political environment in the dynamics of the Taimyr wild
reindeer herd with some lessons for North America". Ecology and Society. JSTOR
26269762.
Baskin, Leonid M. (1986), "Differences in the ecology and behaviour of reindeer
populations in the USSR", Rangifer, Special Issue (1): 333�340, archived from the
original on 3 March 2016, retrieved 7 January 2015
Five Months in a Leaky Boat: A River Journey Through Siberia, Kozel, 2003, Pan
Macmillan
Permanent International Association of Navigation Congresses. (1989). Ship lifts:
report of a Study Commission within the framework of Permanent . PIANC. ISBN 978-2-
87223-006-8. Retrieved 14 December 2011.
Vajda, Edward G. "The Ket and Other Yeniseian Peoples". Archived from the original
on 6 April 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2006.
Halman, Talah. A Millenium of Turkish Literature. p. 6.
Ian Blanchard (2001). Mining, Metallurgy and Minting in the Middle Ages: Asiatic
supremacy, 425-1125. Franz Steiner Verlag. pp. 271�272. ISBN 978-3-515-07958-7.
Archived from the original on 9 January 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2016.
Fisher, Raymond Henry (1943). The Russian Fur Trade, 1550-1700. University of
California Press.
Weinberg, Gerhard L. Visions of Victory: The Hopes of Eight World War II Leaders
Cambridge, England, United Kingdom:2005--Cambridge University Press [1] Archived 17
September 2011 at the Wayback Machine
David Hoffman (17 August 1998). "Wastes of War: Radioactivity Threatens a Mighty
River". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved
13 February 2015.
Coordinates: 71�50'0?N 82�40'0?E

External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Yenisei River.
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclop�dia Britannica article Yenisei.
Yenisey River at the Encyclop�dia Britannica
Photos of river around Krasnoyarsk area at Boston.com
William Barr, 'German paddle-steamers on the Yenisey 1878-84', The Journal of the
Hakluyt Society, August 2014.
Geographic data related to Yenisei River at OpenStreetMap
vte
Regions of Asia
Central
Greater Middle EastAral Sea Aralkum DesertCaspian SeaDead SeaSea of
GalileeTartaryTransoxiana TuranGreater
KhorasanArianaArachosiaKhwarazmSistanKazakhstania Kazakh SteppeBetpak-DalaEurasian
Steppe Asian SteppeKazakh SteppePontic�Caspian steppeMongolian-Manchurian
grasslandWild Fields YedisanMuravsky TrailUral Ural MountainsVolga regionIdel-
UralPryazoviaBjarmalandKubanZalesyeIngriaNovorossiyaGornaya ShoriyaTulgasIranian
PlateauAltai MountainsPamir MountainsTian ShanBadakhshanWakhan CorridorWakhjir
PassMount ImeonMongolian PlateauWestern RegionsTaklamakan DesertKarakoram Trans-
Karakoram TractSiachen Glacier
North
Arctic Arctic CircleInner AsiaNortheastUral Ural MountainsFar East Russian Far
EastOkhotsk-Manchurian taigaBeringia Chukchi PeninsulaKamchatka PeninsulaExtreme
NorthTartarySiberia Baikalia (Lake Baikal)Baraba steppeKhatanga
GulfTransbaikalWestAmur BasinYenisei GulfYenisei BasinSikhote-AlinKolymaBering
StraitRing of FireOuter ManchuriaAsia-Pacific
East
OrientJapanese archipelago Northeastern Japan ArcSakhalin Island ArcKorean
PeninsulaGobi DesertTaklamakan DesertGreater KhinganMongolian PlateauInner
AsiaInner MongoliaOuter MongoliaChina properManchuria Outer ManchuriaInner
ManchuriaNortheast China PlainMongolian-Manchurian grasslandNorth China Plain Yan
MountainsKunlun MountainsLiaodong PeninsulaHigh-mountain Asia HimalayasTibetan
PlateauTibetKarakoramTarim BasinSichuan BasinNorthern Silk RoadHexi
CorridorNanzhongLingnanLiangguangJiangnanJianghuaiGuanzhongHuizhouWuJiaozhouZhongyu
anShaannanOrdos Loop Loess PlateauShaanbeiHamgyong MountainsCentral Mountain
RangeJapanese AlpsSuzuka MountainsLeizhou PeninsulaGulf of TonkinYangtze River
Yangtze River DeltaYellow RiverPearl River DeltaYenisei BasinAltai MountainsWakhan
CorridorWakhjir PassFar EastRing of FireAsia-PacificTropical Asia
West
Greater Middle East MENAMENASAMiddle EastRed Sea Hanish IslandsCaspian
SeaMediterranean SeaZagros Mountains ElamPersian Gulf Pirate CoastStrait of
HormuzGreater and Lesser TunbsAl-Faw PeninsulaGulf of OmanGulf of AqabaGulf of
AdenBalochistanArabian Peninsula Najd Al-YamamaHejazTihamahEastern ArabiaSouth
Arabia HadhramautArabian Peninsula coastal fog desertAl-
SharatTigris�EuphratesMesopotamia Upper MesopotamiaLower MesopotamiaSawadNineveh
plainsAkkad (region)BabyloniaCanaanAram Aram-NaharaimEber-NariSuhumEastern
MediterraneanMashriqKurdistanLevant Southern LevantTransjordanJordan Rift
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ValleyGalileeGileadJudeaSamariaArabahAnti-Lebanon MountainsSinai PeninsulaArabian
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Peninsula TroadTuwanaAlpide belt
South
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regionTamilakamWestern GhatsEastern GhatsGanges BasinGanges
DeltaGuzganPashtunistanPunjabBalochistan GedrosiaMakranMarathwadaKashmir Kashmir
ValleyPir Panjal RangeThar DesertIndus ValleyIndus River DeltaIndus Valley
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forestsNorthwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadowsDoabBagar tractGreat Rann of
KutchLittle Rann of KutchDeccan PlateauCoromandel CoastKonkanFalse Divi PointHindi
BeltLadakhAksai ChinGilgit-Baltistan BaltistanShigar ValleyHigh-mountain
AsiaKarakoram Saltoro MountainsSiachen GlacierBengal Bay of BengalGulf of
KhambhatGulf of Kutch HalarGulf of MannarTrans-Karakoram TractWakhan
CorridorWakhjir PassLakshadweep Laccadive IslandsAmindivi
IslandsParopamisadaeAndaman and Nicobar Islands Andaman IslandsNicobar
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OrientSundalandMainland IndochinaMalay PeninsulaNorthern Triangle temperate
forestsMaritime Peninsular MalaysiaSunda IslandsGreater Sunda IslandsLesser Sunda
IslandsIndonesian Archipelago WallaceaTimorPhilippine Archipelago
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EastRing of FireAsia-PacificTropical Asia
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Categories: Rivers of Krasnoyarsk KraiRivers of KhakassiaRivers of TuvaRivers of
KyzylPhysiographic provincesDrainage basins of the Kara SeaYenisei basin
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Yenisei River
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigationJump to search
For the bandy club Yenisey, see Yenisey Krasnoyarsk Bandy Club.

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this
article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be
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Find sources: "Yenisei River" � news � newspapers � books � scholar � JSTOR (July
2007) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Yenisei
Beldir.jpg
Bii-Khem and Kaa-Khem near Kyzyl
Yeniseirivermap.png
The Yenisei basin, including Lake Baikal
Etymology from either Old Kyrgyz ???-??? (Ene-Sai, �mother river�) or
Evenki ??????? (Ion?ssi, �big water�)[1][2]
Native name ?????? (Russian)
Location
Country Mongolia, Russia
Region Tuva, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Khakassia, Irkutsk Oblast, Buryatia,
Zabaykalsky Krai
Cities Kyzyl, Shagonar, Sayanogorsk, Abakan, Divnogorsk, Krasnoyarsk,
Yeniseysk, Lesosibirsk, Igarka, Dudinka
Physical characteristics
Source Mungaragiyn-Gol
? location ridge Dod-Taygasyn-Noor, Mongolia
? coordinates 50�43'46?N 98�39'49?E
? elevation 3,351 m (10,994 ft)
Mouth Yenisei Gulf
? location Arctic Ocean, Russia
Length 3,438 km (2,136 mi)
Basin size 2,580,000 km2 (1,000,000 sq mi)
Discharge
? location Igarka[3]
? average 19,600 m3/s (690,000 cu ft/s)
? minimum 3,120 m3/s (110,000 cu ft/s)
? maximum 112,000 m3/s (4,000,000 cu ft/s)
Basin features
Tributaries
? right Angara, Lower Tunguska, Stony Tunguska River
The Yenisei (Russian: ?????�?, Yenis�y; Mongolian: ?????? ?????, Yenisei m�r�n;
Buryat: ?????? ?????, Gorlog m�ren; Tyvan: ????-???, Ulug-Hem; Khakas: ??? ???, Kim
sug)[4] also Romanised Yenisey, Enisei, Jenisej,[5] is the largest river system
flowing to the Arctic Ocean. It is the central of the three great Siberian rivers
that flow into the Arctic Ocean (the other two being the Ob and the Lena). Rising
in Mongolia, it follows a northerly course to the Yenisei Gulf in the Kara Sea,
with the Western Siberian Plain to the west and the Central Siberian Plateau to the
east. It drains a large part of central Siberia. Yenisei is the fifth-longest river
system in the world.

The maximum depth of the Yenisei is 24 metres (80 ft) and the average depth is 14
metres (45 ft). The depth of river outflow is 32 metres (106 ft) and inflow is 31
metres (101 ft).[clarification needed]

Contents
1 Course of the river
1.1 Tributaries
2 Lake Baikal
3 Flora and fauna
3.1 Taimyr reindeer herd
4 Navigation
5 History
6 Pollution
7 Gallery
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Course of the river

The confluence of the rivers Kaa-Khem and Piy-Khem from the height of bird flight
The river flows through Tuva, Khakassia[6] and the city of Krasnoyarsk.[7]

Tributaries
The river forms at the confluence of the Big Yenisei River and the Little Yenisei
River. The Yenisei tributaries include the Angara, Big Pit, Stony Tunguska, Bakhta,
Lower Tunguska, Kureika, Kan, Mana, Bazaikha, Dubches, Tanama, Kacha, Kem,
Khemchik, Abakan, Khantayka, Yeloguy, Big Kheta, Turukhan, Sym and Tuba rivers.[8]

Lake Baikal
Main article: Lake Baikal
The 320-kilometre (200 mi), partly navigable Upper Angara River feeds into the
northern end of Lake Baikal from the Buryat Republic but the largest inflow is from
the Selenga which forms a delta on the southeastern side.[9]

The river as seen from the trans-Siberian railway near Krasnoyarsk

Flora and fauna
The Yenisei River basin (excluding Lake Baikal and lakes of the Khantayka River
headwaters) is home to 55 native fish species, including two endemics: Gobio
sibiricus (a gobionine cyprinid) and Thymallus nigrescens [es] (a grayling).[10]
The grayling is restricted to Kh�vsg�l Nuur and its tributaries.[10] Most fish
found in the Yenisei River basin are relatively widespread Euro-Siberian or
Siberian species, such as northern pike (Esox lucius), common roach (Rutilus
rutilus), common dace (Leuciscus leuciscus), Siberian sculpin (Cottus poecilopus),
European perch (Perca fluviatilis) and Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio). The basin
is also home to many salmonids (trout, whitefish, charr, graylings, taimen and
relatives) and the Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii).[10]

The Yenisei River valley is habitat for numerous flora and fauna, with Siberian
pine and Siberian larch being notable tree species. In prehistoric times Scots
pine, Pinus sylvestris, was abundant in the Yenisei River valley circa 6000 BC.[11]
There are also numerous bird species present in the watershed, including, for
example, the hooded crow, Corvus cornix.[12]

Taimyr reindeer herd

The Taimyr reindeer herd, a migrating tundra reindeer (R.t. sibiricus), the largest
reindeer herd in the world,[13][14] migrated to winter grazing ranges along the
Yenisei River.[15]:336

Navigation

Inclined plane at Krasnoyarsk Dam

River steamers first came to the Yenesei River in 1864 and were brought in from
Holland and England across the icy Kara Sea. One was the SS Nikolai. The SS Thames
attempted to explore the river, overwintered in 1876, but was damaged in the ice
and eventually wrecked in the river. Success came with the steamers Frazer, Express
in 1878, and the next year, Moscow hauling supplies in and wheat out. The Dalman
reached Yeneisisk in 1881.

Imperial Russia placed river steamers on the massive river in an attempt to free up
communication with land-locked Siberia. One boat was the SS St. Nicholas which took
the future Tsar Nicholas II on his voyage to Siberia, and later conveyed Vladimir
Lenin to prison.

Engineers attempted to place river steamers on regular service on the river during
the building of the Trans-Siberian Railway. The boats were needed to bring in the
rails, engines and supplies. Captain Joseph Wiggins sailed the Orestes with rail
and parted out river steamers in 1893. However, the sea and river route proved very
difficult with several ships lost at sea and on the river. Both the Ob and Yenisei
mouths feed into very long inlets, several hundred kilometres in length, which are
shallow, ice bound and prone to high winds and thus treacherous for navigation.
After the completion of the railway, river traffic reduced only to local service as
the Arctic route and long river proved much too indirect a route.

The first recreation team to navigate the Yenisei's entire length, including its
violent upper tributary in Mongolia, was an Australian-Canadian effort completed in
September 2001. Ben Kozel, Tim Cope, Colin Angus and Remy Quinter were on this
team. Both Kozel and Angus wrote books detailing this expedition,[16] and a
documentary was produced for National Geographic Television.

A canal inclined plane was built on the river in 1985 at the Krasnoyarsk Dam.[17]

History
Nomadic tribes such as the Ket people and the Yugh people have lived along the
banks of the Yenisei river since ancient times, and this region is the location of
the Yeniseian language family. The Ket, numbering about 1000, are the only
survivors today of those who originally lived throughout central southern Siberia
near the river banks. Their extinct relatives included the Kotts, Assans, Arins,
Baikots and Pumpokols who lived further upriver to the south. The modern Ket lived
in the eastern middle areas of the river before being assimilated politically into
Russia during the 17th through 19th centuries.[18]

Some of the earliest known evidence of Turkic origins was found in the Yenisei
Valley in the form of stelae, stone monoliths and memorial tablets dating from
between the 7th and 9th centuries AD, along with some documents that were found in
China's Xinjiang region. The written evidence gathered from these sources tells of
battles fought between the Turks and the Chinese and other legends. There are also
examples of Uyghur poetry, though most have survived only in Chinese translation.
[19]

Wheat from the Yenisei was sold by Muslims and Uighurs during inadequate harvests
to Bukhara and Soghd during the Tahirid era.[20]

Russians first reached the upper Yenisei in 1605, travelling from the Ob River, up
the Ket River, portaging and then down the Yenisei as far as the Sym River.[21]

During World War II, Nazi Germany and the Japanese Empire agreed to divide Asia
along a line that followed the Yenisei River to the border of China and then along
the border of China and the Soviet Union.[22]

Pollution
Studies have shown that the Yenisei suffers from contamination caused by
radioactive discharges from a factory that produced bomb-grade plutonium in the
secret city of Krasnoyarsk-26, now known as Zheleznogorsk.[23]

Gallery

The bridge over the Yenisei in Krasnoyarsk, Russia, viewed from the left bank.

Vinogradovsky most, the bridge in Krasnoyarsk, Russia, viewed from the left bank

The Yenisei (left) and the Ob flow into Kara Sea.

See also
List of rivers of Russia
Sayano-Shushenskaya Dam
Yenisei Range
References
?????????, ????????? ????????? (30 August 1990).
"????????? : ?????????????, ?????" � via Google Books.
???????, ???????? (5 September 2017). "????, ???? ? ??????. ??? ???? ?? ?????".
Litres � via Google Books.
"Station: Igarka". Yenisei Basin. UNH / GRDC. Archived from the original on 24
September 2015. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
A.Ochir. "History of the Mongol Oirats" 1993
"Yenisei River". Hammond Quick & Easy Notebook Reference Atlas & Webster
Dictionary. Hammond. p. 31. ISBN 0843709227.
"Yenisei River: Siberia's blessing and curse". RT. 11 June 2010. Archived from the
original on 17 March 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
Alan Taylor (23 August 2013). "A Year on the Yenisei River". The Atlantic.
Archived from the original on 26 June 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
C Michael Hogan (13 May 2012). "Yenisei River". Encyclopedia of Earth. Archived
from the original on 17 May 2015. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
"Yenisei River". Geology Page. 4 February 2014. Archived from the original on 7
January 2019. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (2008). Yenisei. Archived 16 January 2017 at
the Wayback Machine Retrieved 16 July 2014.
Stein, Ruediger et al. 2003. Siberian river run-off in the Kara Sea, Proceedings
in Marine Sciences, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 488 pages
C. Michael Hogan. 2009. Hooded Crow: Corvus cornix, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed, N.
Stromberg Archived 26 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine
Russell, D.E.; Gunn, A. (20 November 2013). "Migratory Tundra Rangifer". NOAA
Arctic Research Program.
 Kolpashikov, L.; Makhailov, V.; Russell, D. (2014). "The role of harvest,
predators and socio-political environment in the dynamics of the Taimyr wild
reindeer herd with some lessons for North America". Ecology and Society. JSTOR
26269762.
Baskin, Leonid M. (1986), "Differences in the ecology and behaviour of reindeer
populations in the USSR", Rangifer, Special Issue (1): 333�340, archived from the
original on 3 March 2016, retrieved 7 January 2015
Five Months in a Leaky Boat: A River Journey Through Siberia, Kozel, 2003, Pan
Macmillan
Permanent International Association of Navigation Congresses. (1989). Ship lifts:
report of a Study Commission within the framework of Permanent . PIANC. ISBN 978-2-
87223-006-8. Retrieved 14 December 2011.
Vajda, Edward G. "The Ket and Other Yeniseian Peoples". Archived from the original
on 6 April 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2006.
Halman, Talah. A Millenium of Turkish Literature. p. 6.
Ian Blanchard (2001). Mining, Metallurgy and Minting in the Middle Ages: Asiatic
supremacy, 425-1125. Franz Steiner Verlag. pp. 271�272. ISBN 978-3-515-07958-7.
Archived from the original on 9 January 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2016.
Fisher, Raymond Henry (1943). The Russian Fur Trade, 1550-1700. University of
California Press.
Weinberg, Gerhard L. Visions of Victory: The Hopes of Eight World War II Leaders
Cambridge, England, United Kingdom:2005--Cambridge University Press [1] Archived 17
September 2011 at the Wayback Machine
David Hoffman (17 August 1998). "Wastes of War: Radioactivity Threatens a Mighty
River". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved
13 February 2015.
Coordinates: 71�50'0?N 82�40'0?E

External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Yenisei River.
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclop�dia Britannica article Yenisei.
Yenisey River at the Encyclop�dia Britannica
Photos of river around Krasnoyarsk area at Boston.com
William Barr, 'German paddle-steamers on the Yenisey 1878-84', The Journal of the
Hakluyt Society, August 2014.
Geographic data related to Yenisei River at OpenStreetMap
vte
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Central
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GalileeTartaryTransoxiana TuranGreater
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grasslandWild Fields YedisanMuravsky TrailUral Ural MountainsVolga regionIdel-
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NorthTartarySiberia Baikalia (Lake Baikal)Baraba steppeKhatanga
GulfTransbaikalWestAmur BasinYenisei GulfYenisei BasinSikhote-AlinKolymaBering
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plainsAkkad (region)BabyloniaCanaanAram Aram-NaharaimEber-NariSuhumEastern
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ValleyLevantine SeaHoly Land PalestineLand of IsraelGolan HeightsHula
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regionTamilakamWestern GhatsEastern GhatsGanges BasinGanges
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ValleyPir Panjal RangeThar DesertIndus ValleyIndus River DeltaIndus Valley
DesertIndo-Gangetic PlainEastern Coastal Plains KalingaWestern Coastal
PlainsMeghalaya subtropical forestsMENASALower Gangetic plains moist deciduous
forestsNorthwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadowsDoabBagar tractGreat Rann of
KutchLittle Rann of KutchDeccan PlateauCoromandel CoastKonkanFalse Divi PointHindi
BeltLadakhAksai ChinGilgit-Baltistan BaltistanShigar ValleyHigh-mountain
AsiaKarakoram Saltoro MountainsSiachen GlacierBengal Bay of BengalGulf of
KhambhatGulf of Kutch HalarGulf of MannarTrans-Karakoram TractWakhan
CorridorWakhjir PassLakshadweep Laccadive IslandsAmindivi
IslandsParopamisadaeAndaman and Nicobar Islands Andaman IslandsNicobar
IslandsMaldive IslandsAlpide beltAsia-PacificTropical Asia
Southeast
OrientSundalandMainland IndochinaMalay PeninsulaNorthern Triangle temperate
forestsMaritime Peninsular MalaysiaSunda IslandsGreater Sunda IslandsLesser Sunda
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KyzylPhysiographic provincesDrainage basins of the Kara SeaYenisei basin
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Yenisei River
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigationJump to search
For the bandy club Yenisey, see Yenisey Krasnoyarsk Bandy Club.

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this
article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be
challenged and removed.
Find sources: "Yenisei River" � news � newspapers � books � scholar � JSTOR (July
2007) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Yenisei
Beldir.jpg
Bii-Khem and Kaa-Khem near Kyzyl
Yeniseirivermap.png
The Yenisei basin, including Lake Baikal
Etymology from either Old Kyrgyz ???-??? (Ene-Sai, �mother river�) or
Evenki ??????? (Ion?ssi, �big water�)[1][2]
Native name ?????? (Russian)
Location
Country Mongolia, Russia
Region Tuva, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Khakassia, Irkutsk Oblast, Buryatia,
Zabaykalsky Krai
Cities Kyzyl, Shagonar, Sayanogorsk, Abakan, Divnogorsk, Krasnoyarsk,
Yeniseysk, Lesosibirsk, Igarka, Dudinka
Physical characteristics
Source Mungaragiyn-Gol
? location ridge Dod-Taygasyn-Noor, Mongolia
? coordinates 50�43'46?N 98�39'49?E
? elevation 3,351 m (10,994 ft)
Mouth Yenisei Gulf
? location Arctic Ocean, Russia
Length 3,438 km (2,136 mi)
Basin size 2,580,000 km2 (1,000,000 sq mi)
Discharge
? location Igarka[3]
? average 19,600 m3/s (690,000 cu ft/s)
? minimum 3,120 m3/s (110,000 cu ft/s)
? maximum 112,000 m3/s (4,000,000 cu ft/s)
Basin features
Tributaries
? right Angara, Lower Tunguska, Stony Tunguska River
The Yenisei (Russian: ?????�?, Yenis�y; Mongolian: ?????? ?????, Yenisei m�r�n;
Buryat: ?????? ?????, Gorlog m�ren; Tyvan: ????-???, Ulug-Hem; Khakas: ??? ???, Kim
sug)[4] also Romanised Yenisey, Enisei, Jenisej,[5] is the largest river system
flowing to the Arctic Ocean. It is the central of the three great Siberian rivers
that flow into the Arctic Ocean (the other two being the Ob and the Lena). Rising
in Mongolia, it follows a northerly course to the Yenisei Gulf in the Kara Sea,
with the Western Siberian Plain to the west and the Central Siberian Plateau to the
east. It drains a large part of central Siberia. Yenisei is the fifth-longest river
system in the world.

The maximum depth of the Yenisei is 24 metres (80 ft) and the average depth is 14
metres (45 ft). The depth of river outflow is 32 metres (106 ft) and inflow is 31
metres (101 ft).[clarification needed]

Contents
1 Course of the river
1.1 Tributaries
2 Lake Baikal
3 Flora and fauna
3.1 Taimyr reindeer herd
4 Navigation
5 History
6 Pollution
7 Gallery
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Course of the river

The confluence of the rivers Kaa-Khem and Piy-Khem from the height of bird flight
The river flows through Tuva, Khakassia[6] and the city of Krasnoyarsk.[7]

Tributaries
The river forms at the confluence of the Big Yenisei River and the Little Yenisei
River. The Yenisei tributaries include the Angara, Big Pit, Stony Tunguska, Bakhta,
Lower Tunguska, Kureika, Kan, Mana, Bazaikha, Dubches, Tanama, Kacha, Kem,
Khemchik, Abakan, Khantayka, Yeloguy, Big Kheta, Turukhan, Sym and Tuba rivers.[8]

Lake Baikal
Main article: Lake Baikal
The 320-kilometre (200 mi), partly navigable Upper Angara River feeds into the
northern end of Lake Baikal from the Buryat Republic but the largest inflow is from
the Selenga which forms a delta on the southeastern side.[9]

The river as seen from the trans-Siberian railway near Krasnoyarsk

Flora and fauna
The Yenisei River basin (excluding Lake Baikal and lakes of the Khantayka River
headwaters) is home to 55 native fish species, including two endemics: Gobio
sibiricus (a gobionine cyprinid) and Thymallus nigrescens [es] (a grayling).[10]
The grayling is restricted to Kh�vsg�l Nuur and its tributaries.[10] Most fish
found in the Yenisei River basin are relatively widespread Euro-Siberian or
Siberian species, such as northern pike (Esox lucius), common roach (Rutilus
rutilus), common dace (Leuciscus leuciscus), Siberian sculpin (Cottus poecilopus),
European perch (Perca fluviatilis) and Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio). The basin
is also home to many salmonids (trout, whitefish, charr, graylings, taimen and
relatives) and the Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii).[10]

The Yenisei River valley is habitat for numerous flora and fauna, with Siberian
pine and Siberian larch being notable tree species. In prehistoric times Scots
pine, Pinus sylvestris, was abundant in the Yenisei River valley circa 6000 BC.[11]
There are also numerous bird species present in the watershed, including, for
example, the hooded crow, Corvus cornix.[12]

Taimyr reindeer herd

The Taimyr reindeer herd, a migrating tundra reindeer (R.t. sibiricus), the largest
reindeer herd in the world,[13][14] migrated to winter grazing ranges along the
Yenisei River.[15]:336

Navigation

Inclined plane at Krasnoyarsk Dam

River steamers first came to the Yenesei River in 1864 and were brought in from
Holland and England across the icy Kara Sea. One was the SS Nikolai. The SS Thames
attempted to explore the river, overwintered in 1876, but was damaged in the ice
and eventually wrecked in the river. Success came with the steamers Frazer, Express
in 1878, and the next year, Moscow hauling supplies in and wheat out. The Dalman
reached Yeneisisk in 1881.

Imperial Russia placed river steamers on the massive river in an attempt to free up
communication with land-locked Siberia. One boat was the SS St. Nicholas which took
the future Tsar Nicholas II on his voyage to Siberia, and later conveyed Vladimir
Lenin to prison.

Engineers attempted to place river steamers on regular service on the river during
the building of the Trans-Siberian Railway. The boats were needed to bring in the
rails, engines and supplies. Captain Joseph Wiggins sailed the Orestes with rail
and parted out river steamers in 1893. However, the sea and river route proved very
difficult with several ships lost at sea and on the river. Both the Ob and Yenisei
mouths feed into very long inlets, several hundred kilometres in length, which are
shallow, ice bound and prone to high winds and thus treacherous for navigation.
After the completion of the railway, river traffic reduced only to local service as
the Arctic route and long river proved much too indirect a route.
The first recreation team to navigate the Yenisei's entire length, including its
violent upper tributary in Mongolia, was an Australian-Canadian effort completed in
September 2001. Ben Kozel, Tim Cope, Colin Angus and Remy Quinter were on this
team. Both Kozel and Angus wrote books detailing this expedition,[16] and a
documentary was produced for National Geographic Television.

A canal inclined plane was built on the river in 1985 at the Krasnoyarsk Dam.[17]

History
Nomadic tribes such as the Ket people and the Yugh people have lived along the
banks of the Yenisei river since ancient times, and this region is the location of
the Yeniseian language family. The Ket, numbering about 1000, are the only
survivors today of those who originally lived throughout central southern Siberia
near the river banks. Their extinct relatives included the Kotts, Assans, Arins,
Baikots and Pumpokols who lived further upriver to the south. The modern Ket lived
in the eastern middle areas of the river before being assimilated politically into
Russia during the 17th through 19th centuries.[18]

Some of the earliest known evidence of Turkic origins was found in the Yenisei
Valley in the form of stelae, stone monoliths and memorial tablets dating from
between the 7th and 9th centuries AD, along with some documents that were found in
China's Xinjiang region. The written evidence gathered from these sources tells of
battles fought between the Turks and the Chinese and other legends. There are also
examples of Uyghur poetry, though most have survived only in Chinese translation.
[19]

Wheat from the Yenisei was sold by Muslims and Uighurs during inadequate harvests
to Bukhara and Soghd during the Tahirid era.[20]

Russians first reached the upper Yenisei in 1605, travelling from the Ob River, up
the Ket River, portaging and then down the Yenisei as far as the Sym River.[21]

During World War II, Nazi Germany and the Japanese Empire agreed to divide Asia
along a line that followed the Yenisei River to the border of China and then along
the border of China and the Soviet Union.[22]

Pollution
Studies have shown that the Yenisei suffers from contamination caused by
radioactive discharges from a factory that produced bomb-grade plutonium in the
secret city of Krasnoyarsk-26, now known as Zheleznogorsk.[23]

Gallery

The bridge over the Yenisei in Krasnoyarsk, Russia, viewed from the left bank.

Vinogradovsky most, the bridge in Krasnoyarsk, Russia, viewed from the left bank

The Yenisei (left) and the Ob flow into Kara Sea.

See also
List of rivers of Russia
Sayano-Shushenskaya Dam
Yenisei Range
References
 ?????????, ????????? ????????? (30 August 1990).
"????????? : ?????????????, ?????" � via Google Books.
???????, ???????? (5 September 2017). "????, ???? ? ??????. ??? ???? ?? ?????".
Litres � via Google Books.
"Station: Igarka". Yenisei Basin. UNH / GRDC. Archived from the original on 24
September 2015. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
A.Ochir. "History of the Mongol Oirats" 1993
"Yenisei River". Hammond Quick & Easy Notebook Reference Atlas & Webster
Dictionary. Hammond. p. 31. ISBN 0843709227.
"Yenisei River: Siberia's blessing and curse". RT. 11 June 2010. Archived from the
original on 17 March 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
Alan Taylor (23 August 2013). "A Year on the Yenisei River". The Atlantic.
Archived from the original on 26 June 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
C Michael Hogan (13 May 2012). "Yenisei River". Encyclopedia of Earth. Archived
from the original on 17 May 2015. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
"Yenisei River". Geology Page. 4 February 2014. Archived from the original on 7
January 2019. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (2008). Yenisei. Archived 16 January 2017 at
the Wayback Machine Retrieved 16 July 2014.
Stein, Ruediger et al. 2003. Siberian river run-off in the Kara Sea, Proceedings
in Marine Sciences, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 488 pages
C. Michael Hogan. 2009. Hooded Crow: Corvus cornix, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed, N.
Stromberg Archived 26 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine
Russell, D.E.; Gunn, A. (20 November 2013). "Migratory Tundra Rangifer". NOAA
Arctic Research Program.
Kolpashikov, L.; Makhailov, V.; Russell, D. (2014). "The role of harvest,
predators and socio-political environment in the dynamics of the Taimyr wild
reindeer herd with some lessons for North America". Ecology and Society. JSTOR
26269762.
Baskin, Leonid M. (1986), "Differences in the ecology and behaviour of reindeer
populations in the USSR", Rangifer, Special Issue (1): 333�340, archived from the
original on 3 March 2016, retrieved 7 January 2015
Five Months in a Leaky Boat: A River Journey Through Siberia, Kozel, 2003, Pan
Macmillan
Permanent International Association of Navigation Congresses. (1989). Ship lifts:
report of a Study Commission within the framework of Permanent . PIANC. ISBN 978-2-
87223-006-8. Retrieved 14 December 2011.
Vajda, Edward G. "The Ket and Other Yeniseian Peoples". Archived from the original
on 6 April 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2006.
Halman, Talah. A Millenium of Turkish Literature. p. 6.
Ian Blanchard (2001). Mining, Metallurgy and Minting in the Middle Ages: Asiatic
supremacy, 425-1125. Franz Steiner Verlag. pp. 271�272. ISBN 978-3-515-07958-7.
Archived from the original on 9 January 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2016.
Fisher, Raymond Henry (1943). The Russian Fur Trade, 1550-1700. University of
California Press.
Weinberg, Gerhard L. Visions of Victory: The Hopes of Eight World War II Leaders
Cambridge, England, United Kingdom:2005--Cambridge University Press [1] Archived 17
September 2011 at the Wayback Machine
David Hoffman (17 August 1998). "Wastes of War: Radioactivity Threatens a Mighty
River". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved
13 February 2015.
Coordinates: 71�50'0?N 82�40'0?E

External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Yenisei River.
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclop�dia Britannica article Yenisei.
Yenisey River at the Encyclop�dia Britannica
Photos of river around Krasnoyarsk area at Boston.com
William Barr, 'German paddle-steamers on the Yenisey 1878-84', The Journal of the
Hakluyt Society, August 2014.
Geographic data related to Yenisei River at OpenStreetMap
vte
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GND: 4109125-5NKC: ge117635VIAF: 244579309WorldCat Identities (via VIAF): 244579309
Categories: Rivers of Krasnoyarsk KraiRivers of KhakassiaRivers of TuvaRivers of
KyzylPhysiographic provincesDrainage basins of the Kara SeaYenisei basin
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Yenisei River
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For the bandy club Yenisey, see Yenisey Krasnoyarsk Bandy Club.

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this
article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be
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Yenisei
Beldir.jpg
Bii-Khem and Kaa-Khem near Kyzyl
Yeniseirivermap.png
The Yenisei basin, including Lake Baikal
Etymology from either Old Kyrgyz ???-??? (Ene-Sai, �mother river�) or
Evenki ??????? (Ion?ssi, �big water�)[1][2]
Native name ?????? (Russian)
Location
Country Mongolia, Russia
Region Tuva, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Khakassia, Irkutsk Oblast, Buryatia,
Zabaykalsky Krai
Cities Kyzyl, Shagonar, Sayanogorsk, Abakan, Divnogorsk, Krasnoyarsk,
Yeniseysk, Lesosibirsk, Igarka, Dudinka
Physical characteristics
Source Mungaragiyn-Gol
? location ridge Dod-Taygasyn-Noor, Mongolia
? coordinates 50�43'46?N 98�39'49?E
? elevation 3,351 m (10,994 ft)
Mouth Yenisei Gulf
? location Arctic Ocean, Russia
Length 3,438 km (2,136 mi)
Basin size 2,580,000 km2 (1,000,000 sq mi)
Discharge
? location Igarka[3]
? average 19,600 m3/s (690,000 cu ft/s)
? minimum 3,120 m3/s (110,000 cu ft/s)
? maximum 112,000 m3/s (4,000,000 cu ft/s)
Basin features
Tributaries
? right Angara, Lower Tunguska, Stony Tunguska River
The Yenisei (Russian: ?????�?, Yenis�y; Mongolian: ?????? ?????, Yenisei m�r�n;
Buryat: ?????? ?????, Gorlog m�ren; Tyvan: ????-???, Ulug-Hem; Khakas: ??? ???, Kim
sug)[4] also Romanised Yenisey, Enisei, Jenisej,[5] is the largest river system
flowing to the Arctic Ocean. It is the central of the three great Siberian rivers
that flow into the Arctic Ocean (the other two being the Ob and the Lena). Rising
in Mongolia, it follows a northerly course to the Yenisei Gulf in the Kara Sea,
with the Western Siberian Plain to the west and the Central Siberian Plateau to the
east. It drains a large part of central Siberia. Yenisei is the fifth-longest river
system in the world.
The maximum depth of the Yenisei is 24 metres (80 ft) and the average depth is 14
metres (45 ft). The depth of river outflow is 32 metres (106 ft) and inflow is 31
metres (101 ft).[clarification needed]

Contents
1 Course of the river
1.1 Tributaries
2 Lake Baikal
3 Flora and fauna
3.1 Taimyr reindeer herd
4 Navigation
5 History
6 Pollution
7 Gallery
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Course of the river

The confluence of the rivers Kaa-Khem and Piy-Khem from the height of bird flight
The river flows through Tuva, Khakassia[6] and the city of Krasnoyarsk.[7]

Tributaries
The river forms at the confluence of the Big Yenisei River and the Little Yenisei
River. The Yenisei tributaries include the Angara, Big Pit, Stony Tunguska, Bakhta,
Lower Tunguska, Kureika, Kan, Mana, Bazaikha, Dubches, Tanama, Kacha, Kem,
Khemchik, Abakan, Khantayka, Yeloguy, Big Kheta, Turukhan, Sym and Tuba rivers.[8]

Lake Baikal
Main article: Lake Baikal
The 320-kilometre (200 mi), partly navigable Upper Angara River feeds into the
northern end of Lake Baikal from the Buryat Republic but the largest inflow is from
the Selenga which forms a delta on the southeastern side.[9]

The river as seen from the trans-Siberian railway near Krasnoyarsk

Flora and fauna
The Yenisei River basin (excluding Lake Baikal and lakes of the Khantayka River
headwaters) is home to 55 native fish species, including two endemics: Gobio
sibiricus (a gobionine cyprinid) and Thymallus nigrescens [es] (a grayling).[10]
The grayling is restricted to Kh�vsg�l Nuur and its tributaries.[10] Most fish
found in the Yenisei River basin are relatively widespread Euro-Siberian or
Siberian species, such as northern pike (Esox lucius), common roach (Rutilus
rutilus), common dace (Leuciscus leuciscus), Siberian sculpin (Cottus poecilopus),
European perch (Perca fluviatilis) and Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio). The basin
is also home to many salmonids (trout, whitefish, charr, graylings, taimen and
relatives) and the Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii).[10]

The Yenisei River valley is habitat for numerous flora and fauna, with Siberian
pine and Siberian larch being notable tree species. In prehistoric times Scots
pine, Pinus sylvestris, was abundant in the Yenisei River valley circa 6000 BC.[11]
There are also numerous bird species present in the watershed, including, for
example, the hooded crow, Corvus cornix.[12]

Taimyr reindeer herd

The Taimyr reindeer herd, a migrating tundra reindeer (R.t. sibiricus), the largest
reindeer herd in the world,[13][14] migrated to winter grazing ranges along the
Yenisei River.[15]:336
Navigation

Inclined plane at Krasnoyarsk Dam

River steamers first came to the Yenesei River in 1864 and were brought in from
Holland and England across the icy Kara Sea. One was the SS Nikolai. The SS Thames
attempted to explore the river, overwintered in 1876, but was damaged in the ice
and eventually wrecked in the river. Success came with the steamers Frazer, Express
in 1878, and the next year, Moscow hauling supplies in and wheat out. The Dalman
reached Yeneisisk in 1881.

Imperial Russia placed river steamers on the massive river in an attempt to free up
communication with land-locked Siberia. One boat was the SS St. Nicholas which took
the future Tsar Nicholas II on his voyage to Siberia, and later conveyed Vladimir
Lenin to prison.

Engineers attempted to place river steamers on regular service on the river during
the building of the Trans-Siberian Railway. The boats were needed to bring in the
rails, engines and supplies. Captain Joseph Wiggins sailed the Orestes with rail
and parted out river steamers in 1893. However, the sea and river route proved very
difficult with several ships lost at sea and on the river. Both the Ob and Yenisei
mouths feed into very long inlets, several hundred kilometres in length, which are
shallow, ice bound and prone to high winds and thus treacherous for navigation.
After the completion of the railway, river traffic reduced only to local service as
the Arctic route and long river proved much too indirect a route.

The first recreation team to navigate the Yenisei's entire length, including its
violent upper tributary in Mongolia, was an Australian-Canadian effort completed in
September 2001. Ben Kozel, Tim Cope, Colin Angus and Remy Quinter were on this
team. Both Kozel and Angus wrote books detailing this expedition,[16] and a
documentary was produced for National Geographic Television.

A canal inclined plane was built on the river in 1985 at the Krasnoyarsk Dam.[17]

History
Nomadic tribes such as the Ket people and the Yugh people have lived along the
banks of the Yenisei river since ancient times, and this region is the location of
the Yeniseian language family. The Ket, numbering about 1000, are the only
survivors today of those who originally lived throughout central southern Siberia
near the river banks. Their extinct relatives included the Kotts, Assans, Arins,
Baikots and Pumpokols who lived further upriver to the south. The modern Ket lived
in the eastern middle areas of the river before being assimilated politically into
Russia during the 17th through 19th centuries.[18]

Some of the earliest known evidence of Turkic origins was found in the Yenisei
Valley in the form of stelae, stone monoliths and memorial tablets dating from
between the 7th and 9th centuries AD, along with some documents that were found in
China's Xinjiang region. The written evidence gathered from these sources tells of
battles fought between the Turks and the Chinese and other legends. There are also
examples of Uyghur poetry, though most have survived only in Chinese translation.
[19]

Wheat from the Yenisei was sold by Muslims and Uighurs during inadequate harvests
to Bukhara and Soghd during the Tahirid era.[20]

Russians first reached the upper Yenisei in 1605, travelling from the Ob River, up
the Ket River, portaging and then down the Yenisei as far as the Sym River.[21]

During World War II, Nazi Germany and the Japanese Empire agreed to divide Asia
along a line that followed the Yenisei River to the border of China and then along
the border of China and the Soviet Union.[22]

Pollution
Studies have shown that the Yenisei suffers from contamination caused by
radioactive discharges from a factory that produced bomb-grade plutonium in the
secret city of Krasnoyarsk-26, now known as Zheleznogorsk.[23]

Gallery

The bridge over the Yenisei in Krasnoyarsk, Russia, viewed from the left bank.

Vinogradovsky most, the bridge in Krasnoyarsk, Russia, viewed from the left bank

The Yenisei (left) and the Ob flow into Kara Sea.

See also
List of rivers of Russia
Sayano-Shushenskaya Dam
Yenisei Range
References
?????????, ????????? ????????? (30 August 1990).
"????????? : ?????????????, ?????" � via Google Books.
???????, ???????? (5 September 2017). "????, ???? ? ??????. ??? ???? ?? ?????".
Litres � via Google Books.
"Station: Igarka". Yenisei Basin. UNH / GRDC. Archived from the original on 24
September 2015. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
A.Ochir. "History of the Mongol Oirats" 1993
"Yenisei River". Hammond Quick & Easy Notebook Reference Atlas & Webster
Dictionary. Hammond. p. 31. ISBN 0843709227.
"Yenisei River: Siberia's blessing and curse". RT. 11 June 2010. Archived from the
original on 17 March 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
Alan Taylor (23 August 2013). "A Year on the Yenisei River". The Atlantic.
Archived from the original on 26 June 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
C Michael Hogan (13 May 2012). "Yenisei River". Encyclopedia of Earth. Archived
from the original on 17 May 2015. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
"Yenisei River". Geology Page. 4 February 2014. Archived from the original on 7
January 2019. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (2008). Yenisei. Archived 16 January 2017 at
the Wayback Machine Retrieved 16 July 2014.
Stein, Ruediger et al. 2003. Siberian river run-off in the Kara Sea, Proceedings
in Marine Sciences, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 488 pages
C. Michael Hogan. 2009. Hooded Crow: Corvus cornix, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed, N.
Stromberg Archived 26 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine
Russell, D.E.; Gunn, A. (20 November 2013). "Migratory Tundra Rangifer". NOAA
Arctic Research Program.
Kolpashikov, L.; Makhailov, V.; Russell, D. (2014). "The role of harvest,
predators and socio-political environment in the dynamics of the Taimyr wild
reindeer herd with some lessons for North America". Ecology and Society. JSTOR
26269762.
Baskin, Leonid M. (1986), "Differences in the ecology and behaviour of reindeer
populations in the USSR", Rangifer, Special Issue (1): 333�340, archived from the
original on 3 March 2016, retrieved 7 January 2015
Five Months in a Leaky Boat: A River Journey Through Siberia, Kozel, 2003, Pan
Macmillan
 Permanent International Association of Navigation Congresses. (1989). Ship lifts:
report of a Study Commission within the framework of Permanent . PIANC. ISBN 978-2-
87223-006-8. Retrieved 14 December 2011.
Vajda, Edward G. "The Ket and Other Yeniseian Peoples". Archived from the original
on 6 April 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2006.
Halman, Talah. A Millenium of Turkish Literature. p. 6.
Ian Blanchard (2001). Mining, Metallurgy and Minting in the Middle Ages: Asiatic
supremacy, 425-1125. Franz Steiner Verlag. pp. 271�272. ISBN 978-3-515-07958-7.
Archived from the original on 9 January 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2016.
Fisher, Raymond Henry (1943). The Russian Fur Trade, 1550-1700. University of
California Press.
Weinberg, Gerhard L. Visions of Victory: The Hopes of Eight World War II Leaders
Cambridge, England, United Kingdom:2005--Cambridge University Press [1] Archived 17
September 2011 at the Wayback Machine
David Hoffman (17 August 1998). "Wastes of War: Radioactivity Threatens a Mighty
River". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved
13 February 2015.
Coordinates: 71�50'0?N 82�40'0?E

External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Yenisei River.
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclop�dia Britannica article Yenisei.
Yenisey River at the Encyclop�dia Britannica
Photos of river around Krasnoyarsk area at Boston.com
William Barr, 'German paddle-steamers on the Yenisey 1878-84', The Journal of the
Hakluyt Society, August 2014.
Geographic data related to Yenisei River at OpenStreetMap
vte
Regions of Asia
Central
Greater Middle EastAral Sea Aralkum DesertCaspian SeaDead SeaSea of
GalileeTartaryTransoxiana TuranGreater
KhorasanArianaArachosiaKhwarazmSistanKazakhstania Kazakh SteppeBetpak-DalaEurasian
Steppe Asian SteppeKazakh SteppePontic�Caspian steppeMongolian-Manchurian
grasslandWild Fields YedisanMuravsky TrailUral Ural MountainsVolga regionIdel-
UralPryazoviaBjarmalandKubanZalesyeIngriaNovorossiyaGornaya ShoriyaTulgasIranian
PlateauAltai MountainsPamir MountainsTian ShanBadakhshanWakhan CorridorWakhjir
PassMount ImeonMongolian PlateauWestern RegionsTaklamakan DesertKarakoram Trans-
Karakoram TractSiachen Glacier
North
Arctic Arctic CircleInner AsiaNortheastUral Ural MountainsFar East Russian Far
EastOkhotsk-Manchurian taigaBeringia Chukchi PeninsulaKamchatka PeninsulaExtreme
NorthTartarySiberia Baikalia (Lake Baikal)Baraba steppeKhatanga
GulfTransbaikalWestAmur BasinYenisei GulfYenisei BasinSikhote-AlinKolymaBering
StraitRing of FireOuter ManchuriaAsia-Pacific
East
OrientJapanese archipelago Northeastern Japan ArcSakhalin Island ArcKorean
PeninsulaGobi DesertTaklamakan DesertGreater KhinganMongolian PlateauInner
AsiaInner MongoliaOuter MongoliaChina properManchuria Outer ManchuriaInner
ManchuriaNortheast China PlainMongolian-Manchurian grasslandNorth China Plain Yan
MountainsKunlun MountainsLiaodong PeninsulaHigh-mountain Asia HimalayasTibetan
PlateauTibetKarakoramTarim BasinSichuan BasinNorthern Silk RoadHexi
CorridorNanzhongLingnanLiangguangJiangnanJianghuaiGuanzhongHuizhouWuJiaozhouZhongyu
anShaannanOrdos Loop Loess PlateauShaanbeiHamgyong MountainsCentral Mountain
RangeJapanese AlpsSuzuka MountainsLeizhou PeninsulaGulf of TonkinYangtze River
Yangtze River DeltaYellow RiverPearl River DeltaYenisei BasinAltai MountainsWakhan
CorridorWakhjir PassFar EastRing of FireAsia-PacificTropical Asia
West
Greater Middle East MENAMENASAMiddle EastRed Sea Hanish IslandsCaspian
SeaMediterranean SeaZagros Mountains ElamPersian Gulf Pirate CoastStrait of
HormuzGreater and Lesser TunbsAl-Faw PeninsulaGulf of OmanGulf of AqabaGulf of
AdenBalochistanArabian Peninsula Najd Al-YamamaHejazTihamahEastern ArabiaSouth
Arabia HadhramautArabian Peninsula coastal fog desertAl-
SharatTigris�EuphratesMesopotamia Upper MesopotamiaLower MesopotamiaSawadNineveh
plainsAkkad (region)BabyloniaCanaanAram Aram-NaharaimEber-NariSuhumEastern
MediterraneanMashriqKurdistanLevant Southern LevantTransjordanJordan Rift
ValleyLevantine SeaHoly Land PalestineLand of IsraelGolan HeightsHula
ValleyGalileeGileadJudeaSamariaArabahAnti-Lebanon MountainsSinai PeninsulaArabian
DesertSyrian DesertFertile CrescentAzerbaijanSyriaHauranIranian Plateau Dasht-e
KavirArmenian HighlandsCaucasus Caucasus Mountains Greater CaucasusLesser
CaucasusNorth CaucasusSouth Caucasus ShirvanKur-Araz LowlandLankaran
LowlandAlborzAbsheron PeninsulaKartliAnatolia Taurus
MountainsAeolisPaphlagoniaPhasianeIsauriaIoniaBithyniaCiliciaCappadociaCariaCorduen
eChaldiaDorisLycaoniaLyciaLydiaGalatiaPisidiaPontusMysiaArzawaSperi SopheneBiga
Peninsula TroadTuwanaAlpide belt
South
OrientGreater IndiaIndian subcontinentHimalayasHindu KushBactriaCarnatic
regionTamilakamWestern GhatsEastern GhatsGanges BasinGanges
DeltaGuzganPashtunistanPunjabBalochistan GedrosiaMakranMarathwadaKashmir Kashmir
ValleyPir Panjal RangeThar DesertIndus ValleyIndus River DeltaIndus Valley
DesertIndo-Gangetic PlainEastern Coastal Plains KalingaWestern Coastal
PlainsMeghalaya subtropical forestsMENASALower Gangetic plains moist deciduous
forestsNorthwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadowsDoabBagar tractGreat Rann of
KutchLittle Rann of KutchDeccan PlateauCoromandel CoastKonkanFalse Divi PointHindi
BeltLadakhAksai ChinGilgit-Baltistan BaltistanShigar ValleyHigh-mountain
AsiaKarakoram Saltoro MountainsSiachen GlacierBengal Bay of BengalGulf of
KhambhatGulf of Kutch HalarGulf of MannarTrans-Karakoram TractWakhan
CorridorWakhjir PassLakshadweep Laccadive IslandsAmindivi
IslandsParopamisadaeAndaman and Nicobar Islands Andaman IslandsNicobar
IslandsMaldive IslandsAlpide beltAsia-PacificTropical Asia
Southeast
OrientSundalandMainland IndochinaMalay PeninsulaNorthern Triangle temperate
forestsMaritime Peninsular MalaysiaSunda IslandsGreater Sunda IslandsLesser Sunda
IslandsIndonesian Archipelago WallaceaTimorPhilippine Archipelago
LuzonVisayasMindanaoLeyte GulfGulf of ThailandEast IndiesNanyangAlpide beltFar
EastRing of FireAsia-PacificTropical Asia
Authority control Edit this at Wikidata
GND: 4109125-5NKC: ge117635VIAF: 244579309WorldCat Identities (via VIAF): 244579309
Categories: Rivers of Krasnoyarsk KraiRivers of KhakassiaRivers of TuvaRivers of
KyzylPhysiographic provincesDrainage basins of the Kara SeaYenisei basin
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Yenisei River
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For the bandy club Yenisey, see Yenisey Krasnoyarsk Bandy Club.

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Yenisei
Beldir.jpg
Bii-Khem and Kaa-Khem near Kyzyl
Yeniseirivermap.png
The Yenisei basin, including Lake Baikal
Etymology from either Old Kyrgyz ???-??? (Ene-Sai, �mother river�) or
Evenki ??????? (Ion?ssi, �big water�)[1][2]
Native name ?????? (Russian)
Location
Country Mongolia, Russia
Region Tuva, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Khakassia, Irkutsk Oblast, Buryatia,
Zabaykalsky Krai
Cities Kyzyl, Shagonar, Sayanogorsk, Abakan, Divnogorsk, Krasnoyarsk,
Yeniseysk, Lesosibirsk, Igarka, Dudinka
Physical characteristics
Source Mungaragiyn-Gol
 ? location ridge Dod-Taygasyn-Noor, Mongolia
? coordinates 50�43'46?N 98�39'49?E
? elevation 3,351 m (10,994 ft)
Mouth Yenisei Gulf
? location Arctic Ocean, Russia
Length 3,438 km (2,136 mi)
Basin size 2,580,000 km2 (1,000,000 sq mi)
Discharge
? location Igarka[3]
? average 19,600 m3/s (690,000 cu ft/s)
? minimum 3,120 m3/s (110,000 cu ft/s)
? maximum 112,000 m3/s (4,000,000 cu ft/s)
Basin features
Tributaries
? right Angara, Lower Tunguska, Stony Tunguska River
The Yenisei (Russian: ?????�?, Yenis�y; Mongolian: ?????? ?????, Yenisei m�r�n;
Buryat: ?????? ?????, Gorlog m�ren; Tyvan: ????-???, Ulug-Hem; Khakas: ??? ???, Kim
sug)[4] also Romanised Yenisey, Enisei, Jenisej,[5] is the largest river system
flowing to the Arctic Ocean. It is the central of the three great Siberian rivers
that flow into the Arctic Ocean (the other two being the Ob and the Lena). Rising
in Mongolia, it follows a northerly course to the Yenisei Gulf in the Kara Sea,
with the Western Siberian Plain to the west and the Central Siberian Plateau to the
east. It drains a large part of central Siberia. Yenisei is the fifth-longest river
system in the world.

The maximum depth of the Yenisei is 24 metres (80 ft) and the average depth is 14
metres (45 ft). The depth of river outflow is 32 metres (106 ft) and inflow is 31
metres (101 ft).[clarification needed]

Contents
1 Course of the river
1.1 Tributaries
2 Lake Baikal
3 Flora and fauna
3.1 Taimyr reindeer herd
4 Navigation
5 History
6 Pollution
7 Gallery
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Course of the river

The confluence of the rivers Kaa-Khem and Piy-Khem from the height of bird flight
The river flows through Tuva, Khakassia[6] and the city of Krasnoyarsk.[7]

Tributaries
The river forms at the confluence of the Big Yenisei River and the Little Yenisei
River. The Yenisei tributaries include the Angara, Big Pit, Stony Tunguska, Bakhta,
Lower Tunguska, Kureika, Kan, Mana, Bazaikha, Dubches, Tanama, Kacha, Kem,
Khemchik, Abakan, Khantayka, Yeloguy, Big Kheta, Turukhan, Sym and Tuba rivers.[8]

Lake Baikal
Main article: Lake Baikal
The 320-kilometre (200 mi), partly navigable Upper Angara River feeds into the
northern end of Lake Baikal from the Buryat Republic but the largest inflow is from
the Selenga which forms a delta on the southeastern side.[9]
The river as seen from the trans-Siberian railway near Krasnoyarsk
Flora and fauna
The Yenisei River basin (excluding Lake Baikal and lakes of the Khantayka River
headwaters) is home to 55 native fish species, including two endemics: Gobio
sibiricus (a gobionine cyprinid) and Thymallus nigrescens [es] (a grayling).[10]
The grayling is restricted to Kh�vsg�l Nuur and its tributaries.[10] Most fish
found in the Yenisei River basin are relatively widespread Euro-Siberian or
Siberian species, such as northern pike (Esox lucius), common roach (Rutilus
rutilus), common dace (Leuciscus leuciscus), Siberian sculpin (Cottus poecilopus),
European perch (Perca fluviatilis) and Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio). The basin
is also home to many salmonids (trout, whitefish, charr, graylings, taimen and
relatives) and the Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii).[10]

The Yenisei River valley is habitat for numerous flora and fauna, with Siberian
pine and Siberian larch being notable tree species. In prehistoric times Scots
pine, Pinus sylvestris, was abundant in the Yenisei River valley circa 6000 BC.[11]
There are also numerous bird species present in the watershed, including, for
example, the hooded crow, Corvus cornix.[12]

Taimyr reindeer herd

The Taimyr reindeer herd, a migrating tundra reindeer (R.t. sibiricus), the largest
reindeer herd in the world,[13][14] migrated to winter grazing ranges along the
Yenisei River.[15]:336

Navigation

Inclined plane at Krasnoyarsk Dam

River steamers first came to the Yenesei River in 1864 and were brought in from
Holland and England across the icy Kara Sea. One was the SS Nikolai. The SS Thames
attempted to explore the river, overwintered in 1876, but was damaged in the ice
and eventually wrecked in the river. Success came with the steamers Frazer, Express
in 1878, and the next year, Moscow hauling supplies in and wheat out. The Dalman
reached Yeneisisk in 1881.

Imperial Russia placed river steamers on the massive river in an attempt to free up
communication with land-locked Siberia. One boat was the SS St. Nicholas which took
the future Tsar Nicholas II on his voyage to Siberia, and later conveyed Vladimir
Lenin to prison.

Engineers attempted to place river steamers on regular service on the river during
the building of the Trans-Siberian Railway. The boats were needed to bring in the
rails, engines and supplies. Captain Joseph Wiggins sailed the Orestes with rail
and parted out river steamers in 1893. However, the sea and river route proved very
difficult with several ships lost at sea and on the river. Both the Ob and Yenisei
mouths feed into very long inlets, several hundred kilometres in length, which are
shallow, ice bound and prone to high winds and thus treacherous for navigation.
After the completion of the railway, river traffic reduced only to local service as
the Arctic route and long river proved much too indirect a route.

The first recreation team to navigate the Yenisei's entire length, including its
violent upper tributary in Mongolia, was an Australian-Canadian effort completed in
September 2001. Ben Kozel, Tim Cope, Colin Angus and Remy Quinter were on this
team. Both Kozel and Angus wrote books detailing this expedition,[16] and a
documentary was produced for National Geographic Television.

A canal inclined plane was built on the river in 1985 at the Krasnoyarsk Dam.[17]
History
Nomadic tribes such as the Ket people and the Yugh people have lived along the
banks of the Yenisei river since ancient times, and this region is the location of
the Yeniseian language family. The Ket, numbering about 1000, are the only
survivors today of those who originally lived throughout central southern Siberia
near the river banks. Their extinct relatives included the Kotts, Assans, Arins,
Baikots and Pumpokols who lived further upriver to the south. The modern Ket lived
in the eastern middle areas of the river before being assimilated politically into
Russia during the 17th through 19th centuries.[18]

Some of the earliest known evidence of Turkic origins was found in the Yenisei
Valley in the form of stelae, stone monoliths and memorial tablets dating from
between the 7th and 9th centuries AD, along with some documents that were found in
China's Xinjiang region. The written evidence gathered from these sources tells of
battles fought between the Turks and the Chinese and other legends. There are also
examples of Uyghur poetry, though most have survived only in Chinese translation.
[19]

Wheat from the Yenisei was sold by Muslims and Uighurs during inadequate harvests
to Bukhara and Soghd during the Tahirid era.[20]

Russians first reached the upper Yenisei in 1605, travelling from the Ob River, up
the Ket River, portaging and then down the Yenisei as far as the Sym River.[21]

During World War II, Nazi Germany and the Japanese Empire agreed to divide Asia
along a line that followed the Yenisei River to the border of China and then along
the border of China and the Soviet Union.[22]

Pollution
Studies have shown that the Yenisei suffers from contamination caused by
radioactive discharges from a factory that produced bomb-grade plutonium in the
secret city of Krasnoyarsk-26, now known as Zheleznogorsk.[23]

Gallery

The bridge over the Yenisei in Krasnoyarsk, Russia, viewed from the left bank.

Vinogradovsky most, the bridge in Krasnoyarsk, Russia, viewed from the left bank

The Yenisei (left) and the Ob flow into Kara Sea.

See also
List of rivers of Russia
Sayano-Shushenskaya Dam
Yenisei Range
References
?????????, ????????? ????????? (30 August 1990).
"????????? : ?????????????, ?????" � via Google Books.
???????, ???????? (5 September 2017). "????, ???? ? ??????. ??? ???? ?? ?????".
Litres � via Google Books.
"Station: Igarka". Yenisei Basin. UNH / GRDC. Archived from the original on 24
September 2015. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
A.Ochir. "History of the Mongol Oirats" 1993
"Yenisei River". Hammond Quick & Easy Notebook Reference Atlas & Webster
Dictionary. Hammond. p. 31. ISBN 0843709227.
 "Yenisei River: Siberia's blessing and curse". RT. 11 June 2010. Archived from the
original on 17 March 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
Alan Taylor (23 August 2013). "A Year on the Yenisei River". The Atlantic.
Archived from the original on 26 June 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
C Michael Hogan (13 May 2012). "Yenisei River". Encyclopedia of Earth. Archived
from the original on 17 May 2015. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
"Yenisei River". Geology Page. 4 February 2014. Archived from the original on 7
January 2019. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (2008). Yenisei. Archived 16 January 2017 at
the Wayback Machine Retrieved 16 July 2014.
Stein, Ruediger et al. 2003. Siberian river run-off in the Kara Sea, Proceedings
in Marine Sciences, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 488 pages
C. Michael Hogan. 2009. Hooded Crow: Corvus cornix, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed, N.
Stromberg Archived 26 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine
Russell, D.E.; Gunn, A. (20 November 2013). "Migratory Tundra Rangifer". NOAA
Arctic Research Program.
Kolpashikov, L.; Makhailov, V.; Russell, D. (2014). "The role of harvest,
predators and socio-political environment in the dynamics of the Taimyr wild
reindeer herd with some lessons for North America". Ecology and Society. JSTOR
26269762.
Baskin, Leonid M. (1986), "Differences in the ecology and behaviour of reindeer
populations in the USSR", Rangifer, Special Issue (1): 333�340, archived from the
original on 3 March 2016, retrieved 7 January 2015
Five Months in a Leaky Boat: A River Journey Through Siberia, Kozel, 2003, Pan
Macmillan
Permanent International Association of Navigation Congresses. (1989). Ship lifts:
report of a Study Commission within the framework of Permanent . PIANC. ISBN 978-2-
87223-006-8. Retrieved 14 December 2011.
Vajda, Edward G. "The Ket and Other Yeniseian Peoples". Archived from the original
on 6 April 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2006.
Halman, Talah. A Millenium of Turkish Literature. p. 6.
Ian Blanchard (2001). Mining, Metallurgy and Minting in the Middle Ages: Asiatic
supremacy, 425-1125. Franz Steiner Verlag. pp. 271�272. ISBN 978-3-515-07958-7.
Archived from the original on 9 January 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2016.
Fisher, Raymond Henry (1943). The Russian Fur Trade, 1550-1700. University of
California Press.
Weinberg, Gerhard L. Visions of Victory: The Hopes of Eight World War II Leaders
Cambridge, England, United Kingdom:2005--Cambridge University Press [1] Archived 17
September 2011 at the Wayback Machine
David Hoffman (17 August 1998). "Wastes of War: Radioactivity Threatens a Mighty
River". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved
13 February 2015.
Coordinates: 71�50'0?N 82�40'0?E

External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Yenisei River.
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclop�dia Britannica article Yenisei.
Yenisey River at the Encyclop�dia Britannica
Photos of river around Krasnoyarsk area at Boston.com
William Barr, 'German paddle-steamers on the Yenisey 1878-84', The Journal of the
Hakluyt Society, August 2014.
Geographic data related to Yenisei River at OpenStreetMap
vte
Regions of Asia
Central
Greater Middle EastAral Sea Aralkum DesertCaspian SeaDead SeaSea of
GalileeTartaryTransoxiana TuranGreater
KhorasanArianaArachosiaKhwarazmSistanKazakhstania Kazakh SteppeBetpak-DalaEurasian
Steppe Asian SteppeKazakh SteppePontic�Caspian steppeMongolian-Manchurian
grasslandWild Fields YedisanMuravsky TrailUral Ural MountainsVolga regionIdel-
UralPryazoviaBjarmalandKubanZalesyeIngriaNovorossiyaGornaya ShoriyaTulgasIranian
PlateauAltai MountainsPamir MountainsTian ShanBadakhshanWakhan CorridorWakhjir
PassMount ImeonMongolian PlateauWestern RegionsTaklamakan DesertKarakoram Trans-
Karakoram TractSiachen Glacier
North
Arctic Arctic CircleInner AsiaNortheastUral Ural MountainsFar East Russian Far
EastOkhotsk-Manchurian taigaBeringia Chukchi PeninsulaKamchatka PeninsulaExtreme
NorthTartarySiberia Baikalia (Lake Baikal)Baraba steppeKhatanga
GulfTransbaikalWestAmur BasinYenisei GulfYenisei BasinSikhote-AlinKolymaBering
StraitRing of FireOuter ManchuriaAsia-Pacific
East
OrientJapanese archipelago Northeastern Japan ArcSakhalin Island ArcKorean
PeninsulaGobi DesertTaklamakan DesertGreater KhinganMongolian PlateauInner
AsiaInner MongoliaOuter MongoliaChina properManchuria Outer ManchuriaInner
ManchuriaNortheast China PlainMongolian-Manchurian grasslandNorth China Plain Yan
MountainsKunlun MountainsLiaodong PeninsulaHigh-mountain Asia HimalayasTibetan
PlateauTibetKarakoramTarim BasinSichuan BasinNorthern Silk RoadHexi
CorridorNanzhongLingnanLiangguangJiangnanJianghuaiGuanzhongHuizhouWuJiaozhouZhongyu
anShaannanOrdos Loop Loess PlateauShaanbeiHamgyong MountainsCentral Mountain
RangeJapanese AlpsSuzuka MountainsLeizhou PeninsulaGulf of TonkinYangtze River
Yangtze River DeltaYellow RiverPearl River DeltaYenisei BasinAltai MountainsWakhan
CorridorWakhjir PassFar EastRing of FireAsia-PacificTropical Asia
West
Greater Middle East MENAMENASAMiddle EastRed Sea Hanish IslandsCaspian
SeaMediterranean SeaZagros Mountains ElamPersian Gulf Pirate CoastStrait of
HormuzGreater and Lesser TunbsAl-Faw PeninsulaGulf of OmanGulf of AqabaGulf of
AdenBalochistanArabian Peninsula Najd Al-YamamaHejazTihamahEastern ArabiaSouth
Arabia HadhramautArabian Peninsula coastal fog desertAl-
SharatTigris�EuphratesMesopotamia Upper MesopotamiaLower MesopotamiaSawadNineveh
plainsAkkad (region)BabyloniaCanaanAram Aram-NaharaimEber-NariSuhumEastern
MediterraneanMashriqKurdistanLevant Southern LevantTransjordanJordan Rift
ValleyLevantine SeaHoly Land PalestineLand of IsraelGolan HeightsHula
ValleyGalileeGileadJudeaSamariaArabahAnti-Lebanon MountainsSinai PeninsulaArabian
DesertSyrian DesertFertile CrescentAzerbaijanSyriaHauranIranian Plateau Dasht-e
KavirArmenian HighlandsCaucasus Caucasus Mountains Greater CaucasusLesser
CaucasusNorth CaucasusSouth Caucasus ShirvanKur-Araz LowlandLankaran
LowlandAlborzAbsheron PeninsulaKartliAnatolia Taurus
MountainsAeolisPaphlagoniaPhasianeIsauriaIoniaBithyniaCiliciaCappadociaCariaCorduen
eChaldiaDorisLycaoniaLyciaLydiaGalatiaPisidiaPontusMysiaArzawaSperi SopheneBiga
Peninsula TroadTuwanaAlpide belt
South
OrientGreater IndiaIndian subcontinentHimalayasHindu KushBactriaCarnatic
regionTamilakamWestern GhatsEastern GhatsGanges BasinGanges
DeltaGuzganPashtunistanPunjabBalochistan GedrosiaMakranMarathwadaKashmir Kashmir
ValleyPir Panjal RangeThar DesertIndus ValleyIndus River DeltaIndus Valley
DesertIndo-Gangetic PlainEastern Coastal Plains KalingaWestern Coastal
PlainsMeghalaya subtropical forestsMENASALower Gangetic plains moist deciduous
forestsNorthwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadowsDoabBagar tractGreat Rann of
KutchLittle Rann of KutchDeccan PlateauCoromandel CoastKonkanFalse Divi PointHindi
BeltLadakhAksai ChinGilgit-Baltistan BaltistanShigar ValleyHigh-mountain
AsiaKarakoram Saltoro MountainsSiachen GlacierBengal Bay of BengalGulf of
KhambhatGulf of Kutch HalarGulf of MannarTrans-Karakoram TractWakhan
CorridorWakhjir PassLakshadweep Laccadive IslandsAmindivi
IslandsParopamisadaeAndaman and Nicobar Islands Andaman IslandsNicobar
IslandsMaldive IslandsAlpide beltAsia-PacificTropical Asia
Southeast
OrientSundalandMainland IndochinaMalay PeninsulaNorthern Triangle temperate
forestsMaritime Peninsular MalaysiaSunda IslandsGreater Sunda IslandsLesser Sunda
IslandsIndonesian Archipelago WallaceaTimorPhilippine Archipelago
LuzonVisayasMindanaoLeyte GulfGulf of ThailandEast IndiesNanyangAlpide beltFar
EastRing of FireAsia-PacificTropical Asia
Authority control Edit this at Wikidata
GND: 4109125-5NKC: ge117635VIAF: 244579309WorldCat Identities (via VIAF): 244579309
Categories: Rivers of Krasnoyarsk KraiRivers of KhakassiaRivers of TuvaRivers of
KyzylPhysiographic provincesDrainage basins of the Kara SeaYenisei basin
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Print/export
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Printable version

Languages
?????
???????
??????
??????
?????
??????
???????
?????
??????
78 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 14 February 2020, at 18:47 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License;
additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and
Privacy Policy. Wikipedia� is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation,
Inc., a non-profit organization.
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Yenisei River
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For the bandy club Yenisey, see Yenisey Krasnoyarsk Bandy Club.

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Yenisei
Beldir.jpg
Bii-Khem and Kaa-Khem near Kyzyl
Yeniseirivermap.png
The Yenisei basin, including Lake Baikal
Etymology from either Old Kyrgyz ???-??? (Ene-Sai, �mother river�) or
Evenki ??????? (Ion?ssi, �big water�)[1][2]
Native name ?????? (Russian)
Location
Country Mongolia, Russia
Region Tuva, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Khakassia, Irkutsk Oblast, Buryatia,
Zabaykalsky Krai
Cities Kyzyl, Shagonar, Sayanogorsk, Abakan, Divnogorsk, Krasnoyarsk,
Yeniseysk, Lesosibirsk, Igarka, Dudinka
Physical characteristics
Source Mungaragiyn-Gol
? location ridge Dod-Taygasyn-Noor, Mongolia
? coordinates 50�43'46?N 98�39'49?E
? elevation 3,351 m (10,994 ft)
Mouth Yenisei Gulf
? location Arctic Ocean, Russia
Length 3,438 km (2,136 mi)
Basin size 2,580,000 km2 (1,000,000 sq mi)
Discharge
? location Igarka[3]
? average 19,600 m3/s (690,000 cu ft/s)
? minimum 3,120 m3/s (110,000 cu ft/s)
? maximum 112,000 m3/s (4,000,000 cu ft/s)
Basin features
Tributaries
? right Angara, Lower Tunguska, Stony Tunguska River
The Yenisei (Russian: ?????�?, Yenis�y; Mongolian: ?????? ?????, Yenisei m�r�n;
Buryat: ?????? ?????, Gorlog m�ren; Tyvan: ????-???, Ulug-Hem; Khakas: ??? ???, Kim
sug)[4] also Romanised Yenisey, Enisei, Jenisej,[5] is the largest river system
flowing to the Arctic Ocean. It is the central of the three great Siberian rivers
that flow into the Arctic Ocean (the other two being the Ob and the Lena). Rising
in Mongolia, it follows a northerly course to the Yenisei Gulf in the Kara Sea,
with the Western Siberian Plain to the west and the Central Siberian Plateau to the
east. It drains a large part of central Siberia. Yenisei is the fifth-longest river
system in the world.

The maximum depth of the Yenisei is 24 metres (80 ft) and the average depth is 14
metres (45 ft). The depth of river outflow is 32 metres (106 ft) and inflow is 31
metres (101 ft).[clarification needed]

Contents
1 Course of the river
1.1 Tributaries
2 Lake Baikal
3 Flora and fauna
3.1 Taimyr reindeer herd
4 Navigation
5 History
6 Pollution
7 Gallery
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Course of the river

The confluence of the rivers Kaa-Khem and Piy-Khem from the height of bird flight
The river flows through Tuva, Khakassia[6] and the city of Krasnoyarsk.[7]

Tributaries
The river forms at the confluence of the Big Yenisei River and the Little Yenisei
River. The Yenisei tributaries include the Angara, Big Pit, Stony Tunguska, Bakhta,
Lower Tunguska, Kureika, Kan, Mana, Bazaikha, Dubches, Tanama, Kacha, Kem,
Khemchik, Abakan, Khantayka, Yeloguy, Big Kheta, Turukhan, Sym and Tuba rivers.[8]

Lake Baikal
Main article: Lake Baikal
The 320-kilometre (200 mi), partly navigable Upper Angara River feeds into the
northern end of Lake Baikal from the Buryat Republic but the largest inflow is from
the Selenga which forms a delta on the southeastern side.[9]

The river as seen from the trans-Siberian railway near Krasnoyarsk

Flora and fauna
The Yenisei River basin (excluding Lake Baikal and lakes of the Khantayka River
headwaters) is home to 55 native fish species, including two endemics: Gobio
sibiricus (a gobionine cyprinid) and Thymallus nigrescens [es] (a grayling).[10]
The grayling is restricted to Kh�vsg�l Nuur and its tributaries.[10] Most fish
found in the Yenisei River basin are relatively widespread Euro-Siberian or
Siberian species, such as northern pike (Esox lucius), common roach (Rutilus
rutilus), common dace (Leuciscus leuciscus), Siberian sculpin (Cottus poecilopus),
European perch (Perca fluviatilis) and Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio). The basin
is also home to many salmonids (trout, whitefish, charr, graylings, taimen and
relatives) and the Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii).[10]

The Yenisei River valley is habitat for numerous flora and fauna, with Siberian
pine and Siberian larch being notable tree species. In prehistoric times Scots
pine, Pinus sylvestris, was abundant in the Yenisei River valley circa 6000 BC.[11]
There are also numerous bird species present in the watershed, including, for
example, the hooded crow, Corvus cornix.[12]

Taimyr reindeer herd

The Taimyr reindeer herd, a migrating tundra reindeer (R.t. sibiricus), the largest
reindeer herd in the world,[13][14] migrated to winter grazing ranges along the
Yenisei River.[15]:336

Navigation

Inclined plane at Krasnoyarsk Dam

River steamers first came to the Yenesei River in 1864 and were brought in from
Holland and England across the icy Kara Sea. One was the SS Nikolai. The SS Thames
attempted to explore the river, overwintered in 1876, but was damaged in the ice
and eventually wrecked in the river. Success came with the steamers Frazer, Express
in 1878, and the next year, Moscow hauling supplies in and wheat out. The Dalman
reached Yeneisisk in 1881.

Imperial Russia placed river steamers on the massive river in an attempt to free up
communication with land-locked Siberia. One boat was the SS St. Nicholas which took
the future Tsar Nicholas II on his voyage to Siberia, and later conveyed Vladimir
Lenin to prison.

Engineers attempted to place river steamers on regular service on the river during
the building of the Trans-Siberian Railway. The boats were needed to bring in the
rails, engines and supplies. Captain Joseph Wiggins sailed the Orestes with rail
and parted out river steamers in 1893. However, the sea and river route proved very
difficult with several ships lost at sea and on the river. Both the Ob and Yenisei
mouths feed into very long inlets, several hundred kilometres in length, which are
shallow, ice bound and prone to high winds and thus treacherous for navigation.
After the completion of the railway, river traffic reduced only to local service as
the Arctic route and long river proved much too indirect a route.

The first recreation team to navigate the Yenisei's entire length, including its
violent upper tributary in Mongolia, was an Australian-Canadian effort completed in
September 2001. Ben Kozel, Tim Cope, Colin Angus and Remy Quinter were on this
team. Both Kozel and Angus wrote books detailing this expedition,[16] and a
documentary was produced for National Geographic Television.

A canal inclined plane was built on the river in 1985 at the Krasnoyarsk Dam.[17]

History
Nomadic tribes such as the Ket people and the Yugh people have lived along the
banks of the Yenisei river since ancient times, and this region is the location of
the Yeniseian language family. The Ket, numbering about 1000, are the only
survivors today of those who originally lived throughout central southern Siberia
near the river banks. Their extinct relatives included the Kotts, Assans, Arins,
Baikots and Pumpokols who lived further upriver to the south. The modern Ket lived
in the eastern middle areas of the river before being assimilated politically into
Russia during the 17th through 19th centuries.[18]

Some of the earliest known evidence of Turkic origins was found in the Yenisei
Valley in the form of stelae, stone monoliths and memorial tablets dating from
between the 7th and 9th centuries AD, along with some documents that were found in
China's Xinjiang region. The written evidence gathered from these sources tells of
battles fought between the Turks and the Chinese and other legends. There are also
examples of Uyghur poetry, though most have survived only in Chinese translation.
[19]

Wheat from the Yenisei was sold by Muslims and Uighurs during inadequate harvests
to Bukhara and Soghd during the Tahirid era.[20]

Russians first reached the upper Yenisei in 1605, travelling from the Ob River, up
the Ket River, portaging and then down the Yenisei as far as the Sym River.[21]

During World War II, Nazi Germany and the Japanese Empire agreed to divide Asia
along a line that followed the Yenisei River to the border of China and then along
the border of China and the Soviet Union.[22]

Pollution
Studies have shown that the Yenisei suffers from contamination caused by
radioactive discharges from a factory that produced bomb-grade plutonium in the
secret city of Krasnoyarsk-26, now known as Zheleznogorsk.[23]

Gallery
The bridge over the Yenisei in Krasnoyarsk, Russia, viewed from the left bank.

Vinogradovsky most, the bridge in Krasnoyarsk, Russia, viewed from the left bank

The Yenisei (left) and the Ob flow into Kara Sea.

See also
List of rivers of Russia
Sayano-Shushenskaya Dam
Yenisei Range
References
?????????, ????????? ????????? (30 August 1990).
"????????? : ?????????????, ?????" � via Google Books.
???????, ???????? (5 September 2017). "????, ???? ? ??????. ??? ???? ?? ?????".
Litres � via Google Books.
"Station: Igarka". Yenisei Basin. UNH / GRDC. Archived from the original on 24
September 2015. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
A.Ochir. "History of the Mongol Oirats" 1993
"Yenisei River". Hammond Quick & Easy Notebook Reference Atlas & Webster
Dictionary. Hammond. p. 31. ISBN 0843709227.
"Yenisei River: Siberia's blessing and curse". RT. 11 June 2010. Archived from the
original on 17 March 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
Alan Taylor (23 August 2013). "A Year on the Yenisei River". The Atlantic.
Archived from the original on 26 June 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
C Michael Hogan (13 May 2012). "Yenisei River". Encyclopedia of Earth. Archived
from the original on 17 May 2015. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
"Yenisei River". Geology Page. 4 February 2014. Archived from the original on 7
January 2019. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (2008). Yenisei. Archived 16 January 2017 at
the Wayback Machine Retrieved 16 July 2014.
Stein, Ruediger et al. 2003. Siberian river run-off in the Kara Sea, Proceedings
in Marine Sciences, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 488 pages
C. Michael Hogan. 2009. Hooded Crow: Corvus cornix, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed, N.
Stromberg Archived 26 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine
Russell, D.E.; Gunn, A. (20 November 2013). "Migratory Tundra Rangifer". NOAA
Arctic Research Program.
Kolpashikov, L.; Makhailov, V.; Russell, D. (2014). "The role of harvest,
predators and socio-political environment in the dynamics of the Taimyr wild
reindeer herd with some lessons for North America". Ecology and Society. JSTOR
26269762.
Baskin, Leonid M. (1986), "Differences in the ecology and behaviour of reindeer
populations in the USSR", Rangifer, Special Issue (1): 333�340, archived from the
original on 3 March 2016, retrieved 7 January 2015
Five Months in a Leaky Boat: A River Journey Through Siberia, Kozel, 2003, Pan
Macmillan
Permanent International Association of Navigation Congresses. (1989). Ship lifts:
report of a Study Commission within the framework of Permanent . PIANC. ISBN 978-2-
87223-006-8. Retrieved 14 December 2011.
Vajda, Edward G. "The Ket and Other Yeniseian Peoples". Archived from the original
on 6 April 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2006.
Halman, Talah. A Millenium of Turkish Literature. p. 6.
Ian Blanchard (2001). Mining, Metallurgy and Minting in the Middle Ages: Asiatic
supremacy, 425-1125. Franz Steiner Verlag. pp. 271�272. ISBN 978-3-515-07958-7.
Archived from the original on 9 January 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2016.
 Fisher, Raymond Henry (1943). The Russian Fur Trade, 1550-1700. University of
California Press.
Weinberg, Gerhard L. Visions of Victory: The Hopes of Eight World War II Leaders
Cambridge, England, United Kingdom:2005--Cambridge University Press [1] Archived 17
September 2011 at the Wayback Machine
David Hoffman (17 August 1998). "Wastes of War: Radioactivity Threatens a Mighty
River". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved
13 February 2015.
Coordinates: 71�50'0?N 82�40'0?E

External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Yenisei River.
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclop�dia Britannica article Yenisei.
Yenisey River at the Encyclop�dia Britannica
Photos of river around Krasnoyarsk area at Boston.com
William Barr, 'German paddle-steamers on the Yenisey 1878-84', The Journal of the
Hakluyt Society, August 2014.
Geographic data related to Yenisei River at OpenStreetMap
vte
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Categories: Rivers of Krasnoyarsk KraiRivers of KhakassiaRivers of TuvaRivers of
KyzylPhysiographic provincesDrainage basins of the Kara SeaYenisei basin
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Yenisei River
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigationJump to search
For the bandy club Yenisey, see Yenisey Krasnoyarsk Bandy Club.

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this
article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be
challenged and removed.
Find sources: "Yenisei River" � news � newspapers � books � scholar � JSTOR (July
2007) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Yenisei
Beldir.jpg
Bii-Khem and Kaa-Khem near Kyzyl
Yeniseirivermap.png
The Yenisei basin, including Lake Baikal
Etymology from either Old Kyrgyz ???-??? (Ene-Sai, �mother river�) or
Evenki ??????? (Ion?ssi, �big water�)[1][2]
Native name ?????? (Russian)
Location
Country Mongolia, Russia
Region Tuva, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Khakassia, Irkutsk Oblast, Buryatia,
Zabaykalsky Krai
Cities Kyzyl, Shagonar, Sayanogorsk, Abakan, Divnogorsk, Krasnoyarsk,
Yeniseysk, Lesosibirsk, Igarka, Dudinka
Physical characteristics
Source Mungaragiyn-Gol
? location ridge Dod-Taygasyn-Noor, Mongolia
? coordinates 50�43'46?N 98�39'49?E
? elevation 3,351 m (10,994 ft)
Mouth Yenisei Gulf
? location Arctic Ocean, Russia
Length 3,438 km (2,136 mi)
Basin size 2,580,000 km2 (1,000,000 sq mi)
Discharge
? location Igarka[3]
 ? average 19,600 m3/s (690,000 cu ft/s)
? minimum 3,120 m3/s (110,000 cu ft/s)
? maximum 112,000 m3/s (4,000,000 cu ft/s)
Basin features
Tributaries
? right Angara, Lower Tunguska, Stony Tunguska River
The Yenisei (Russian: ?????�?, Yenis�y; Mongolian: ?????? ?????, Yenisei m�r�n;
Buryat: ?????? ?????, Gorlog m�ren; Tyvan: ????-???, Ulug-Hem; Khakas: ??? ???, Kim
sug)[4] also Romanised Yenisey, Enisei, Jenisej,[5] is the largest river system
flowing to the Arctic Ocean. It is the central of the three great Siberian rivers
that flow into the Arctic Ocean (the other two being the Ob and the Lena). Rising
in Mongolia, it follows a northerly course to the Yenisei Gulf in the Kara Sea,
with the Western Siberian Plain to the west and the Central Siberian Plateau to the
east. It drains a large part of central Siberia. Yenisei is the fifth-longest river
system in the world.

The maximum depth of the Yenisei is 24 metres (80 ft) and the average depth is 14
metres (45 ft). The depth of river outflow is 32 metres (106 ft) and inflow is 31
metres (101 ft).[clarification needed]

Contents
1 Course of the river
1.1 Tributaries
2 Lake Baikal
3 Flora and fauna
3.1 Taimyr reindeer herd
4 Navigation
5 History
6 Pollution
7 Gallery
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Course of the river

The confluence of the rivers Kaa-Khem and Piy-Khem from the height of bird flight
The river flows through Tuva, Khakassia[6] and the city of Krasnoyarsk.[7]

Tributaries
The river forms at the confluence of the Big Yenisei River and the Little Yenisei
River. The Yenisei tributaries include the Angara, Big Pit, Stony Tunguska, Bakhta,
Lower Tunguska, Kureika, Kan, Mana, Bazaikha, Dubches, Tanama, Kacha, Kem,
Khemchik, Abakan, Khantayka, Yeloguy, Big Kheta, Turukhan, Sym and Tuba rivers.[8]

Lake Baikal
Main article: Lake Baikal
The 320-kilometre (200 mi), partly navigable Upper Angara River feeds into the
northern end of Lake Baikal from the Buryat Republic but the largest inflow is from
the Selenga which forms a delta on the southeastern side.[9]

The river as seen from the trans-Siberian railway near Krasnoyarsk

Flora and fauna
The Yenisei River basin (excluding Lake Baikal and lakes of the Khantayka River
headwaters) is home to 55 native fish species, including two endemics: Gobio
sibiricus (a gobionine cyprinid) and Thymallus nigrescens [es] (a grayling).[10]
The grayling is restricted to Kh�vsg�l Nuur and its tributaries.[10] Most fish
found in the Yenisei River basin are relatively widespread Euro-Siberian or
Siberian species, such as northern pike (Esox lucius), common roach (Rutilus
rutilus), common dace (Leuciscus leuciscus), Siberian sculpin (Cottus poecilopus),
European perch (Perca fluviatilis) and Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio). The basin
is also home to many salmonids (trout, whitefish, charr, graylings, taimen and
relatives) and the Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii).[10]

The Yenisei River valley is habitat for numerous flora and fauna, with Siberian
pine and Siberian larch being notable tree species. In prehistoric times Scots
pine, Pinus sylvestris, was abundant in the Yenisei River valley circa 6000 BC.[11]
There are also numerous bird species present in the watershed, including, for
example, the hooded crow, Corvus cornix.[12]

Taimyr reindeer herd

The Taimyr reindeer herd, a migrating tundra reindeer (R.t. sibiricus), the largest
reindeer herd in the world,[13][14] migrated to winter grazing ranges along the
Yenisei River.[15]:336

Navigation

Inclined plane at Krasnoyarsk Dam

River steamers first came to the Yenesei River in 1864 and were brought in from
Holland and England across the icy Kara Sea. One was the SS Nikolai. The SS Thames
attempted to explore the river, overwintered in 1876, but was damaged in the ice
and eventually wrecked in the river. Success came with the steamers Frazer, Express
in 1878, and the next year, Moscow hauling supplies in and wheat out. The Dalman
reached Yeneisisk in 1881.

Imperial Russia placed river steamers on the massive river in an attempt to free up
communication with land-locked Siberia. One boat was the SS St. Nicholas which took
the future Tsar Nicholas II on his voyage to Siberia, and later conveyed Vladimir
Lenin to prison.

Engineers attempted to place river steamers on regular service on the river during
the building of the Trans-Siberian Railway. The boats were needed to bring in the
rails, engines and supplies. Captain Joseph Wiggins sailed the Orestes with rail
and parted out river steamers in 1893. However, the sea and river route proved very
difficult with several ships lost at sea and on the river. Both the Ob and Yenisei
mouths feed into very long inlets, several hundred kilometres in length, which are
shallow, ice bound and prone to high winds and thus treacherous for navigation.
After the completion of the railway, river traffic reduced only to local service as
the Arctic route and long river proved much too indirect a route.

The first recreation team to navigate the Yenisei's entire length, including its
violent upper tributary in Mongolia, was an Australian-Canadian effort completed in
September 2001. Ben Kozel, Tim Cope, Colin Angus and Remy Quinter were on this
team. Both Kozel and Angus wrote books detailing this expedition,[16] and a
documentary was produced for National Geographic Television.

A canal inclined plane was built on the river in 1985 at the Krasnoyarsk Dam.[17]

History
Nomadic tribes such as the Ket people and the Yugh people have lived along the
banks of the Yenisei river since ancient times, and this region is the location of
the Yeniseian language family. The Ket, numbering about 1000, are the only
survivors today of those who originally lived throughout central southern Siberia
near the river banks. Their extinct relatives included the Kotts, Assans, Arins,
Baikots and Pumpokols who lived further upriver to the south. The modern Ket lived
in the eastern middle areas of the river before being assimilated politically into
Russia during the 17th through 19th centuries.[18]
Some of the earliest known evidence of Turkic origins was found in the Yenisei
Valley in the form of stelae, stone monoliths and memorial tablets dating from
between the 7th and 9th centuries AD, along with some documents that were found in
China's Xinjiang region. The written evidence gathered from these sources tells of
battles fought between the Turks and the Chinese and other legends. There are also
examples of Uyghur poetry, though most have survived only in Chinese translation.
[19]

Wheat from the Yenisei was sold by Muslims and Uighurs during inadequate harvests
to Bukhara and Soghd during the Tahirid era.[20]

Russians first reached the upper Yenisei in 1605, travelling from the Ob River, up
the Ket River, portaging and then down the Yenisei as far as the Sym River.[21]

During World War II, Nazi Germany and the Japanese Empire agreed to divide Asia
along a line that followed the Yenisei River to the border of China and then along
the border of China and the Soviet Union.[22]

Pollution
Studies have shown that the Yenisei suffers from contamination caused by
radioactive discharges from a factory that produced bomb-grade plutonium in the
secret city of Krasnoyarsk-26, now known as Zheleznogorsk.[23]

Gallery

The bridge over the Yenisei in Krasnoyarsk, Russia, viewed from the left bank.

Vinogradovsky most, the bridge in Krasnoyarsk, Russia, viewed from the left bank

The Yenisei (left) and the Ob flow into Kara Sea.

See also
List of rivers of Russia
Sayano-Shushenskaya Dam
Yenisei Range
References
?????????, ????????? ????????? (30 August 1990).
"????????? : ?????????????, ?????" � via Google Books.
???????, ???????? (5 September 2017). "????, ???? ? ??????. ??? ???? ?? ?????".
Litres � via Google Books.
"Station: Igarka". Yenisei Basin. UNH / GRDC. Archived from the original on 24
September 2015. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
A.Ochir. "History of the Mongol Oirats" 1993
"Yenisei River". Hammond Quick & Easy Notebook Reference Atlas & Webster
Dictionary. Hammond. p. 31. ISBN 0843709227.
"Yenisei River: Siberia's blessing and curse". RT. 11 June 2010. Archived from the
original on 17 March 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
Alan Taylor (23 August 2013). "A Year on the Yenisei River". The Atlantic.
Archived from the original on 26 June 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
C Michael Hogan (13 May 2012). "Yenisei River". Encyclopedia of Earth. Archived
from the original on 17 May 2015. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
"Yenisei River". Geology Page. 4 February 2014. Archived from the original on 7
January 2019. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (2008). Yenisei. Archived 16 January 2017 at
the Wayback Machine Retrieved 16 July 2014.
Stein, Ruediger et al. 2003. Siberian river run-off in the Kara Sea, Proceedings
in Marine Sciences, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 488 pages
C. Michael Hogan. 2009. Hooded Crow: Corvus cornix, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed, N.
Stromberg Archived 26 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine
Russell, D.E.; Gunn, A. (20 November 2013). "Migratory Tundra Rangifer". NOAA
Arctic Research Program.
Kolpashikov, L.; Makhailov, V.; Russell, D. (2014). "The role of harvest,
predators and socio-political environment in the dynamics of the Taimyr wild
reindeer herd with some lessons for North America". Ecology and Society. JSTOR
26269762.
Baskin, Leonid M. (1986), "Differences in the ecology and behaviour of reindeer
populations in the USSR", Rangifer, Special Issue (1): 333�340, archived from the
original on 3 March 2016, retrieved 7 January 2015
Five Months in a Leaky Boat: A River Journey Through Siberia, Kozel, 2003, Pan
Macmillan
Permanent International Association of Navigation Congresses. (1989). Ship lifts:
report of a Study Commission within the framework of Permanent . PIANC. ISBN 978-2-
87223-006-8. Retrieved 14 December 2011.
Vajda, Edward G. "The Ket and Other Yeniseian Peoples". Archived from the original
on 6 April 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2006.
Halman, Talah. A Millenium of Turkish Literature. p. 6.
Ian Blanchard (2001). Mining, Metallurgy and Minting in the Middle Ages: Asiatic
supremacy, 425-1125. Franz Steiner Verlag. pp. 271�272. ISBN 978-3-515-07958-7.
Archived from the original on 9 January 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2016.
Fisher, Raymond Henry (1943). The Russian Fur Trade, 1550-1700. University of
California Press.
Weinberg, Gerhard L. Visions of Victory: The Hopes of Eight World War II Leaders
Cambridge, England, United Kingdom:2005--Cambridge University Press [1] Archived 17
September 2011 at the Wayback Machine
David Hoffman (17 August 1998). "Wastes of War: Radioactivity Threatens a Mighty
River". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved
13 February 2015.
Coordinates: 71�50'0?N 82�40'0?E

External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Yenisei River.
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclop�dia Britannica article Yenisei.
Yenisey River at the Encyclop�dia Britannica
Photos of river around Krasnoyarsk area at Boston.com
William Barr, 'German paddle-steamers on the Yenisey 1878-84', The Journal of the
Hakluyt Society, August 2014.
Geographic data related to Yenisei River at OpenStreetMap
vte
Regions of Asia
Central
Greater Middle EastAral Sea Aralkum DesertCaspian SeaDead SeaSea of
GalileeTartaryTransoxiana TuranGreater
KhorasanArianaArachosiaKhwarazmSistanKazakhstania Kazakh SteppeBetpak-DalaEurasian
Steppe Asian SteppeKazakh SteppePontic�Caspian steppeMongolian-Manchurian
grasslandWild Fields YedisanMuravsky TrailUral Ural MountainsVolga regionIdel-
UralPryazoviaBjarmalandKubanZalesyeIngriaNovorossiyaGornaya ShoriyaTulgasIranian
PlateauAltai MountainsPamir MountainsTian ShanBadakhshanWakhan CorridorWakhjir
PassMount ImeonMongolian PlateauWestern RegionsTaklamakan DesertKarakoram Trans-
Karakoram TractSiachen Glacier
North
Arctic Arctic CircleInner AsiaNortheastUral Ural MountainsFar East Russian Far
EastOkhotsk-Manchurian taigaBeringia Chukchi PeninsulaKamchatka PeninsulaExtreme
NorthTartarySiberia Baikalia (Lake Baikal)Baraba steppeKhatanga
GulfTransbaikalWestAmur BasinYenisei GulfYenisei BasinSikhote-AlinKolymaBering
StraitRing of FireOuter ManchuriaAsia-Pacific
East
OrientJapanese archipelago Northeastern Japan ArcSakhalin Island ArcKorean
PeninsulaGobi DesertTaklamakan DesertGreater KhinganMongolian PlateauInner
AsiaInner MongoliaOuter MongoliaChina properManchuria Outer ManchuriaInner
ManchuriaNortheast China PlainMongolian-Manchurian grasslandNorth China Plain Yan
MountainsKunlun MountainsLiaodong PeninsulaHigh-mountain Asia HimalayasTibetan
PlateauTibetKarakoramTarim BasinSichuan BasinNorthern Silk RoadHexi
CorridorNanzhongLingnanLiangguangJiangnanJianghuaiGuanzhongHuizhouWuJiaozhouZhongyu
anShaannanOrdos Loop Loess PlateauShaanbeiHamgyong MountainsCentral Mountain
RangeJapanese AlpsSuzuka MountainsLeizhou PeninsulaGulf of TonkinYangtze River
Yangtze River DeltaYellow RiverPearl River DeltaYenisei BasinAltai MountainsWakhan
CorridorWakhjir PassFar EastRing of FireAsia-PacificTropical Asia
West
Greater Middle East MENAMENASAMiddle EastRed Sea Hanish IslandsCaspian
SeaMediterranean SeaZagros Mountains ElamPersian Gulf Pirate CoastStrait of
HormuzGreater and Lesser TunbsAl-Faw PeninsulaGulf of OmanGulf of AqabaGulf of
AdenBalochistanArabian Peninsula Najd Al-YamamaHejazTihamahEastern ArabiaSouth
Arabia HadhramautArabian Peninsula coastal fog desertAl-
SharatTigris�EuphratesMesopotamia Upper MesopotamiaLower MesopotamiaSawadNineveh
plainsAkkad (region)BabyloniaCanaanAram Aram-NaharaimEber-NariSuhumEastern
MediterraneanMashriqKurdistanLevant Southern LevantTransjordanJordan Rift
ValleyLevantine SeaHoly Land PalestineLand of IsraelGolan HeightsHula
ValleyGalileeGileadJudeaSamariaArabahAnti-Lebanon MountainsSinai PeninsulaArabian
DesertSyrian DesertFertile CrescentAzerbaijanSyriaHauranIranian Plateau Dasht-e
KavirArmenian HighlandsCaucasus Caucasus Mountains Greater CaucasusLesser
CaucasusNorth CaucasusSouth Caucasus ShirvanKur-Araz LowlandLankaran
LowlandAlborzAbsheron PeninsulaKartliAnatolia Taurus
MountainsAeolisPaphlagoniaPhasianeIsauriaIoniaBithyniaCiliciaCappadociaCariaCorduen
eChaldiaDorisLycaoniaLyciaLydiaGalatiaPisidiaPontusMysiaArzawaSperi SopheneBiga
Peninsula TroadTuwanaAlpide belt
South
OrientGreater IndiaIndian subcontinentHimalayasHindu KushBactriaCarnatic
regionTamilakamWestern GhatsEastern GhatsGanges BasinGanges
DeltaGuzganPashtunistanPunjabBalochistan GedrosiaMakranMarathwadaKashmir Kashmir
ValleyPir Panjal RangeThar DesertIndus ValleyIndus River DeltaIndus Valley
DesertIndo-Gangetic PlainEastern Coastal Plains KalingaWestern Coastal
PlainsMeghalaya subtropical forestsMENASALower Gangetic plains moist deciduous
forestsNorthwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadowsDoabBagar tractGreat Rann of
KutchLittle Rann of KutchDeccan PlateauCoromandel CoastKonkanFalse Divi PointHindi
BeltLadakhAksai ChinGilgit-Baltistan BaltistanShigar ValleyHigh-mountain
AsiaKarakoram Saltoro MountainsSiachen GlacierBengal Bay of BengalGulf of
KhambhatGulf of Kutch HalarGulf of MannarTrans-Karakoram TractWakhan
CorridorWakhjir PassLakshadweep Laccadive IslandsAmindivi
IslandsParopamisadaeAndaman and Nicobar Islands Andaman IslandsNicobar
IslandsMaldive IslandsAlpide beltAsia-PacificTropical Asia
Southeast
OrientSundalandMainland IndochinaMalay PeninsulaNorthern Triangle temperate
forestsMaritime Peninsular MalaysiaSunda IslandsGreater Sunda IslandsLesser Sunda
IslandsIndonesian Archipelago WallaceaTimorPhilippine Archipelago
LuzonVisayasMindanaoLeyte GulfGulf of ThailandEast IndiesNanyangAlpide beltFar
EastRing of FireAsia-PacificTropical Asia
Authority control Edit this at Wikidata
GND: 4109125-5NKC: ge117635VIAF: 244579309WorldCat Identities (via VIAF): 244579309
Categories: Rivers of Krasnoyarsk KraiRivers of KhakassiaRivers of TuvaRivers of
KyzylPhysiographic provincesDrainage basins of the Kara SeaYenisei basin
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Yenisei River
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For the bandy club Yenisey, see Yenisey Krasnoyarsk Bandy Club.

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this
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Yenisei
Beldir.jpg
Bii-Khem and Kaa-Khem near Kyzyl
Yeniseirivermap.png
The Yenisei basin, including Lake Baikal
Etymology from either Old Kyrgyz ???-??? (Ene-Sai, �mother river�) or
Evenki ??????? (Ion?ssi, �big water�)[1][2]
Native name ?????? (Russian)
Location
Country Mongolia, Russia
Region Tuva, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Khakassia, Irkutsk Oblast, Buryatia,
Zabaykalsky Krai
Cities Kyzyl, Shagonar, Sayanogorsk, Abakan, Divnogorsk, Krasnoyarsk,
Yeniseysk, Lesosibirsk, Igarka, Dudinka
Physical characteristics
Source Mungaragiyn-Gol
? location ridge Dod-Taygasyn-Noor, Mongolia
? coordinates 50�43'46?N 98�39'49?E
? elevation 3,351 m (10,994 ft)
Mouth Yenisei Gulf
? location Arctic Ocean, Russia
Length 3,438 km (2,136 mi)
Basin size 2,580,000 km2 (1,000,000 sq mi)
Discharge
? location Igarka[3]
? average 19,600 m3/s (690,000 cu ft/s)
? minimum 3,120 m3/s (110,000 cu ft/s)
? maximum 112,000 m3/s (4,000,000 cu ft/s)
Basin features
Tributaries
? right Angara, Lower Tunguska, Stony Tunguska River
The Yenisei (Russian: ?????�?, Yenis�y; Mongolian: ?????? ?????, Yenisei m�r�n;
Buryat: ?????? ?????, Gorlog m�ren; Tyvan: ????-???, Ulug-Hem; Khakas: ??? ???, Kim
sug)[4] also Romanised Yenisey, Enisei, Jenisej,[5] is the largest river system
flowing to the Arctic Ocean. It is the central of the three great Siberian rivers
that flow into the Arctic Ocean (the other two being the Ob and the Lena). Rising
in Mongolia, it follows a northerly course to the Yenisei Gulf in the Kara Sea,
with the Western Siberian Plain to the west and the Central Siberian Plateau to the
east. It drains a large part of central Siberia. Yenisei is the fifth-longest river
system in the world.

The maximum depth of the Yenisei is 24 metres (80 ft) and the average depth is 14
metres (45 ft). The depth of river outflow is 32 metres (106 ft) and inflow is 31
metres (101 ft).[clarification needed]

Contents
1 Course of the river
1.1 Tributaries
2 Lake Baikal
3 Flora and fauna
3.1 Taimyr reindeer herd
4 Navigation
5 History
6 Pollution
7 Gallery
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Course of the river

The confluence of the rivers Kaa-Khem and Piy-Khem from the height of bird flight
The river flows through Tuva, Khakassia[6] and the city of Krasnoyarsk.[7]

Tributaries
The river forms at the confluence of the Big Yenisei River and the Little Yenisei
River. The Yenisei tributaries include the Angara, Big Pit, Stony Tunguska, Bakhta,
Lower Tunguska, Kureika, Kan, Mana, Bazaikha, Dubches, Tanama, Kacha, Kem,
Khemchik, Abakan, Khantayka, Yeloguy, Big Kheta, Turukhan, Sym and Tuba rivers.[8]

Lake Baikal
Main article: Lake Baikal
The 320-kilometre (200 mi), partly navigable Upper Angara River feeds into the
northern end of Lake Baikal from the Buryat Republic but the largest inflow is from
the Selenga which forms a delta on the southeastern side.[9]

The river as seen from the trans-Siberian railway near Krasnoyarsk

Flora and fauna
The Yenisei River basin (excluding Lake Baikal and lakes of the Khantayka River
headwaters) is home to 55 native fish species, including two endemics: Gobio
sibiricus (a gobionine cyprinid) and Thymallus nigrescens [es] (a grayling).[10]
The grayling is restricted to Kh�vsg�l Nuur and its tributaries.[10] Most fish
found in the Yenisei River basin are relatively widespread Euro-Siberian or
Siberian species, such as northern pike (Esox lucius), common roach (Rutilus
rutilus), common dace (Leuciscus leuciscus), Siberian sculpin (Cottus poecilopus),
European perch (Perca fluviatilis) and Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio). The basin
is also home to many salmonids (trout, whitefish, charr, graylings, taimen and
relatives) and the Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii).[10]

The Yenisei River valley is habitat for numerous flora and fauna, with Siberian
pine and Siberian larch being notable tree species. In prehistoric times Scots
pine, Pinus sylvestris, was abundant in the Yenisei River valley circa 6000 BC.[11]
There are also numerous bird species present in the watershed, including, for
example, the hooded crow, Corvus cornix.[12]

Taimyr reindeer herd

The Taimyr reindeer herd, a migrating tundra reindeer (R.t. sibiricus), the largest
reindeer herd in the world,[13][14] migrated to winter grazing ranges along the
Yenisei River.[15]:336

Navigation

Inclined plane at Krasnoyarsk Dam

River steamers first came to the Yenesei River in 1864 and were brought in from
Holland and England across the icy Kara Sea. One was the SS Nikolai. The SS Thames
attempted to explore the river, overwintered in 1876, but was damaged in the ice
and eventually wrecked in the river. Success came with the steamers Frazer, Express
in 1878, and the next year, Moscow hauling supplies in and wheat out. The Dalman
reached Yeneisisk in 1881.

Imperial Russia placed river steamers on the massive river in an attempt to free up
communication with land-locked Siberia. One boat was the SS St. Nicholas which took
the future Tsar Nicholas II on his voyage to Siberia, and later conveyed Vladimir
Lenin to prison.

Engineers attempted to place river steamers on regular service on the river during
the building of the Trans-Siberian Railway. The boats were needed to bring in the
rails, engines and supplies. Captain Joseph Wiggins sailed the Orestes with rail
and parted out river steamers in 1893. However, the sea and river route proved very
difficult with several ships lost at sea and on the river. Both the Ob and Yenisei
mouths feed into very long inlets, several hundred kilometres in length, which are
shallow, ice bound and prone to high winds and thus treacherous for navigation.
After the completion of the railway, river traffic reduced only to local service as
the Arctic route and long river proved much too indirect a route.

The first recreation team to navigate the Yenisei's entire length, including its
violent upper tributary in Mongolia, was an Australian-Canadian effort completed in
September 2001. Ben Kozel, Tim Cope, Colin Angus and Remy Quinter were on this
team. Both Kozel and Angus wrote books detailing this expedition,[16] and a
documentary was produced for National Geographic Television.

A canal inclined plane was built on the river in 1985 at the Krasnoyarsk Dam.[17]

History
Nomadic tribes such as the Ket people and the Yugh people have lived along the
banks of the Yenisei river since ancient times, and this region is the location of
the Yeniseian language family. The Ket, numbering about 1000, are the only
survivors today of those who originally lived throughout central southern Siberia
near the river banks. Their extinct relatives included the Kotts, Assans, Arins,
Baikots and Pumpokols who lived further upriver to the south. The modern Ket lived
in the eastern middle areas of the river before being assimilated politically into
Russia during the 17th through 19th centuries.[18]

Some of the earliest known evidence of Turkic origins was found in the Yenisei
Valley in the form of stelae, stone monoliths and memorial tablets dating from
between the 7th and 9th centuries AD, along with some documents that were found in
China's Xinjiang region. The written evidence gathered from these sources tells of
battles fought between the Turks and the Chinese and other legends. There are also
examples of Uyghur poetry, though most have survived only in Chinese translation.
[19]

Wheat from the Yenisei was sold by Muslims and Uighurs during inadequate harvests
to Bukhara and Soghd during the Tahirid era.[20]

Russians first reached the upper Yenisei in 1605, travelling from the Ob River, up
the Ket River, portaging and then down the Yenisei as far as the Sym River.[21]

During World War II, Nazi Germany and the Japanese Empire agreed to divide Asia
along a line that followed the Yenisei River to the border of China and then along
the border of China and the Soviet Union.[22]

Pollution
Studies have shown that the Yenisei suffers from contamination caused by
radioactive discharges from a factory that produced bomb-grade plutonium in the
secret city of Krasnoyarsk-26, now known as Zheleznogorsk.[23]

Gallery

The bridge over the Yenisei in Krasnoyarsk, Russia, viewed from the left bank.

Vinogradovsky most, the bridge in Krasnoyarsk, Russia, viewed from the left bank
The Yenisei (left) and the Ob flow into Kara Sea.

See also
List of rivers of Russia
Sayano-Shushenskaya Dam
Yenisei Range
References
?????????, ????????? ????????? (30 August 1990).
"????????? : ?????????????, ?????" � via Google Books.
???????, ???????? (5 September 2017). "????, ???? ? ??????. ??? ???? ?? ?????".
Litres � via Google Books.
"Station: Igarka". Yenisei Basin. UNH / GRDC. Archived from the original on 24
September 2015. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
A.Ochir. "History of the Mongol Oirats" 1993
"Yenisei River". Hammond Quick & Easy Notebook Reference Atlas & Webster
Dictionary. Hammond. p. 31. ISBN 0843709227.
"Yenisei River: Siberia's blessing and curse". RT. 11 June 2010. Archived from the
original on 17 March 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
Alan Taylor (23 August 2013). "A Year on the Yenisei River". The Atlantic.
Archived from the original on 26 June 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
C Michael Hogan (13 May 2012). "Yenisei River". Encyclopedia of Earth. Archived
from the original on 17 May 2015. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
"Yenisei River". Geology Page. 4 February 2014. Archived from the original on 7
January 2019. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (2008). Yenisei. Archived 16 January 2017 at
the Wayback Machine Retrieved 16 July 2014.
Stein, Ruediger et al. 2003. Siberian river run-off in the Kara Sea, Proceedings
in Marine Sciences, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 488 pages
C. Michael Hogan. 2009. Hooded Crow: Corvus cornix, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed, N.
Stromberg Archived 26 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine
Russell, D.E.; Gunn, A. (20 November 2013). "Migratory Tundra Rangifer". NOAA
Arctic Research Program.
Kolpashikov, L.; Makhailov, V.; Russell, D. (2014). "The role of harvest,
predators and socio-political environment in the dynamics of the Taimyr wild
reindeer herd with some lessons for North America". Ecology and Society. JSTOR
26269762.
Baskin, Leonid M. (1986), "Differences in the ecology and behaviour of reindeer
populations in the USSR", Rangifer, Special Issue (1): 333�340, archived from the
original on 3 March 2016, retrieved 7 January 2015
Five Months in a Leaky Boat: A River Journey Through Siberia, Kozel, 2003, Pan
Macmillan
Permanent International Association of Navigation Congresses. (1989). Ship lifts:
report of a Study Commission within the framework of Permanent . PIANC. ISBN 978-2-
87223-006-8. Retrieved 14 December 2011.
Vajda, Edward G. "The Ket and Other Yeniseian Peoples". Archived from the original
on 6 April 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2006.
Halman, Talah. A Millenium of Turkish Literature. p. 6.
Ian Blanchard (2001). Mining, Metallurgy and Minting in the Middle Ages: Asiatic
supremacy, 425-1125. Franz Steiner Verlag. pp. 271�272. ISBN 978-3-515-07958-7.
Archived from the original on 9 January 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2016.
Fisher, Raymond Henry (1943). The Russian Fur Trade, 1550-1700. University of
California Press.
Weinberg, Gerhard L. Visions of Victory: The Hopes of Eight World War II Leaders
Cambridge, England, United Kingdom:2005--Cambridge University Press [1] Archived 17
September 2011 at the Wayback Machine
David Hoffman (17 August 1998). "Wastes of War: Radioactivity Threatens a Mighty
River". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved
13 February 2015.
Coordinates: 71�50'0?N 82�40'0?E
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Yenisei River.
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclop�dia Britannica article Yenisei.
Yenisey River at the Encyclop�dia Britannica
Photos of river around Krasnoyarsk area at Boston.com
William Barr, 'German paddle-steamers on the Yenisey 1878-84', The Journal of the
Hakluyt Society, August 2014.
Geographic data related to Yenisei River at OpenStreetMap
vte
Regions of Asia
Central
Greater Middle EastAral Sea Aralkum DesertCaspian SeaDead SeaSea of
GalileeTartaryTransoxiana TuranGreater
KhorasanArianaArachosiaKhwarazmSistanKazakhstania Kazakh SteppeBetpak-DalaEurasian
Steppe Asian SteppeKazakh SteppePontic�Caspian steppeMongolian-Manchurian
grasslandWild Fields YedisanMuravsky TrailUral Ural MountainsVolga regionIdel-
UralPryazoviaBjarmalandKubanZalesyeIngriaNovorossiyaGornaya ShoriyaTulgasIranian
PlateauAltai MountainsPamir MountainsTian ShanBadakhshanWakhan CorridorWakhjir
PassMount ImeonMongolian PlateauWestern RegionsTaklamakan DesertKarakoram Trans-
Karakoram TractSiachen Glacier
North
Arctic Arctic CircleInner AsiaNortheastUral Ural MountainsFar East Russian Far
EastOkhotsk-Manchurian taigaBeringia Chukchi PeninsulaKamchatka PeninsulaExtreme
NorthTartarySiberia Baikalia (Lake Baikal)Baraba steppeKhatanga
GulfTransbaikalWestAmur BasinYenisei GulfYenisei BasinSikhote-AlinKolymaBering
StraitRing of FireOuter ManchuriaAsia-Pacific
East
OrientJapanese archipelago Northeastern Japan ArcSakhalin Island ArcKorean
PeninsulaGobi DesertTaklamakan DesertGreater KhinganMongolian PlateauInner
AsiaInner MongoliaOuter MongoliaChina properManchuria Outer ManchuriaInner
ManchuriaNortheast China PlainMongolian-Manchurian grasslandNorth China Plain Yan
MountainsKunlun MountainsLiaodong PeninsulaHigh-mountain Asia HimalayasTibetan
PlateauTibetKarakoramTarim BasinSichuan BasinNorthern Silk RoadHexi
CorridorNanzhongLingnanLiangguangJiangnanJianghuaiGuanzhongHuizhouWuJiaozhouZhongyu
anShaannanOrdos Loop Loess PlateauShaanbeiHamgyong MountainsCentral Mountain
RangeJapanese AlpsSuzuka MountainsLeizhou PeninsulaGulf of TonkinYangtze River
Yangtze River DeltaYellow RiverPearl River DeltaYenisei BasinAltai MountainsWakhan
CorridorWakhjir PassFar EastRing of FireAsia-PacificTropical Asia
West
Greater Middle East MENAMENASAMiddle EastRed Sea Hanish IslandsCaspian
SeaMediterranean SeaZagros Mountains ElamPersian Gulf Pirate CoastStrait of
HormuzGreater and Lesser TunbsAl-Faw PeninsulaGulf of OmanGulf of AqabaGulf of
AdenBalochistanArabian Peninsula Najd Al-YamamaHejazTihamahEastern ArabiaSouth
Arabia HadhramautArabian Peninsula coastal fog desertAl-
SharatTigris�EuphratesMesopotamia Upper MesopotamiaLower MesopotamiaSawadNineveh
plainsAkkad (region)BabyloniaCanaanAram Aram-NaharaimEber-NariSuhumEastern
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KutchLittle Rann of KutchDeccan PlateauCoromandel CoastKonkanFalse Divi PointHindi
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AsiaKarakoram Saltoro MountainsSiachen GlacierBengal Bay of BengalGulf of
KhambhatGulf of Kutch HalarGulf of MannarTrans-Karakoram TractWakhan
CorridorWakhjir PassLakshadweep Laccadive IslandsAmindivi
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KyzylPhysiographic provincesDrainage basins of the Kara SeaYenisei basin
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Yenisei River
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigationJump to search
For the bandy club Yenisey, see Yenisey Krasnoyarsk Bandy Club.

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this
article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be
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2007) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Yenisei
Beldir.jpg
Bii-Khem and Kaa-Khem near Kyzyl
Yeniseirivermap.png
The Yenisei basin, including Lake Baikal
Etymology from either Old Kyrgyz ???-??? (Ene-Sai, �mother river�) or
Evenki ??????? (Ion?ssi, �big water�)[1][2]
Native name ?????? (Russian)
Location
Country Mongolia, Russia
Region Tuva, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Khakassia, Irkutsk Oblast, Buryatia,
Zabaykalsky Krai
Cities Kyzyl, Shagonar, Sayanogorsk, Abakan, Divnogorsk, Krasnoyarsk,
Yeniseysk, Lesosibirsk, Igarka, Dudinka
Physical characteristics
Source Mungaragiyn-Gol
? location ridge Dod-Taygasyn-Noor, Mongolia
? coordinates 50�43'46?N 98�39'49?E
? elevation 3,351 m (10,994 ft)
Mouth Yenisei Gulf
? location Arctic Ocean, Russia
Length 3,438 km (2,136 mi)
Basin size 2,580,000 km2 (1,000,000 sq mi)
Discharge
? location Igarka[3]
? average 19,600 m3/s (690,000 cu ft/s)
? minimum 3,120 m3/s (110,000 cu ft/s)
? maximum 112,000 m3/s (4,000,000 cu ft/s)
Basin features
Tributaries
? right Angara, Lower Tunguska, Stony Tunguska River
The Yenisei (Russian: ?????�?, Yenis�y; Mongolian: ?????? ?????, Yenisei m�r�n;
Buryat: ?????? ?????, Gorlog m�ren; Tyvan: ????-???, Ulug-Hem; Khakas: ??? ???, Kim
sug)[4] also Romanised Yenisey, Enisei, Jenisej,[5] is the largest river system
flowing to the Arctic Ocean. It is the central of the three great Siberian rivers
that flow into the Arctic Ocean (the other two being the Ob and the Lena). Rising
in Mongolia, it follows a northerly course to the Yenisei Gulf in the Kara Sea,
with the Western Siberian Plain to the west and the Central Siberian Plateau to the
east. It drains a large part of central Siberia. Yenisei is the fifth-longest river
system in the world.

The maximum depth of the Yenisei is 24 metres (80 ft) and the average depth is 14
metres (45 ft). The depth of river outflow is 32 metres (106 ft) and inflow is 31
metres (101 ft).[clarification needed]

Contents
1 Course of the river
1.1 Tributaries
2 Lake Baikal
3 Flora and fauna
3.1 Taimyr reindeer herd
4 Navigation
5 History
6 Pollution
7 Gallery
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Course of the river

The confluence of the rivers Kaa-Khem and Piy-Khem from the height of bird flight
The river flows through Tuva, Khakassia[6] and the city of Krasnoyarsk.[7]

Tributaries
The river forms at the confluence of the Big Yenisei River and the Little Yenisei
River. The Yenisei tributaries include the Angara, Big Pit, Stony Tunguska, Bakhta,
Lower Tunguska, Kureika, Kan, Mana, Bazaikha, Dubches, Tanama, Kacha, Kem,
Khemchik, Abakan, Khantayka, Yeloguy, Big Kheta, Turukhan, Sym and Tuba rivers.[8]

Lake Baikal
Main article: Lake Baikal
The 320-kilometre (200 mi), partly navigable Upper Angara River feeds into the
northern end of Lake Baikal from the Buryat Republic but the largest inflow is from
the Selenga which forms a delta on the southeastern side.[9]

The river as seen from the trans-Siberian railway near Krasnoyarsk

Flora and fauna
The Yenisei River basin (excluding Lake Baikal and lakes of the Khantayka River
headwaters) is home to 55 native fish species, including two endemics: Gobio
sibiricus (a gobionine cyprinid) and Thymallus nigrescens [es] (a grayling).[10]
The grayling is restricted to Kh�vsg�l Nuur and its tributaries.[10] Most fish
found in the Yenisei River basin are relatively widespread Euro-Siberian or
Siberian species, such as northern pike (Esox lucius), common roach (Rutilus
rutilus), common dace (Leuciscus leuciscus), Siberian sculpin (Cottus poecilopus),
European perch (Perca fluviatilis) and Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio). The basin
is also home to many salmonids (trout, whitefish, charr, graylings, taimen and
relatives) and the Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii).[10]

The Yenisei River valley is habitat for numerous flora and fauna, with Siberian
pine and Siberian larch being notable tree species. In prehistoric times Scots
pine, Pinus sylvestris, was abundant in the Yenisei River valley circa 6000 BC.[11]
There are also numerous bird species present in the watershed, including, for
example, the hooded crow, Corvus cornix.[12]

Taimyr reindeer herd

The Taimyr reindeer herd, a migrating tundra reindeer (R.t. sibiricus), the largest
reindeer herd in the world,[13][14] migrated to winter grazing ranges along the
Yenisei River.[15]:336

Navigation

Inclined plane at Krasnoyarsk Dam

River steamers first came to the Yenesei River in 1864 and were brought in from
Holland and England across the icy Kara Sea. One was the SS Nikolai. The SS Thames
attempted to explore the river, overwintered in 1876, but was damaged in the ice
and eventually wrecked in the river. Success came with the steamers Frazer, Express
in 1878, and the next year, Moscow hauling supplies in and wheat out. The Dalman
reached Yeneisisk in 1881.

Imperial Russia placed river steamers on the massive river in an attempt to free up
communication with land-locked Siberia. One boat was the SS St. Nicholas which took
the future Tsar Nicholas II on his voyage to Siberia, and later conveyed Vladimir
Lenin to prison.

Engineers attempted to place river steamers on regular service on the river during
the building of the Trans-Siberian Railway. The boats were needed to bring in the
rails, engines and supplies. Captain Joseph Wiggins sailed the Orestes with rail
and parted out river steamers in 1893. However, the sea and river route proved very
difficult with several ships lost at sea and on the river. Both the Ob and Yenisei
mouths feed into very long inlets, several hundred kilometres in length, which are
shallow, ice bound and prone to high winds and thus treacherous for navigation.
After the completion of the railway, river traffic reduced only to local service as
the Arctic route and long river proved much too indirect a route.

The first recreation team to navigate the Yenisei's entire length, including its
violent upper tributary in Mongolia, was an Australian-Canadian effort completed in
September 2001. Ben Kozel, Tim Cope, Colin Angus and Remy Quinter were on this
team. Both Kozel and Angus wrote books detailing this expedition,[16] and a
documentary was produced for National Geographic Television.

A canal inclined plane was built on the river in 1985 at the Krasnoyarsk Dam.[17]

History
Nomadic tribes such as the Ket people and the Yugh people have lived along the
banks of the Yenisei river since ancient times, and this region is the location of
the Yeniseian language family. The Ket, numbering about 1000, are the only
survivors today of those who originally lived throughout central southern Siberia
near the river banks. Their extinct relatives included the Kotts, Assans, Arins,
Baikots and Pumpokols who lived further upriver to the south. The modern Ket lived
in the eastern middle areas of the river before being assimilated politically into
Russia during the 17th through 19th centuries.[18]

Some of the earliest known evidence of Turkic origins was found in the Yenisei
Valley in the form of stelae, stone monoliths and memorial tablets dating from
between the 7th and 9th centuries AD, along with some documents that were found in
China's Xinjiang region. The written evidence gathered from these sources tells of
battles fought between the Turks and the Chinese and other legends. There are also
examples of Uyghur poetry, though most have survived only in Chinese translation.
[19]
Wheat from the Yenisei was sold by Muslims and Uighurs during inadequate harvests
to Bukhara and Soghd during the Tahirid era.[20]

Russians first reached the upper Yenisei in 1605, travelling from the Ob River, up
the Ket River, portaging and then down the Yenisei as far as the Sym River.[21]

During World War II, Nazi Germany and the Japanese Empire agreed to divide Asia
along a line that followed the Yenisei River to the border of China and then along
the border of China and the Soviet Union.[22]

Pollution
Studies have shown that the Yenisei suffers from contamination caused by
radioactive discharges from a factory that produced bomb-grade plutonium in the
secret city of Krasnoyarsk-26, now known as Zheleznogorsk.[23]

Gallery

The bridge over the Yenisei in Krasnoyarsk, Russia, viewed from the left bank.

Vinogradovsky most, the bridge in Krasnoyarsk, Russia, viewed from the left bank

The Yenisei (left) and the Ob flow into Kara Sea.

See also
List of rivers of Russia
Sayano-Shushenskaya Dam
Yenisei Range
References
?????????, ????????? ????????? (30 August 1990).
"????????? : ?????????????, ?????" � via Google Books.
???????, ???????? (5 September 2017). "????, ???? ? ??????. ??? ???? ?? ?????".
Litres � via Google Books.
"Station: Igarka". Yenisei Basin. UNH / GRDC. Archived from the original on 24
September 2015. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
A.Ochir. "History of the Mongol Oirats" 1993
"Yenisei River". Hammond Quick & Easy Notebook Reference Atlas & Webster
Dictionary. Hammond. p. 31. ISBN 0843709227.
"Yenisei River: Siberia's blessing and curse". RT. 11 June 2010. Archived from the
original on 17 March 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
Alan Taylor (23 August 2013). "A Year on the Yenisei River". The Atlantic.
Archived from the original on 26 June 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
C Michael Hogan (13 May 2012). "Yenisei River". Encyclopedia of Earth. Archived
from the original on 17 May 2015. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
"Yenisei River". Geology Page. 4 February 2014. Archived from the original on 7
January 2019. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (2008). Yenisei. Archived 16 January 2017 at
the Wayback Machine Retrieved 16 July 2014.
Stein, Ruediger et al. 2003. Siberian river run-off in the Kara Sea, Proceedings
in Marine Sciences, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 488 pages
C. Michael Hogan. 2009. Hooded Crow: Corvus cornix, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed, N.
Stromberg Archived 26 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine
Russell, D.E.; Gunn, A. (20 November 2013). "Migratory Tundra Rangifer". NOAA
Arctic Research Program.
Kolpashikov, L.; Makhailov, V.; Russell, D. (2014). "The role of harvest,
predators and socio-political environment in the dynamics of the Taimyr wild
reindeer herd with some lessons for North America". Ecology and Society. JSTOR
26269762.
Baskin, Leonid M. (1986), "Differences in the ecology and behaviour of reindeer
populations in the USSR", Rangifer, Special Issue (1): 333�340, archived from the
original on 3 March 2016, retrieved 7 January 2015
Five Months in a Leaky Boat: A River Journey Through Siberia, Kozel, 2003, Pan
Macmillan
Permanent International Association of Navigation Congresses. (1989). Ship lifts:
report of a Study Commission within the framework of Permanent . PIANC. ISBN 978-2-
87223-006-8. Retrieved 14 December 2011.
Vajda, Edward G. "The Ket and Other Yeniseian Peoples". Archived from the original
on 6 April 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2006.
Halman, Talah. A Millenium of Turkish Literature. p. 6.
Ian Blanchard (2001). Mining, Metallurgy and Minting in the Middle Ages: Asiatic
supremacy, 425-1125. Franz Steiner Verlag. pp. 271�272. ISBN 978-3-515-07958-7.
Archived from the original on 9 January 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2016.
Fisher, Raymond Henry (1943). The Russian Fur Trade, 1550-1700. University of
California Press.
Weinberg, Gerhard L. Visions of Victory: The Hopes of Eight World War II Leaders
Cambridge, England, United Kingdom:2005--Cambridge University Press [1] Archived 17
September 2011 at the Wayback Machine
David Hoffman (17 August 1998). "Wastes of War: Radioactivity Threatens a Mighty
River". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved
13 February 2015.
Coordinates: 71�50'0?N 82�40'0?E

External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Yenisei River.
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclop�dia Britannica article Yenisei.
Yenisey River at the Encyclop�dia Britannica
Photos of river around Krasnoyarsk area at Boston.com
William Barr, 'German paddle-steamers on the Yenisey 1878-84', The Journal of the
Hakluyt Society, August 2014.
Geographic data related to Yenisei River at OpenStreetMap
vte
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Central
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GalileeTartaryTransoxiana TuranGreater
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anShaannanOrdos Loop Loess PlateauShaanbeiHamgyong MountainsCentral Mountain
RangeJapanese AlpsSuzuka MountainsLeizhou PeninsulaGulf of TonkinYangtze River
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plainsAkkad (region)BabyloniaCanaanAram Aram-NaharaimEber-NariSuhumEastern
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ValleyPir Panjal RangeThar DesertIndus ValleyIndus River DeltaIndus Valley
DesertIndo-Gangetic PlainEastern Coastal Plains KalingaWestern Coastal
PlainsMeghalaya subtropical forestsMENASALower Gangetic plains moist deciduous
forestsNorthwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadowsDoabBagar tractGreat Rann of
KutchLittle Rann of KutchDeccan PlateauCoromandel CoastKonkanFalse Divi PointHindi
BeltLadakhAksai ChinGilgit-Baltistan BaltistanShigar ValleyHigh-mountain
AsiaKarakoram Saltoro MountainsSiachen GlacierBengal Bay of BengalGulf of
KhambhatGulf of Kutch HalarGulf of MannarTrans-Karakoram TractWakhan
CorridorWakhjir PassLakshadweep Laccadive IslandsAmindivi
IslandsParopamisadaeAndaman and Nicobar Islands Andaman IslandsNicobar
IslandsMaldive IslandsAlpide beltAsia-PacificTropical Asia
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forestsMaritime Peninsular MalaysiaSunda IslandsGreater Sunda IslandsLesser Sunda
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KyzylPhysiographic provincesDrainage basins of the Kara SeaYenisei basin
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Yenisei River
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigationJump to search
For the bandy club Yenisey, see Yenisey Krasnoyarsk Bandy Club.

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this
article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be
challenged and removed.
Find sources: "Yenisei River" � news � newspapers � books � scholar � JSTOR (July
2007) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Yenisei
Beldir.jpg
Bii-Khem and Kaa-Khem near Kyzyl
Yeniseirivermap.png
The Yenisei basin, including Lake Baikal
Etymology from either Old Kyrgyz ???-??? (Ene-Sai, �mother river�) or
Evenki ??????? (Ion?ssi, �big water�)[1][2]
Native name ?????? (Russian)
Location
Country Mongolia, Russia
Region Tuva, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Khakassia, Irkutsk Oblast, Buryatia,
Zabaykalsky Krai
Cities Kyzyl, Shagonar, Sayanogorsk, Abakan, Divnogorsk, Krasnoyarsk,
Yeniseysk, Lesosibirsk, Igarka, Dudinka
Physical characteristics
Source Mungaragiyn-Gol
? location ridge Dod-Taygasyn-Noor, Mongolia
? coordinates 50�43'46?N 98�39'49?E
? elevation 3,351 m (10,994 ft)
Mouth Yenisei Gulf
? location Arctic Ocean, Russia
Length 3,438 km (2,136 mi)
Basin size 2,580,000 km2 (1,000,000 sq mi)
Discharge
? location Igarka[3]
? average 19,600 m3/s (690,000 cu ft/s)
? minimum 3,120 m3/s (110,000 cu ft/s)
? maximum 112,000 m3/s (4,000,000 cu ft/s)
Basin features
Tributaries
? right Angara, Lower Tunguska, Stony Tunguska River
The Yenisei (Russian: ?????�?, Yenis�y; Mongolian: ?????? ?????, Yenisei m�r�n;
Buryat: ?????? ?????, Gorlog m�ren; Tyvan: ????-???, Ulug-Hem; Khakas: ??? ???, Kim
sug)[4] also Romanised Yenisey, Enisei, Jenisej,[5] is the largest river system
flowing to the Arctic Ocean. It is the central of the three great Siberian rivers
that flow into the Arctic Ocean (the other two being the Ob and the Lena). Rising
in Mongolia, it follows a northerly course to the Yenisei Gulf in the Kara Sea,
with the Western Siberian Plain to the west and the Central Siberian Plateau to the
east. It drains a large part of central Siberia. Yenisei is the fifth-longest river
system in the world.

The maximum depth of the Yenisei is 24 metres (80 ft) and the average depth is 14
metres (45 ft). The depth of river outflow is 32 metres (106 ft) and inflow is 31
metres (101 ft).[clarification needed]

Contents
1 Course of the river
1.1 Tributaries
2 Lake Baikal
3 Flora and fauna
3.1 Taimyr reindeer herd
4 Navigation
5 History
6 Pollution
7 Gallery
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Course of the river

The confluence of the rivers Kaa-Khem and Piy-Khem from the height of bird flight
The river flows through Tuva, Khakassia[6] and the city of Krasnoyarsk.[7]

Tributaries
The river forms at the confluence of the Big Yenisei River and the Little Yenisei
River. The Yenisei tributaries include the Angara, Big Pit, Stony Tunguska, Bakhta,
Lower Tunguska, Kureika, Kan, Mana, Bazaikha, Dubches, Tanama, Kacha, Kem,
Khemchik, Abakan, Khantayka, Yeloguy, Big Kheta, Turukhan, Sym and Tuba rivers.[8]

Lake Baikal
Main article: Lake Baikal
The 320-kilometre (200 mi), partly navigable Upper Angara River feeds into the
northern end of Lake Baikal from the Buryat Republic but the largest inflow is from
the Selenga which forms a delta on the southeastern side.[9]

The river as seen from the trans-Siberian railway near Krasnoyarsk

Flora and fauna
The Yenisei River basin (excluding Lake Baikal and lakes of the Khantayka River
headwaters) is home to 55 native fish species, including two endemics: Gobio
sibiricus (a gobionine cyprinid) and Thymallus nigrescens [es] (a grayling).[10]
The grayling is restricted to Kh�vsg�l Nuur and its tributaries.[10] Most fish
found in the Yenisei River basin are relatively widespread Euro-Siberian or
Siberian species, such as northern pike (Esox lucius), common roach (Rutilus
rutilus), common dace (Leuciscus leuciscus), Siberian sculpin (Cottus poecilopus),
European perch (Perca fluviatilis) and Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio). The basin
is also home to many salmonids (trout, whitefish, charr, graylings, taimen and
relatives) and the Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii).[10]

The Yenisei River valley is habitat for numerous flora and fauna, with Siberian
pine and Siberian larch being notable tree species. In prehistoric times Scots
pine, Pinus sylvestris, was abundant in the Yenisei River valley circa 6000 BC.[11]
There are also numerous bird species present in the watershed, including, for
example, the hooded crow, Corvus cornix.[12]

Taimyr reindeer herd

The Taimyr reindeer herd, a migrating tundra reindeer (R.t. sibiricus), the largest
reindeer herd in the world,[13][14] migrated to winter grazing ranges along the
Yenisei River.[15]:336

Navigation

Inclined plane at Krasnoyarsk Dam

River steamers first came to the Yenesei River in 1864 and were brought in from
Holland and England across the icy Kara Sea. One was the SS Nikolai. The SS Thames
attempted to explore the river, overwintered in 1876, but was damaged in the ice
and eventually wrecked in the river. Success came with the steamers Frazer, Express
in 1878, and the next year, Moscow hauling supplies in and wheat out. The Dalman
reached Yeneisisk in 1881.

Imperial Russia placed river steamers on the massive river in an attempt to free up
communication with land-locked Siberia. One boat was the SS St. Nicholas which took
the future Tsar Nicholas II on his voyage to Siberia, and later conveyed Vladimir
Lenin to prison.

Engineers attempted to place river steamers on regular service on the river during
the building of the Trans-Siberian Railway. The boats were needed to bring in the
rails, engines and supplies. Captain Joseph Wiggins sailed the Orestes with rail
and parted out river steamers in 1893. However, the sea and river route proved very
difficult with several ships lost at sea and on the river. Both the Ob and Yenisei
mouths feed into very long inlets, several hundred kilometres in length, which are
shallow, ice bound and prone to high winds and thus treacherous for navigation.
After the completion of the railway, river traffic reduced only to local service as
the Arctic route and long river proved much too indirect a route.

The first recreation team to navigate the Yenisei's entire length, including its
violent upper tributary in Mongolia, was an Australian-Canadian effort completed in
September 2001. Ben Kozel, Tim Cope, Colin Angus and Remy Quinter were on this
team. Both Kozel and Angus wrote books detailing this expedition,[16] and a
documentary was produced for National Geographic Television.

A canal inclined plane was built on the river in 1985 at the Krasnoyarsk Dam.[17]

History
Nomadic tribes such as the Ket people and the Yugh people have lived along the
banks of the Yenisei river since ancient times, and this region is the location of
the Yeniseian language family. The Ket, numbering about 1000, are the only
survivors today of those who originally lived throughout central southern Siberia
near the river banks. Their extinct relatives included the Kotts, Assans, Arins,
Baikots and Pumpokols who lived further upriver to the south. The modern Ket lived
in the eastern middle areas of the river before being assimilated politically into
Russia during the 17th through 19th centuries.[18]

Some of the earliest known evidence of Turkic origins was found in the Yenisei
Valley in the form of stelae, stone monoliths and memorial tablets dating from
between the 7th and 9th centuries AD, along with some documents that were found in
China's Xinjiang region. The written evidence gathered from these sources tells of
battles fought between the Turks and the Chinese and other legends. There are also
examples of Uyghur poetry, though most have survived only in Chinese translation.
[19]

Wheat from the Yenisei was sold by Muslims and Uighurs during inadequate harvests
to Bukhara and Soghd during the Tahirid era.[20]

Russians first reached the upper Yenisei in 1605, travelling from the Ob River, up
the Ket River, portaging and then down the Yenisei as far as the Sym River.[21]

During World War II, Nazi Germany and the Japanese Empire agreed to divide Asia
along a line that followed the Yenisei River to the border of China and then along
the border of China and the Soviet Union.[22]

Pollution
Studies have shown that the Yenisei suffers from contamination caused by
radioactive discharges from a factory that produced bomb-grade plutonium in the
secret city of Krasnoyarsk-26, now known as Zheleznogorsk.[23]

Gallery

The bridge over the Yenisei in Krasnoyarsk, Russia, viewed from the left bank.

Vinogradovsky most, the bridge in Krasnoyarsk, Russia, viewed from the left bank

The Yenisei (left) and the Ob flow into Kara Sea.

See also
List of rivers of Russia
Sayano-Shushenskaya Dam
Yenisei Range
References
?????????, ????????? ????????? (30 August 1990).
"????????? : ?????????????, ?????" � via Google Books.
 ???????, ???????? (5 September 2017). "????, ???? ? ??????. ??? ???? ?? ?????".
Litres � via Google Books.
"Station: Igarka". Yenisei Basin. UNH / GRDC. Archived from the original on 24
September 2015. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
A.Ochir. "History of the Mongol Oirats" 1993
"Yenisei River". Hammond Quick & Easy Notebook Reference Atlas & Webster
Dictionary. Hammond. p. 31. ISBN 0843709227.
"Yenisei River: Siberia's blessing and curse". RT. 11 June 2010. Archived from the
original on 17 March 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
Alan Taylor (23 August 2013). "A Year on the Yenisei River". The Atlantic.
Archived from the original on 26 June 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
C Michael Hogan (13 May 2012). "Yenisei River". Encyclopedia of Earth. Archived
from the original on 17 May 2015. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
"Yenisei River". Geology Page. 4 February 2014. Archived from the original on 7
January 2019. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (2008). Yenisei. Archived 16 January 2017 at
the Wayback Machine Retrieved 16 July 2014.
Stein, Ruediger et al. 2003. Siberian river run-off in the Kara Sea, Proceedings
in Marine Sciences, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 488 pages
C. Michael Hogan. 2009. Hooded Crow: Corvus cornix, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed, N.
Stromberg Archived 26 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine
Russell, D.E.; Gunn, A. (20 November 2013). "Migratory Tundra Rangifer". NOAA
Arctic Research Program.
Kolpashikov, L.; Makhailov, V.; Russell, D. (2014). "The role of harvest,
predators and socio-political environment in the dynamics of the Taimyr wild
reindeer herd with some lessons for North America". Ecology and Society. JSTOR
26269762.
Baskin, Leonid M. (1986), "Differences in the ecology and behaviour of reindeer
populations in the USSR", Rangifer, Special Issue (1): 333�340, archived from the
original on 3 March 2016, retrieved 7 January 2015
Five Months in a Leaky Boat: A River Journey Through Siberia, Kozel, 2003, Pan
Macmillan
Permanent International Association of Navigation Congresses. (1989). Ship lifts:
report of a Study Commission within the framework of Permanent . PIANC. ISBN 978-2-
87223-006-8. Retrieved 14 December 2011.
Vajda, Edward G. "The Ket and Other Yeniseian Peoples". Archived from the original
on 6 April 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2006.
Halman, Talah. A Millenium of Turkish Literature. p. 6.
Ian Blanchard (2001). Mining, Metallurgy and Minting in the Middle Ages: Asiatic
supremacy, 425-1125. Franz Steiner Verlag. pp. 271�272. ISBN 978-3-515-07958-7.
Archived from the original on 9 January 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2016.
Fisher, Raymond Henry (1943). The Russian Fur Trade, 1550-1700. University of
California Press.
Weinberg, Gerhard L. Visions of Victory: The Hopes of Eight World War II Leaders
Cambridge, England, United Kingdom:2005--Cambridge University Press [1] Archived 17
September 2011 at the Wayback Machine
David Hoffman (17 August 1998). "Wastes of War: Radioactivity Threatens a Mighty
River". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved
13 February 2015.
Coordinates: 71�50'0?N 82�40'0?E

External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Yenisei River.
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclop�dia Britannica article Yenisei.
Yenisey River at the Encyclop�dia Britannica
Photos of river around Krasnoyarsk area at Boston.com
William Barr, 'German paddle-steamers on the Yenisey 1878-84', The Journal of the
Hakluyt Society, August 2014.
Geographic data related to Yenisei River at OpenStreetMap
vte
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GalileeTartaryTransoxiana TuranGreater
KhorasanArianaArachosiaKhwarazmSistanKazakhstania Kazakh SteppeBetpak-DalaEurasian
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Authority control Edit this at Wikidata
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Categories: Rivers of Krasnoyarsk KraiRivers of KhakassiaRivers of TuvaRivers of
KyzylPhysiographic provincesDrainage basins of the Kara SeaYenisei basin
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Yenisei River
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For the bandy club Yenisey, see Yenisey Krasnoyarsk Bandy Club.

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this
article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be
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Yenisei
Beldir.jpg
Bii-Khem and Kaa-Khem near Kyzyl
Yeniseirivermap.png
The Yenisei basin, including Lake Baikal
Etymology from either Old Kyrgyz ???-??? (Ene-Sai, �mother river�) or
Evenki ??????? (Ion?ssi, �big water�)[1][2]
Native name ?????? (Russian)
Location
Country Mongolia, Russia
Region Tuva, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Khakassia, Irkutsk Oblast, Buryatia,
Zabaykalsky Krai
Cities Kyzyl, Shagonar, Sayanogorsk, Abakan, Divnogorsk, Krasnoyarsk,
Yeniseysk, Lesosibirsk, Igarka, Dudinka
Physical characteristics
Source Mungaragiyn-Gol
? location ridge Dod-Taygasyn-Noor, Mongolia
? coordinates 50�43'46?N 98�39'49?E
? elevation 3,351 m (10,994 ft)
Mouth Yenisei Gulf
? location Arctic Ocean, Russia
Length 3,438 km (2,136 mi)
Basin size 2,580,000 km2 (1,000,000 sq mi)
Discharge
? location Igarka[3]
? average 19,600 m3/s (690,000 cu ft/s)
? minimum 3,120 m3/s (110,000 cu ft/s)
? maximum 112,000 m3/s (4,000,000 cu ft/s)
Basin features
Tributaries
? right Angara, Lower Tunguska, Stony Tunguska River
The Yenisei (Russian: ?????�?, Yenis�y; Mongolian: ?????? ?????, Yenisei m�r�n;
Buryat: ?????? ?????, Gorlog m�ren; Tyvan: ????-???, Ulug-Hem; Khakas: ??? ???, Kim
sug)[4] also Romanised Yenisey, Enisei, Jenisej,[5] is the largest river system
flowing to the Arctic Ocean. It is the central of the three great Siberian rivers
that flow into the Arctic Ocean (the other two being the Ob and the Lena). Rising
in Mongolia, it follows a northerly course to the Yenisei Gulf in the Kara Sea,
with the Western Siberian Plain to the west and the Central Siberian Plateau to the
east. It drains a large part of central Siberia. Yenisei is the fifth-longest river
system in the world.

The maximum depth of the Yenisei is 24 metres (80 ft) and the average depth is 14
metres (45 ft). The depth of river outflow is 32 metres (106 ft) and inflow is 31
metres (101 ft).[clarification needed]

Contents
1 Course of the river
1.1 Tributaries
2 Lake Baikal
3 Flora and fauna
3.1 Taimyr reindeer herd
4 Navigation
5 History
6 Pollution
7 Gallery
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Course of the river

The confluence of the rivers Kaa-Khem and Piy-Khem from the height of bird flight
The river flows through Tuva, Khakassia[6] and the city of Krasnoyarsk.[7]

Tributaries
The river forms at the confluence of the Big Yenisei River and the Little Yenisei
River. The Yenisei tributaries include the Angara, Big Pit, Stony Tunguska, Bakhta,
Lower Tunguska, Kureika, Kan, Mana, Bazaikha, Dubches, Tanama, Kacha, Kem,
Khemchik, Abakan, Khantayka, Yeloguy, Big Kheta, Turukhan, Sym and Tuba rivers.[8]

Lake Baikal
Main article: Lake Baikal
The 320-kilometre (200 mi), partly navigable Upper Angara River feeds into the
northern end of Lake Baikal from the Buryat Republic but the largest inflow is from
the Selenga which forms a delta on the southeastern side.[9]

The river as seen from the trans-Siberian railway near Krasnoyarsk

Flora and fauna
The Yenisei River basin (excluding Lake Baikal and lakes of the Khantayka River
headwaters) is home to 55 native fish species, including two endemics: Gobio
sibiricus (a gobionine cyprinid) and Thymallus nigrescens [es] (a grayling).[10]
The grayling is restricted to Kh�vsg�l Nuur and its tributaries.[10] Most fish
found in the Yenisei River basin are relatively widespread Euro-Siberian or
Siberian species, such as northern pike (Esox lucius), common roach (Rutilus
rutilus), common dace (Leuciscus leuciscus), Siberian sculpin (Cottus poecilopus),
European perch (Perca fluviatilis) and Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio). The basin
is also home to many salmonids (trout, whitefish, charr, graylings, taimen and
relatives) and the Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii).[10]

The Yenisei River valley is habitat for numerous flora and fauna, with Siberian
pine and Siberian larch being notable tree species. In prehistoric times Scots
pine, Pinus sylvestris, was abundant in the Yenisei River valley circa 6000 BC.[11]
There are also numerous bird species present in the watershed, including, for
example, the hooded crow, Corvus cornix.[12]

Taimyr reindeer herd

The Taimyr reindeer herd, a migrating tundra reindeer (R.t. sibiricus), the largest
reindeer herd in the world,[13][14] migrated to winter grazing ranges along the
Yenisei River.[15]:336

Navigation
Inclined plane at Krasnoyarsk Dam
River steamers first came to the Yenesei River in 1864 and were brought in from
Holland and England across the icy Kara Sea. One was the SS Nikolai. The SS Thames
attempted to explore the river, overwintered in 1876, but was damaged in the ice
and eventually wrecked in the river. Success came with the steamers Frazer, Express
in 1878, and the next year, Moscow hauling supplies in and wheat out. The Dalman
reached Yeneisisk in 1881.

Imperial Russia placed river steamers on the massive river in an attempt to free up
communication with land-locked Siberia. One boat was the SS St. Nicholas which took
the future Tsar Nicholas II on his voyage to Siberia, and later conveyed Vladimir
Lenin to prison.

Engineers attempted to place river steamers on regular service on the river during
the building of the Trans-Siberian Railway. The boats were needed to bring in the
rails, engines and supplies. Captain Joseph Wiggins sailed the Orestes with rail
and parted out river steamers in 1893. However, the sea and river route proved very
difficult with several ships lost at sea and on the river. Both the Ob and Yenisei
mouths feed into very long inlets, several hundred kilometres in length, which are
shallow, ice bound and prone to high winds and thus treacherous for navigation.
After the completion of the railway, river traffic reduced only to local service as
the Arctic route and long river proved much too indirect a route.

The first recreation team to navigate the Yenisei's entire length, including its
violent upper tributary in Mongolia, was an Australian-Canadian effort completed in
September 2001. Ben Kozel, Tim Cope, Colin Angus and Remy Quinter were on this
team. Both Kozel and Angus wrote books detailing this expedition,[16] and a
documentary was produced for National Geographic Television.

A canal inclined plane was built on the river in 1985 at the Krasnoyarsk Dam.[17]

History
Nomadic tribes such as the Ket people and the Yugh people have lived along the
banks of the Yenisei river since ancient times, and this region is the location of
the Yeniseian language family. The Ket, numbering about 1000, are the only
survivors today of those who originally lived throughout central southern Siberia
near the river banks. Their extinct relatives included the Kotts, Assans, Arins,
Baikots and Pumpokols who lived further upriver to the south. The modern Ket lived
in the eastern middle areas of the river before being assimilated politically into
Russia during the 17th through 19th centuries.[18]

Some of the earliest known evidence of Turkic origins was found in the Yenisei
Valley in the form of stelae, stone monoliths and memorial tablets dating from
between the 7th and 9th centuries AD, along with some documents that were found in
China's Xinjiang region. The written evidence gathered from these sources tells of
battles fought between the Turks and the Chinese and other legends. There are also
examples of Uyghur poetry, though most have survived only in Chinese translation.
[19]

Wheat from the Yenisei was sold by Muslims and Uighurs during inadequate harvests
to Bukhara and Soghd during the Tahirid era.[20]

Russians first reached the upper Yenisei in 1605, travelling from the Ob River, up
the Ket River, portaging and then down the Yenisei as far as the Sym River.[21]

During World War II, Nazi Germany and the Japanese Empire agreed to divide Asia
along a line that followed the Yenisei River to the border of China and then along
the border of China and the Soviet Union.[22]
Pollution
Studies have shown that the Yenisei suffers from contamination caused by
radioactive discharges from a factory that produced bomb-grade plutonium in the
secret city of Krasnoyarsk-26, now known as Zheleznogorsk.[23]

Gallery

The bridge over the Yenisei in Krasnoyarsk, Russia, viewed from the left bank.

Vinogradovsky most, the bridge in Krasnoyarsk, Russia, viewed from the left bank

The Yenisei (left) and the Ob flow into Kara Sea.

See also
List of rivers of Russia
Sayano-Shushenskaya Dam
Yenisei Range
References
?????????, ????????? ????????? (30 August 1990).
"????????? : ?????????????, ?????" � via Google Books.
???????, ???????? (5 September 2017). "????, ???? ? ??????. ??? ???? ?? ?????".
Litres � via Google Books.
"Station: Igarka". Yenisei Basin. UNH / GRDC. Archived from the original on 24
September 2015. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
A.Ochir. "History of the Mongol Oirats" 1993
"Yenisei River". Hammond Quick & Easy Notebook Reference Atlas & Webster
Dictionary. Hammond. p. 31. ISBN 0843709227.
"Yenisei River: Siberia's blessing and curse". RT. 11 June 2010. Archived from the
original on 17 March 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
Alan Taylor (23 August 2013). "A Year on the Yenisei River". The Atlantic.
Archived from the original on 26 June 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
C Michael Hogan (13 May 2012). "Yenisei River". Encyclopedia of Earth. Archived
from the original on 17 May 2015. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
"Yenisei River". Geology Page. 4 February 2014. Archived from the original on 7
January 2019. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (2008). Yenisei. Archived 16 January 2017 at
the Wayback Machine Retrieved 16 July 2014.
Stein, Ruediger et al. 2003. Siberian river run-off in the Kara Sea, Proceedings
in Marine Sciences, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 488 pages
C. Michael Hogan. 2009. Hooded Crow: Corvus cornix, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed, N.
Stromberg Archived 26 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine
Russell, D.E.; Gunn, A. (20 November 2013). "Migratory Tundra Rangifer". NOAA
Arctic Research Program.
Kolpashikov, L.; Makhailov, V.; Russell, D. (2014). "The role of harvest,
predators and socio-political environment in the dynamics of the Taimyr wild
reindeer herd with some lessons for North America". Ecology and Society. JSTOR
26269762.
Baskin, Leonid M. (1986), "Differences in the ecology and behaviour of reindeer
populations in the USSR", Rangifer, Special Issue (1): 333�340, archived from the
original on 3 March 2016, retrieved 7 January 2015
Five Months in a Leaky Boat: A River Journey Through Siberia, Kozel, 2003, Pan
Macmillan
Permanent International Association of Navigation Congresses. (1989). Ship lifts:
report of a Study Commission within the framework of Permanent . PIANC. ISBN 978-2-
87223-006-8. Retrieved 14 December 2011.
Vajda, Edward G. "The Ket and Other Yeniseian Peoples". Archived from the original
on 6 April 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2006.
Halman, Talah. A Millenium of Turkish Literature. p. 6.
Ian Blanchard (2001). Mining, Metallurgy and Minting in the Middle Ages: Asiatic
supremacy, 425-1125. Franz Steiner Verlag. pp. 271�272. ISBN 978-3-515-07958-7.
Archived from the original on 9 January 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2016.
Fisher, Raymond Henry (1943). The Russian Fur Trade, 1550-1700. University of
California Press.
Weinberg, Gerhard L. Visions of Victory: The Hopes of Eight World War II Leaders
Cambridge, England, United Kingdom:2005--Cambridge University Press [1] Archived 17
September 2011 at the Wayback Machine
David Hoffman (17 August 1998). "Wastes of War: Radioactivity Threatens a Mighty
River". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved
13 February 2015.
Coordinates: 71�50'0?N 82�40'0?E

External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Yenisei River.
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclop�dia Britannica article Yenisei.
Yenisey River at the Encyclop�dia Britannica
Photos of river around Krasnoyarsk area at Boston.com
William Barr, 'German paddle-steamers on the Yenisey 1878-84', The Journal of the
Hakluyt Society, August 2014.
Geographic data related to Yenisei River at OpenStreetMap
vte
Regions of Asia
Central
Greater Middle EastAral Sea Aralkum DesertCaspian SeaDead SeaSea of
GalileeTartaryTransoxiana TuranGreater
KhorasanArianaArachosiaKhwarazmSistanKazakhstania Kazakh SteppeBetpak-DalaEurasian
Steppe Asian SteppeKazakh SteppePontic�Caspian steppeMongolian-Manchurian
grasslandWild Fields YedisanMuravsky TrailUral Ural MountainsVolga regionIdel-
UralPryazoviaBjarmalandKubanZalesyeIngriaNovorossiyaGornaya ShoriyaTulgasIranian
PlateauAltai MountainsPamir MountainsTian ShanBadakhshanWakhan CorridorWakhjir
PassMount ImeonMongolian PlateauWestern RegionsTaklamakan DesertKarakoram Trans-
Karakoram TractSiachen Glacier
North
Arctic Arctic CircleInner AsiaNortheastUral Ural MountainsFar East Russian Far
EastOkhotsk-Manchurian taigaBeringia Chukchi PeninsulaKamchatka PeninsulaExtreme
NorthTartarySiberia Baikalia (Lake Baikal)Baraba steppeKhatanga
GulfTransbaikalWestAmur BasinYenisei GulfYenisei BasinSikhote-AlinKolymaBering
StraitRing of FireOuter ManchuriaAsia-Pacific
East
OrientJapanese archipelago Northeastern Japan ArcSakhalin Island ArcKorean
PeninsulaGobi DesertTaklamakan DesertGreater KhinganMongolian PlateauInner
AsiaInner MongoliaOuter MongoliaChina properManchuria Outer ManchuriaInner
ManchuriaNortheast China PlainMongolian-Manchurian grasslandNorth China Plain Yan
MountainsKunlun MountainsLiaodong PeninsulaHigh-mountain Asia HimalayasTibetan
PlateauTibetKarakoramTarim BasinSichuan BasinNorthern Silk RoadHexi
CorridorNanzhongLingnanLiangguangJiangnanJianghuaiGuanzhongHuizhouWuJiaozhouZhongyu
anShaannanOrdos Loop Loess PlateauShaanbeiHamgyong MountainsCentral Mountain
RangeJapanese AlpsSuzuka MountainsLeizhou PeninsulaGulf of TonkinYangtze River
Yangtze River DeltaYellow RiverPearl River DeltaYenisei BasinAltai MountainsWakhan
CorridorWakhjir PassFar EastRing of FireAsia-PacificTropical Asia
West
Greater Middle East MENAMENASAMiddle EastRed Sea Hanish IslandsCaspian
SeaMediterranean SeaZagros Mountains ElamPersian Gulf Pirate CoastStrait of
HormuzGreater and Lesser TunbsAl-Faw PeninsulaGulf of OmanGulf of AqabaGulf of
AdenBalochistanArabian Peninsula Najd Al-YamamaHejazTihamahEastern ArabiaSouth
Arabia HadhramautArabian Peninsula coastal fog desertAl-
SharatTigris�EuphratesMesopotamia Upper MesopotamiaLower MesopotamiaSawadNineveh
plainsAkkad (region)BabyloniaCanaanAram Aram-NaharaimEber-NariSuhumEastern
MediterraneanMashriqKurdistanLevant Southern LevantTransjordanJordan Rift
ValleyLevantine SeaHoly Land PalestineLand of IsraelGolan HeightsHula
ValleyGalileeGileadJudeaSamariaArabahAnti-Lebanon MountainsSinai PeninsulaArabian
DesertSyrian DesertFertile CrescentAzerbaijanSyriaHauranIranian Plateau Dasht-e
KavirArmenian HighlandsCaucasus Caucasus Mountains Greater CaucasusLesser
CaucasusNorth CaucasusSouth Caucasus ShirvanKur-Araz LowlandLankaran
LowlandAlborzAbsheron PeninsulaKartliAnatolia Taurus
MountainsAeolisPaphlagoniaPhasianeIsauriaIoniaBithyniaCiliciaCappadociaCariaCorduen
eChaldiaDorisLycaoniaLyciaLydiaGalatiaPisidiaPontusMysiaArzawaSperi SopheneBiga
Peninsula TroadTuwanaAlpide belt
South
OrientGreater IndiaIndian subcontinentHimalayasHindu KushBactriaCarnatic
regionTamilakamWestern GhatsEastern GhatsGanges BasinGanges
DeltaGuzganPashtunistanPunjabBalochistan GedrosiaMakranMarathwadaKashmir Kashmir
ValleyPir Panjal RangeThar DesertIndus ValleyIndus River DeltaIndus Valley
DesertIndo-Gangetic PlainEastern Coastal Plains KalingaWestern Coastal
PlainsMeghalaya subtropical forestsMENASALower Gangetic plains moist deciduous
forestsNorthwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadowsDoabBagar tractGreat Rann of
KutchLittle Rann of KutchDeccan PlateauCoromandel CoastKonkanFalse Divi PointHindi
BeltLadakhAksai ChinGilgit-Baltistan BaltistanShigar ValleyHigh-mountain
AsiaKarakoram Saltoro MountainsSiachen GlacierBengal Bay of BengalGulf of
KhambhatGulf of Kutch HalarGulf of MannarTrans-Karakoram TractWakhan
CorridorWakhjir PassLakshadweep Laccadive IslandsAmindivi
IslandsParopamisadaeAndaman and Nicobar Islands Andaman IslandsNicobar
IslandsMaldive IslandsAlpide beltAsia-PacificTropical Asia
Southeast
OrientSundalandMainland IndochinaMalay PeninsulaNorthern Triangle temperate
forestsMaritime Peninsular MalaysiaSunda IslandsGreater Sunda IslandsLesser Sunda
IslandsIndonesian Archipelago WallaceaTimorPhilippine Archipelago
LuzonVisayasMindanaoLeyte GulfGulf of ThailandEast IndiesNanyangAlpide beltFar
EastRing of FireAsia-PacificTropical Asia
Authority control Edit this at Wikidata
GND: 4109125-5NKC: ge117635VIAF: 244579309WorldCat Identities (via VIAF): 244579309
Categories: Rivers of Krasnoyarsk KraiRivers of KhakassiaRivers of TuvaRivers of
KyzylPhysiographic provincesDrainage basins of the Kara SeaYenisei basin
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Yenisei River
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For the bandy club Yenisey, see Yenisey Krasnoyarsk Bandy Club.

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this
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Yenisei
Beldir.jpg
Bii-Khem and Kaa-Khem near Kyzyl
Yeniseirivermap.png
The Yenisei basin, including Lake Baikal
Etymology from either Old Kyrgyz ???-??? (Ene-Sai, �mother river�) or
Evenki ??????? (Ion?ssi, �big water�)[1][2]
Native name ?????? (Russian)
Location
Country Mongolia, Russia
Region Tuva, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Khakassia, Irkutsk Oblast, Buryatia,
Zabaykalsky Krai
Cities Kyzyl, Shagonar, Sayanogorsk, Abakan, Divnogorsk, Krasnoyarsk,
Yeniseysk, Lesosibirsk, Igarka, Dudinka
Physical characteristics
Source Mungaragiyn-Gol
? location ridge Dod-Taygasyn-Noor, Mongolia
? coordinates 50�43'46?N 98�39'49?E
 ? elevation 3,351 m (10,994 ft)
Mouth Yenisei Gulf
? location Arctic Ocean, Russia
Length 3,438 km (2,136 mi)
Basin size 2,580,000 km2 (1,000,000 sq mi)
Discharge
? location Igarka[3]
? average 19,600 m3/s (690,000 cu ft/s)
? minimum 3,120 m3/s (110,000 cu ft/s)
? maximum 112,000 m3/s (4,000,000 cu ft/s)
Basin features
Tributaries
? right Angara, Lower Tunguska, Stony Tunguska River
The Yenisei (Russian: ?????�?, Yenis�y; Mongolian: ?????? ?????, Yenisei m�r�n;
Buryat: ?????? ?????, Gorlog m�ren; Tyvan: ????-???, Ulug-Hem; Khakas: ??? ???, Kim
sug)[4] also Romanised Yenisey, Enisei, Jenisej,[5] is the largest river system
flowing to the Arctic Ocean. It is the central of the three great Siberian rivers
that flow into the Arctic Ocean (the other two being the Ob and the Lena). Rising
in Mongolia, it follows a northerly course to the Yenisei Gulf in the Kara Sea,
with the Western Siberian Plain to the west and the Central Siberian Plateau to the
east. It drains a large part of central Siberia. Yenisei is the fifth-longest river
system in the world.

The maximum depth of the Yenisei is 24 metres (80 ft) and the average depth is 14
metres (45 ft). The depth of river outflow is 32 metres (106 ft) and inflow is 31
metres (101 ft).[clarification needed]

Contents
1 Course of the river
1.1 Tributaries
2 Lake Baikal
3 Flora and fauna
3.1 Taimyr reindeer herd
4 Navigation
5 History
6 Pollution
7 Gallery
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Course of the river

The confluence of the rivers Kaa-Khem and Piy-Khem from the height of bird flight
The river flows through Tuva, Khakassia[6] and the city of Krasnoyarsk.[7]

Tributaries
The river forms at the confluence of the Big Yenisei River and the Little Yenisei
River. The Yenisei tributaries include the Angara, Big Pit, Stony Tunguska, Bakhta,
Lower Tunguska, Kureika, Kan, Mana, Bazaikha, Dubches, Tanama, Kacha, Kem,
Khemchik, Abakan, Khantayka, Yeloguy, Big Kheta, Turukhan, Sym and Tuba rivers.[8]

Lake Baikal
Main article: Lake Baikal
The 320-kilometre (200 mi), partly navigable Upper Angara River feeds into the
northern end of Lake Baikal from the Buryat Republic but the largest inflow is from
the Selenga which forms a delta on the southeastern side.[9]
The river as seen from the trans-Siberian railway near Krasnoyarsk
Flora and fauna
The Yenisei River basin (excluding Lake Baikal and lakes of the Khantayka River
headwaters) is home to 55 native fish species, including two endemics: Gobio
sibiricus (a gobionine cyprinid) and Thymallus nigrescens [es] (a grayling).[10]
The grayling is restricted to Kh�vsg�l Nuur and its tributaries.[10] Most fish
found in the Yenisei River basin are relatively widespread Euro-Siberian or
Siberian species, such as northern pike (Esox lucius), common roach (Rutilus
rutilus), common dace (Leuciscus leuciscus), Siberian sculpin (Cottus poecilopus),
European perch (Perca fluviatilis) and Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio). The basin
is also home to many salmonids (trout, whitefish, charr, graylings, taimen and
relatives) and the Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii).[10]

The Yenisei River valley is habitat for numerous flora and fauna, with Siberian
pine and Siberian larch being notable tree species. In prehistoric times Scots
pine, Pinus sylvestris, was abundant in the Yenisei River valley circa 6000 BC.[11]
There are also numerous bird species present in the watershed, including, for
example, the hooded crow, Corvus cornix.[12]

Taimyr reindeer herd

The Taimyr reindeer herd, a migrating tundra reindeer (R.t. sibiricus), the largest
reindeer herd in the world,[13][14] migrated to winter grazing ranges along the
Yenisei River.[15]:336

Navigation

Inclined plane at Krasnoyarsk Dam

River steamers first came to the Yenesei River in 1864 and were brought in from
Holland and England across the icy Kara Sea. One was the SS Nikolai. The SS Thames
attempted to explore the river, overwintered in 1876, but was damaged in the ice
and eventually wrecked in the river. Success came with the steamers Frazer, Express
in 1878, and the next year, Moscow hauling supplies in and wheat out. The Dalman
reached Yeneisisk in 1881.

Imperial Russia placed river steamers on the massive river in an attempt to free up
communication with land-locked Siberia. One boat was the SS St. Nicholas which took
the future Tsar Nicholas II on his voyage to Siberia, and later conveyed Vladimir
Lenin to prison.

Engineers attempted to place river steamers on regular service on the river during
the building of the Trans-Siberian Railway. The boats were needed to bring in the
rails, engines and supplies. Captain Joseph Wiggins sailed the Orestes with rail
and parted out river steamers in 1893. However, the sea and river route proved very
difficult with several ships lost at sea and on the river. Both the Ob and Yenisei
mouths feed into very long inlets, several hundred kilometres in length, which are
shallow, ice bound and prone to high winds and thus treacherous for navigation.
After the completion of the railway, river traffic reduced only to local service as
the Arctic route and long river proved much too indirect a route.

The first recreation team to navigate the Yenisei's entire length, including its
violent upper tributary in Mongolia, was an Australian-Canadian effort completed in
September 2001. Ben Kozel, Tim Cope, Colin Angus and Remy Quinter were on this
team. Both Kozel and Angus wrote books detailing this expedition,[16] and a
documentary was produced for National Geographic Television.

A canal inclined plane was built on the river in 1985 at the Krasnoyarsk Dam.[17]

History
Nomadic tribes such as the Ket people and the Yugh people have lived along the
banks of the Yenisei river since ancient times, and this region is the location of
the Yeniseian language family. The Ket, numbering about 1000, are the only
survivors today of those who originally lived throughout central southern Siberia
near the river banks. Their extinct relatives included the Kotts, Assans, Arins,
Baikots and Pumpokols who lived further upriver to the south. The modern Ket lived
in the eastern middle areas of the river before being assimilated politically into
Russia during the 17th through 19th centuries.[18]

Some of the earliest known evidence of Turkic origins was found in the Yenisei
Valley in the form of stelae, stone monoliths and memorial tablets dating from
between the 7th and 9th centuries AD, along with some documents that were found in
China's Xinjiang region. The written evidence gathered from these sources tells of
battles fought between the Turks and the Chinese and other legends. There are also
examples of Uyghur poetry, though most have survived only in Chinese translation.
[19]

Wheat from the Yenisei was sold by Muslims and Uighurs during inadequate harvests
to Bukhara and Soghd during the Tahirid era.[20]

Russians first reached the upper Yenisei in 1605, travelling from the Ob River, up
the Ket River, portaging and then down the Yenisei as far as the Sym River.[21]

During World War II, Nazi Germany and the Japanese Empire agreed to divide Asia
along a line that followed the Yenisei River to the border of China and then along
the border of China and the Soviet Union.[22]

Pollution
Studies have shown that the Yenisei suffers from contamination caused by
radioactive discharges from a factory that produced bomb-grade plutonium in the
secret city of Krasnoyarsk-26, now known as Zheleznogorsk.[23]

Gallery

The bridge over the Yenisei in Krasnoyarsk, Russia, viewed from the left bank.

Vinogradovsky most, the bridge in Krasnoyarsk, Russia, viewed from the left bank

The Yenisei (left) and the Ob flow into Kara Sea.

See also
List of rivers of Russia
Sayano-Shushenskaya Dam
Yenisei Range
References
?????????, ????????? ????????? (30 August 1990).
"????????? : ?????????????, ?????" � via Google Books.
???????, ???????? (5 September 2017). "????, ???? ? ??????. ??? ???? ?? ?????".
Litres � via Google Books.
"Station: Igarka". Yenisei Basin. UNH / GRDC. Archived from the original on 24
September 2015. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
A.Ochir. "History of the Mongol Oirats" 1993
"Yenisei River". Hammond Quick & Easy Notebook Reference Atlas & Webster
Dictionary. Hammond. p. 31. ISBN 0843709227.
"Yenisei River: Siberia's blessing and curse". RT. 11 June 2010. Archived from the
original on 17 March 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
 Alan Taylor (23 August 2013). "A Year on the Yenisei River". The Atlantic.
Archived from the original on 26 June 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
C Michael Hogan (13 May 2012). "Yenisei River". Encyclopedia of Earth. Archived
from the original on 17 May 2015. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
"Yenisei River". Geology Page. 4 February 2014. Archived from the original on 7
January 2019. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (2008). Yenisei. Archived 16 January 2017 at
the Wayback Machine Retrieved 16 July 2014.
Stein, Ruediger et al. 2003. Siberian river run-off in the Kara Sea, Proceedings
in Marine Sciences, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 488 pages
C. Michael Hogan. 2009. Hooded Crow: Corvus cornix, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed, N.
Stromberg Archived 26 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine
Russell, D.E.; Gunn, A. (20 November 2013). "Migratory Tundra Rangifer". NOAA
Arctic Research Program.
Kolpashikov, L.; Makhailov, V.; Russell, D. (2014). "The role of harvest,
predators and socio-political environment in the dynamics of the Taimyr wild
reindeer herd with some lessons for North America". Ecology and Society. JSTOR
26269762.
Baskin, Leonid M. (1986), "Differences in the ecology and behaviour of reindeer
populations in the USSR", Rangifer, Special Issue (1): 333�340, archived from the
original on 3 March 2016, retrieved 7 January 2015
Five Months in a Leaky Boat: A River Journey Through Siberia, Kozel, 2003, Pan
Macmillan
Permanent International Association of Navigation Congresses. (1989). Ship lifts:
report of a Study Commission within the framework of Permanent . PIANC. ISBN 978-2-
87223-006-8. Retrieved 14 December 2011.
Vajda, Edward G. "The Ket and Other Yeniseian Peoples". Archived from the original
on 6 April 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2006.
Halman, Talah. A Millenium of Turkish Literature. p. 6.
Ian Blanchard (2001). Mining, Metallurgy and Minting in the Middle Ages: Asiatic
supremacy, 425-1125. Franz Steiner Verlag. pp. 271�272. ISBN 978-3-515-07958-7.
Archived from the original on 9 January 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2016.
Fisher, Raymond Henry (1943). The Russian Fur Trade, 1550-1700. University of
California Press.
Weinberg, Gerhard L. Visions of Victory: The Hopes of Eight World War II Leaders
Cambridge, England, United Kingdom:2005--Cambridge University Press [1] Archived 17
September 2011 at the Wayback Machine
David Hoffman (17 August 1998). "Wastes of War: Radioactivity Threatens a Mighty
River". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved
13 February 2015.
Coordinates: 71�50'0?N 82�40'0?E

External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Yenisei River.
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclop�dia Britannica article Yenisei.
Yenisey River at the Encyclop�dia Britannica
Photos of river around Krasnoyarsk area at Boston.com
William Barr, 'German paddle-steamers on the Yenisey 1878-84', The Journal of the
Hakluyt Society, August 2014.
Geographic data related to Yenisei River at OpenStreetMap
vte
Regions of Asia
Central
Greater Middle EastAral Sea Aralkum DesertCaspian SeaDead SeaSea of
GalileeTartaryTransoxiana TuranGreater
KhorasanArianaArachosiaKhwarazmSistanKazakhstania Kazakh SteppeBetpak-DalaEurasian
Steppe Asian SteppeKazakh SteppePontic�Caspian steppeMongolian-Manchurian
grasslandWild Fields YedisanMuravsky TrailUral Ural MountainsVolga regionIdel-
UralPryazoviaBjarmalandKubanZalesyeIngriaNovorossiyaGornaya ShoriyaTulgasIranian
PlateauAltai MountainsPamir MountainsTian ShanBadakhshanWakhan CorridorWakhjir
PassMount ImeonMongolian PlateauWestern RegionsTaklamakan DesertKarakoram Trans-
Karakoram TractSiachen Glacier
North
Arctic Arctic CircleInner AsiaNortheastUral Ural MountainsFar East Russian Far
EastOkhotsk-Manchurian taigaBeringia Chukchi PeninsulaKamchatka PeninsulaExtreme
NorthTartarySiberia Baikalia (Lake Baikal)Baraba steppeKhatanga
GulfTransbaikalWestAmur BasinYenisei GulfYenisei BasinSikhote-AlinKolymaBering
StraitRing of FireOuter ManchuriaAsia-Pacific
East
OrientJapanese archipelago Northeastern Japan ArcSakhalin Island ArcKorean
PeninsulaGobi DesertTaklamakan DesertGreater KhinganMongolian PlateauInner
AsiaInner MongoliaOuter MongoliaChina properManchuria Outer ManchuriaInner
ManchuriaNortheast China PlainMongolian-Manchurian grasslandNorth China Plain Yan
MountainsKunlun MountainsLiaodong PeninsulaHigh-mountain Asia HimalayasTibetan
PlateauTibetKarakoramTarim BasinSichuan BasinNorthern Silk RoadHexi
CorridorNanzhongLingnanLiangguangJiangnanJianghuaiGuanzhongHuizhouWuJiaozhouZhongyu
anShaannanOrdos Loop Loess PlateauShaanbeiHamgyong MountainsCentral Mountain
RangeJapanese AlpsSuzuka MountainsLeizhou PeninsulaGulf of TonkinYangtze River
Yangtze River DeltaYellow RiverPearl River DeltaYenisei BasinAltai MountainsWakhan
CorridorWakhjir PassFar EastRing of FireAsia-PacificTropical Asia
West
Greater Middle East MENAMENASAMiddle EastRed Sea Hanish IslandsCaspian
SeaMediterranean SeaZagros Mountains ElamPersian Gulf Pirate CoastStrait of
HormuzGreater and Lesser TunbsAl-Faw PeninsulaGulf of OmanGulf of AqabaGulf of
AdenBalochistanArabian Peninsula Najd Al-YamamaHejazTihamahEastern ArabiaSouth
Arabia HadhramautArabian Peninsula coastal fog desertAl-
SharatTigris�EuphratesMesopotamia Upper MesopotamiaLower MesopotamiaSawadNineveh
plainsAkkad (region)BabyloniaCanaanAram Aram-NaharaimEber-NariSuhumEastern
MediterraneanMashriqKurdistanLevant Southern LevantTransjordanJordan Rift
ValleyLevantine SeaHoly Land PalestineLand of IsraelGolan HeightsHula
ValleyGalileeGileadJudeaSamariaArabahAnti-Lebanon MountainsSinai PeninsulaArabian
DesertSyrian DesertFertile CrescentAzerbaijanSyriaHauranIranian Plateau Dasht-e
KavirArmenian HighlandsCaucasus Caucasus Mountains Greater CaucasusLesser
CaucasusNorth CaucasusSouth Caucasus ShirvanKur-Araz LowlandLankaran
LowlandAlborzAbsheron PeninsulaKartliAnatolia Taurus
MountainsAeolisPaphlagoniaPhasianeIsauriaIoniaBithyniaCiliciaCappadociaCariaCorduen
eChaldiaDorisLycaoniaLyciaLydiaGalatiaPisidiaPontusMysiaArzawaSperi SopheneBiga
Peninsula TroadTuwanaAlpide belt
South
OrientGreater IndiaIndian subcontinentHimalayasHindu KushBactriaCarnatic
regionTamilakamWestern GhatsEastern GhatsGanges BasinGanges
DeltaGuzganPashtunistanPunjabBalochistan GedrosiaMakranMarathwadaKashmir Kashmir
ValleyPir Panjal RangeThar DesertIndus ValleyIndus River DeltaIndus Valley
DesertIndo-Gangetic PlainEastern Coastal Plains KalingaWestern Coastal
PlainsMeghalaya subtropical forestsMENASALower Gangetic plains moist deciduous
forestsNorthwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadowsDoabBagar tractGreat Rann of
KutchLittle Rann of KutchDeccan PlateauCoromandel CoastKonkanFalse Divi PointHindi
BeltLadakhAksai ChinGilgit-Baltistan BaltistanShigar ValleyHigh-mountain
AsiaKarakoram Saltoro MountainsSiachen GlacierBengal Bay of BengalGulf of
KhambhatGulf of Kutch HalarGulf of MannarTrans-Karakoram TractWakhan
CorridorWakhjir PassLakshadweep Laccadive IslandsAmindivi
IslandsParopamisadaeAndaman and Nicobar Islands Andaman IslandsNicobar
IslandsMaldive IslandsAlpide beltAsia-PacificTropical Asia
Southeast
OrientSundalandMainland IndochinaMalay PeninsulaNorthern Triangle temperate
forestsMaritime Peninsular MalaysiaSunda IslandsGreater Sunda IslandsLesser Sunda
IslandsIndonesian Archipelago WallaceaTimorPhilippine Archipelago
LuzonVisayasMindanaoLeyte GulfGulf of ThailandEast IndiesNanyangAlpide beltFar
EastRing of FireAsia-PacificTropical Asia
Authority control Edit this at Wikidata
GND: 4109125-5NKC: ge117635VIAF: 244579309WorldCat Identities (via VIAF): 244579309
Categories: Rivers of Krasnoyarsk KraiRivers of KhakassiaRivers of TuvaRivers of
KyzylPhysiographic provincesDrainage basins of the Kara SeaYenisei basin
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Print/export
Download as PDF
Printable version

Languages
?????
???????
??????
??????
?????
??????
???????
?????
??????
78 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 14 February 2020, at 18:47 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License;
additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and
Privacy Policy. Wikipedia� is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation,
Inc., a non-profit organization.
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Yenisei River
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For the bandy club Yenisey, see Yenisey Krasnoyarsk Bandy Club.

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article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be
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Yenisei
Beldir.jpg
Bii-Khem and Kaa-Khem near Kyzyl
Yeniseirivermap.png
The Yenisei basin, including Lake Baikal
Etymology from either Old Kyrgyz ???-??? (Ene-Sai, �mother river�) or
Evenki ??????? (Ion?ssi, �big water�)[1][2]
Native name ?????? (Russian)
Location
Country Mongolia, Russia
Region Tuva, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Khakassia, Irkutsk Oblast, Buryatia,
Zabaykalsky Krai
Cities Kyzyl, Shagonar, Sayanogorsk, Abakan, Divnogorsk, Krasnoyarsk,
Yeniseysk, Lesosibirsk, Igarka, Dudinka
Physical characteristics
Source Mungaragiyn-Gol
? location ridge Dod-Taygasyn-Noor, Mongolia
? coordinates 50�43'46?N 98�39'49?E
? elevation 3,351 m (10,994 ft)
Mouth Yenisei Gulf
? location Arctic Ocean, Russia
Length 3,438 km (2,136 mi)
Basin size 2,580,000 km2 (1,000,000 sq mi)
Discharge
? location Igarka[3]
? average 19,600 m3/s (690,000 cu ft/s)
? minimum 3,120 m3/s (110,000 cu ft/s)
? maximum 112,000 m3/s (4,000,000 cu ft/s)
Basin features
Tributaries
? right Angara, Lower Tunguska, Stony Tunguska River
The Yenisei (Russian: ?????�?, Yenis�y; Mongolian: ?????? ?????, Yenisei m�r�n;
Buryat: ?????? ?????, Gorlog m�ren; Tyvan: ????-???, Ulug-Hem; Khakas: ??? ???, Kim
sug)[4] also Romanised Yenisey, Enisei, Jenisej,[5] is the largest river system
flowing to the Arctic Ocean. It is the central of the three great Siberian rivers
that flow into the Arctic Ocean (the other two being the Ob and the Lena). Rising
in Mongolia, it follows a northerly course to the Yenisei Gulf in the Kara Sea,
with the Western Siberian Plain to the west and the Central Siberian Plateau to the
east. It drains a large part of central Siberia. Yenisei is the fifth-longest river
system in the world.

The maximum depth of the Yenisei is 24 metres (80 ft) and the average depth is 14
metres (45 ft). The depth of river outflow is 32 metres (106 ft) and inflow is 31
metres (101 ft).[clarification needed]

Contents
1 Course of the river
1.1 Tributaries
2 Lake Baikal
3 Flora and fauna
3.1 Taimyr reindeer herd
4 Navigation
5 History
6 Pollution
7 Gallery
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Course of the river

The confluence of the rivers Kaa-Khem and Piy-Khem from the height of bird flight
The river flows through Tuva, Khakassia[6] and the city of Krasnoyarsk.[7]

Tributaries
The river forms at the confluence of the Big Yenisei River and the Little Yenisei
River. The Yenisei tributaries include the Angara, Big Pit, Stony Tunguska, Bakhta,
Lower Tunguska, Kureika, Kan, Mana, Bazaikha, Dubches, Tanama, Kacha, Kem,
Khemchik, Abakan, Khantayka, Yeloguy, Big Kheta, Turukhan, Sym and Tuba rivers.[8]

Lake Baikal
Main article: Lake Baikal
The 320-kilometre (200 mi), partly navigable Upper Angara River feeds into the
northern end of Lake Baikal from the Buryat Republic but the largest inflow is from
the Selenga which forms a delta on the southeastern side.[9]

The river as seen from the trans-Siberian railway near Krasnoyarsk

Flora and fauna
The Yenisei River basin (excluding Lake Baikal and lakes of the Khantayka River
headwaters) is home to 55 native fish species, including two endemics: Gobio
sibiricus (a gobionine cyprinid) and Thymallus nigrescens [es] (a grayling).[10]
The grayling is restricted to Kh�vsg�l Nuur and its tributaries.[10] Most fish
found in the Yenisei River basin are relatively widespread Euro-Siberian or
Siberian species, such as northern pike (Esox lucius), common roach (Rutilus
rutilus), common dace (Leuciscus leuciscus), Siberian sculpin (Cottus poecilopus),
European perch (Perca fluviatilis) and Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio). The basin
is also home to many salmonids (trout, whitefish, charr, graylings, taimen and
relatives) and the Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii).[10]

The Yenisei River valley is habitat for numerous flora and fauna, with Siberian
pine and Siberian larch being notable tree species. In prehistoric times Scots
pine, Pinus sylvestris, was abundant in the Yenisei River valley circa 6000 BC.[11]
There are also numerous bird species present in the watershed, including, for
example, the hooded crow, Corvus cornix.[12]

Taimyr reindeer herd

The Taimyr reindeer herd, a migrating tundra reindeer (R.t. sibiricus), the largest
reindeer herd in the world,[13][14] migrated to winter grazing ranges along the
Yenisei River.[15]:336

Navigation

Inclined plane at Krasnoyarsk Dam

River steamers first came to the Yenesei River in 1864 and were brought in from
Holland and England across the icy Kara Sea. One was the SS Nikolai. The SS Thames
attempted to explore the river, overwintered in 1876, but was damaged in the ice
and eventually wrecked in the river. Success came with the steamers Frazer, Express
in 1878, and the next year, Moscow hauling supplies in and wheat out. The Dalman
reached Yeneisisk in 1881.
Imperial Russia placed river steamers on the massive river in an attempt to free up
communication with land-locked Siberia. One boat was the SS St. Nicholas which took
the future Tsar Nicholas II on his voyage to Siberia, and later conveyed Vladimir
Lenin to prison.

Engineers attempted to place river steamers on regular service on the river during
the building of the Trans-Siberian Railway. The boats were needed to bring in the
rails, engines and supplies. Captain Joseph Wiggins sailed the Orestes with rail
and parted out river steamers in 1893. However, the sea and river route proved very
difficult with several ships lost at sea and on the river. Both the Ob and Yenisei
mouths feed into very long inlets, several hundred kilometres in length, which are
shallow, ice bound and prone to high winds and thus treacherous for navigation.
After the completion of the railway, river traffic reduced only to local service as
the Arctic route and long river proved much too indirect a route.

The first recreation team to navigate the Yenisei's entire length, including its
violent upper tributary in Mongolia, was an Australian-Canadian effort completed in
September 2001. Ben Kozel, Tim Cope, Colin Angus and Remy Quinter were on this
team. Both Kozel and Angus wrote books detailing this expedition,[16] and a
documentary was produced for National Geographic Television.

A canal inclined plane was built on the river in 1985 at the Krasnoyarsk Dam.[17]

History
Nomadic tribes such as the Ket people and the Yugh people have lived along the
banks of the Yenisei river since ancient times, and this region is the location of
the Yeniseian language family. The Ket, numbering about 1000, are the only
survivors today of those who originally lived throughout central southern Siberia
near the river banks. Their extinct relatives included the Kotts, Assans, Arins,
Baikots and Pumpokols who lived further upriver to the south. The modern Ket lived
in the eastern middle areas of the river before being assimilated politically into
Russia during the 17th through 19th centuries.[18]

Some of the earliest known evidence of Turkic origins was found in the Yenisei
Valley in the form of stelae, stone monoliths and memorial tablets dating from
between the 7th and 9th centuries AD, along with some documents that were found in
China's Xinjiang region. The written evidence gathered from these sources tells of
battles fought between the Turks and the Chinese and other legends. There are also
examples of Uyghur poetry, though most have survived only in Chinese translation.
[19]

Wheat from the Yenisei was sold by Muslims and Uighurs during inadequate harvests
to Bukhara and Soghd during the Tahirid era.[20]

Russians first reached the upper Yenisei in 1605, travelling from the Ob River, up
the Ket River, portaging and then down the Yenisei as far as the Sym River.[21]

During World War II, Nazi Germany and the Japanese Empire agreed to divide Asia
along a line that followed the Yenisei River to the border of China and then along
the border of China and the Soviet Union.[22]

Pollution
Studies have shown that the Yenisei suffers from contamination caused by
radioactive discharges from a factory that produced bomb-grade plutonium in the
secret city of Krasnoyarsk-26, now known as Zheleznogorsk.[23]

Gallery

The bridge over the Yenisei in Krasnoyarsk, Russia, viewed from the left bank.
Vinogradovsky most, the bridge in Krasnoyarsk, Russia, viewed from the left bank

The Yenisei (left) and the Ob flow into Kara Sea.

See also
List of rivers of Russia
Sayano-Shushenskaya Dam
Yenisei Range
References
?????????, ????????? ????????? (30 August 1990).
"????????? : ?????????????, ?????" � via Google Books.
???????, ???????? (5 September 2017). "????, ???? ? ??????. ??? ???? ?? ?????".
Litres � via Google Books.
"Station: Igarka". Yenisei Basin. UNH / GRDC. Archived from the original on 24
September 2015. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
A.Ochir. "History of the Mongol Oirats" 1993
"Yenisei River". Hammond Quick & Easy Notebook Reference Atlas & Webster
Dictionary. Hammond. p. 31. ISBN 0843709227.
"Yenisei River: Siberia's blessing and curse". RT. 11 June 2010. Archived from the
original on 17 March 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
Alan Taylor (23 August 2013). "A Year on the Yenisei River". The Atlantic.
Archived from the original on 26 June 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
C Michael Hogan (13 May 2012). "Yenisei River". Encyclopedia of Earth. Archived
from the original on 17 May 2015. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
"Yenisei River". Geology Page. 4 February 2014. Archived from the original on 7
January 2019. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (2008). Yenisei. Archived 16 January 2017 at
the Wayback Machine Retrieved 16 July 2014.
Stein, Ruediger et al. 2003. Siberian river run-off in the Kara Sea, Proceedings
in Marine Sciences, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 488 pages
C. Michael Hogan. 2009. Hooded Crow: Corvus cornix, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed, N.
Stromberg Archived 26 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine
Russell, D.E.; Gunn, A. (20 November 2013). "Migratory Tundra Rangifer". NOAA
Arctic Research Program.
Kolpashikov, L.; Makhailov, V.; Russell, D. (2014). "The role of harvest,
predators and socio-political environment in the dynamics of the Taimyr wild
reindeer herd with some lessons for North America". Ecology and Society. JSTOR
26269762.
Baskin, Leonid M. (1986), "Differences in the ecology and behaviour of reindeer
populations in the USSR", Rangifer, Special Issue (1): 333�340, archived from the
original on 3 March 2016, retrieved 7 January 2015
Five Months in a Leaky Boat: A River Journey Through Siberia, Kozel, 2003, Pan
Macmillan
Permanent International Association of Navigation Congresses. (1989). Ship lifts:
report of a Study Commission within the framework of Permanent . PIANC. ISBN 978-2-
87223-006-8. Retrieved 14 December 2011.
Vajda, Edward G. "The Ket and Other Yeniseian Peoples". Archived from the original
on 6 April 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2006.
Halman, Talah. A Millenium of Turkish Literature. p. 6.
Ian Blanchard (2001). Mining, Metallurgy and Minting in the Middle Ages: Asiatic
supremacy, 425-1125. Franz Steiner Verlag. pp. 271�272. ISBN 978-3-515-07958-7.
Archived from the original on 9 January 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2016.
Fisher, Raymond Henry (1943). The Russian Fur Trade, 1550-1700. University of
California Press.
 Weinberg, Gerhard L. Visions of Victory: The Hopes of Eight World War II Leaders
Cambridge, England, United Kingdom:2005--Cambridge University Press [1] Archived 17
September 2011 at the Wayback Machine
David Hoffman (17 August 1998). "Wastes of War: Radioactivity Threatens a Mighty
River". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved
13 February 2015.
Coordinates: 71�50'0?N 82�40'0?E

External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Yenisei River.
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclop�dia Britannica article Yenisei.
Yenisey River at the Encyclop�dia Britannica
Photos of river around Krasnoyarsk area at Boston.com
William Barr, 'German paddle-steamers on the Yenisey 1878-84', The Journal of the
Hakluyt Society, August 2014.
Geographic data related to Yenisei River at OpenStreetMap
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Categories: Rivers of Krasnoyarsk KraiRivers of KhakassiaRivers of TuvaRivers of
KyzylPhysiographic provincesDrainage basins of the Kara SeaYenisei basin
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Yenisei River
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigationJump to search
For the bandy club Yenisey, see Yenisey Krasnoyarsk Bandy Club.

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this
article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be
challenged and removed.
Find sources: "Yenisei River" � news � newspapers � books � scholar � JSTOR (July
2007) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Yenisei
Beldir.jpg
Bii-Khem and Kaa-Khem near Kyzyl
Yeniseirivermap.png
The Yenisei basin, including Lake Baikal
Etymology from either Old Kyrgyz ???-??? (Ene-Sai, �mother river�) or
Evenki ??????? (Ion?ssi, �big water�)[1][2]
Native name ?????? (Russian)
Location
Country Mongolia, Russia
Region Tuva, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Khakassia, Irkutsk Oblast, Buryatia,
Zabaykalsky Krai
Cities Kyzyl, Shagonar, Sayanogorsk, Abakan, Divnogorsk, Krasnoyarsk,
Yeniseysk, Lesosibirsk, Igarka, Dudinka
Physical characteristics
Source Mungaragiyn-Gol
? location ridge Dod-Taygasyn-Noor, Mongolia
? coordinates 50�43'46?N 98�39'49?E
? elevation 3,351 m (10,994 ft)
Mouth Yenisei Gulf
? location Arctic Ocean, Russia
Length 3,438 km (2,136 mi)
Basin size 2,580,000 km2 (1,000,000 sq mi)
Discharge
? location Igarka[3]
? average 19,600 m3/s (690,000 cu ft/s)
? minimum 3,120 m3/s (110,000 cu ft/s)
 ? maximum 112,000 m3/s (4,000,000 cu ft/s)
Basin features
Tributaries
? right Angara, Lower Tunguska, Stony Tunguska River
The Yenisei (Russian: ?????�?, Yenis�y; Mongolian: ?????? ?????, Yenisei m�r�n;
Buryat: ?????? ?????, Gorlog m�ren; Tyvan: ????-???, Ulug-Hem; Khakas: ??? ???, Kim
sug)[4] also Romanised Yenisey, Enisei, Jenisej,[5] is the largest river system
flowing to the Arctic Ocean. It is the central of the three great Siberian rivers
that flow into the Arctic Ocean (the other two being the Ob and the Lena). Rising
in Mongolia, it follows a northerly course to the Yenisei Gulf in the Kara Sea,
with the Western Siberian Plain to the west and the Central Siberian Plateau to the
east. It drains a large part of central Siberia. Yenisei is the fifth-longest river
system in the world.

The maximum depth of the Yenisei is 24 metres (80 ft) and the average depth is 14
metres (45 ft). The depth of river outflow is 32 metres (106 ft) and inflow is 31
metres (101 ft).[clarification needed]

Contents
1 Course of the river
1.1 Tributaries
2 Lake Baikal
3 Flora and fauna
3.1 Taimyr reindeer herd
4 Navigation
5 History
6 Pollution
7 Gallery
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Course of the river

The confluence of the rivers Kaa-Khem and Piy-Khem from the height of bird flight
The river flows through Tuva, Khakassia[6] and the city of Krasnoyarsk.[7]

Tributaries
The river forms at the confluence of the Big Yenisei River and the Little Yenisei
River. The Yenisei tributaries include the Angara, Big Pit, Stony Tunguska, Bakhta,
Lower Tunguska, Kureika, Kan, Mana, Bazaikha, Dubches, Tanama, Kacha, Kem,
Khemchik, Abakan, Khantayka, Yeloguy, Big Kheta, Turukhan, Sym and Tuba rivers.[8]

Lake Baikal
Main article: Lake Baikal
The 320-kilometre (200 mi), partly navigable Upper Angara River feeds into the
northern end of Lake Baikal from the Buryat Republic but the largest inflow is from
the Selenga which forms a delta on the southeastern side.[9]

The river as seen from the trans-Siberian railway near Krasnoyarsk

Flora and fauna
The Yenisei River basin (excluding Lake Baikal and lakes of the Khantayka River
headwaters) is home to 55 native fish species, including two endemics: Gobio
sibiricus (a gobionine cyprinid) and Thymallus nigrescens [es] (a grayling).[10]
The grayling is restricted to Kh�vsg�l Nuur and its tributaries.[10] Most fish
found in the Yenisei River basin are relatively widespread Euro-Siberian or
Siberian species, such as northern pike (Esox lucius), common roach (Rutilus
rutilus), common dace (Leuciscus leuciscus), Siberian sculpin (Cottus poecilopus),
European perch (Perca fluviatilis) and Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio). The basin
is also home to many salmonids (trout, whitefish, charr, graylings, taimen and
relatives) and the Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii).[10]

The Yenisei River valley is habitat for numerous flora and fauna, with Siberian
pine and Siberian larch being notable tree species. In prehistoric times Scots
pine, Pinus sylvestris, was abundant in the Yenisei River valley circa 6000 BC.[11]
There are also numerous bird species present in the watershed, including, for
example, the hooded crow, Corvus cornix.[12]

Taimyr reindeer herd

The Taimyr reindeer herd, a migrating tundra reindeer (R.t. sibiricus), the largest
reindeer herd in the world,[13][14] migrated to winter grazing ranges along the
Yenisei River.[15]:336

Navigation

Inclined plane at Krasnoyarsk Dam

River steamers first came to the Yenesei River in 1864 and were brought in from
Holland and England across the icy Kara Sea. One was the SS Nikolai. The SS Thames
attempted to explore the river, overwintered in 1876, but was damaged in the ice
and eventually wrecked in the river. Success came with the steamers Frazer, Express
in 1878, and the next year, Moscow hauling supplies in and wheat out. The Dalman
reached Yeneisisk in 1881.

Imperial Russia placed river steamers on the massive river in an attempt to free up
communication with land-locked Siberia. One boat was the SS St. Nicholas which took
the future Tsar Nicholas II on his voyage to Siberia, and later conveyed Vladimir
Lenin to prison.

Engineers attempted to place river steamers on regular service on the river during
the building of the Trans-Siberian Railway. The boats were needed to bring in the
rails, engines and supplies. Captain Joseph Wiggins sailed the Orestes with rail
and parted out river steamers in 1893. However, the sea and river route proved very
difficult with several ships lost at sea and on the river. Both the Ob and Yenisei
mouths feed into very long inlets, several hundred kilometres in length, which are
shallow, ice bound and prone to high winds and thus treacherous for navigation.
After the completion of the railway, river traffic reduced only to local service as
the Arctic route and long river proved much too indirect a route.

The first recreation team to navigate the Yenisei's entire length, including its
violent upper tributary in Mongolia, was an Australian-Canadian effort completed in
September 2001. Ben Kozel, Tim Cope, Colin Angus and Remy Quinter were on this
team. Both Kozel and Angus wrote books detailing this expedition,[16] and a
documentary was produced for National Geographic Television.

A canal inclined plane was built on the river in 1985 at the Krasnoyarsk Dam.[17]

History
Nomadic tribes such as the Ket people and the Yugh people have lived along the
banks of the Yenisei river since ancient times, and this region is the location of
the Yeniseian language family. The Ket, numbering about 1000, are the only
survivors today of those who originally lived throughout central southern Siberia
near the river banks. Their extinct relatives included the Kotts, Assans, Arins,
Baikots and Pumpokols who lived further upriver to the south. The modern Ket lived
in the eastern middle areas of the river before being assimilated politically into
Russia during the 17th through 19th centuries.[18]

Some of the earliest known evidence of Turkic origins was found in the Yenisei
Valley in the form of stelae, stone monoliths and memorial tablets dating from
between the 7th and 9th centuries AD, along with some documents that were found in
China's Xinjiang region. The written evidence gathered from these sources tells of
battles fought between the Turks and the Chinese and other legends. There are also
examples of Uyghur poetry, though most have survived only in Chinese translation.
[19]

Wheat from the Yenisei was sold by Muslims and Uighurs during inadequate harvests
to Bukhara and Soghd during the Tahirid era.[20]

Russians first reached the upper Yenisei in 1605, travelling from the Ob River, up
the Ket River, portaging and then down the Yenisei as far as the Sym River.[21]

During World War II, Nazi Germany and the Japanese Empire agreed to divide Asia
along a line that followed the Yenisei River to the border of China and then along
the border of China and the Soviet Union.[22]

Pollution
Studies have shown that the Yenisei suffers from contamination caused by
radioactive discharges from a factory that produced bomb-grade plutonium in the
secret city of Krasnoyarsk-26, now known as Zheleznogorsk.[23]

Gallery

The bridge over the Yenisei in Krasnoyarsk, Russia, viewed from the left bank.

Vinogradovsky most, the bridge in Krasnoyarsk, Russia, viewed from the left bank

The Yenisei (left) and the Ob flow into Kara Sea.

See also
List of rivers of Russia
Sayano-Shushenskaya Dam
Yenisei Range
References
?????????, ????????? ????????? (30 August 1990).
"????????? : ?????????????, ?????" � via Google Books.
???????, ???????? (5 September 2017). "????, ???? ? ??????. ??? ???? ?? ?????".
Litres � via Google Books.
"Station: Igarka". Yenisei Basin. UNH / GRDC. Archived from the original on 24
September 2015. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
A.Ochir. "History of the Mongol Oirats" 1993
"Yenisei River". Hammond Quick & Easy Notebook Reference Atlas & Webster
Dictionary. Hammond. p. 31. ISBN 0843709227.
"Yenisei River: Siberia's blessing and curse". RT. 11 June 2010. Archived from the
original on 17 March 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
Alan Taylor (23 August 2013). "A Year on the Yenisei River". The Atlantic.
Archived from the original on 26 June 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
C Michael Hogan (13 May 2012). "Yenisei River". Encyclopedia of Earth. Archived
from the original on 17 May 2015. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
"Yenisei River". Geology Page. 4 February 2014. Archived from the original on 7
January 2019. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (2008). Yenisei. Archived 16 January 2017 at
the Wayback Machine Retrieved 16 July 2014.
Stein, Ruediger et al. 2003. Siberian river run-off in the Kara Sea, Proceedings
in Marine Sciences, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 488 pages
C. Michael Hogan. 2009. Hooded Crow: Corvus cornix, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed, N.
Stromberg Archived 26 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine
Russell, D.E.; Gunn, A. (20 November 2013). "Migratory Tundra Rangifer". NOAA
Arctic Research Program.
Kolpashikov, L.; Makhailov, V.; Russell, D. (2014). "The role of harvest,
predators and socio-political environment in the dynamics of the Taimyr wild
reindeer herd with some lessons for North America". Ecology and Society. JSTOR
26269762.
Baskin, Leonid M. (1986), "Differences in the ecology and behaviour of reindeer
populations in the USSR", Rangifer, Special Issue (1): 333�340, archived from the
original on 3 March 2016, retrieved 7 January 2015
Five Months in a Leaky Boat: A River Journey Through Siberia, Kozel, 2003, Pan
Macmillan
Permanent International Association of Navigation Congresses. (1989). Ship lifts:
report of a Study Commission within the framework of Permanent . PIANC. ISBN 978-2-
87223-006-8. Retrieved 14 December 2011.
Vajda, Edward G. "The Ket and Other Yeniseian Peoples". Archived from the original
on 6 April 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2006.
Halman, Talah. A Millenium of Turkish Literature. p. 6.
Ian Blanchard (2001). Mining, Metallurgy and Minting in the Middle Ages: Asiatic
supremacy, 425-1125. Franz Steiner Verlag. pp. 271�272. ISBN 978-3-515-07958-7.
Archived from the original on 9 January 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2016.
Fisher, Raymond Henry (1943). The Russian Fur Trade, 1550-1700. University of
California Press.
Weinberg, Gerhard L. Visions of Victory: The Hopes of Eight World War II Leaders
Cambridge, England, United Kingdom:2005--Cambridge University Press [1] Archived 17
September 2011 at the Wayback Machine
David Hoffman (17 August 1998). "Wastes of War: Radioactivity Threatens a Mighty
River". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved
13 February 2015.
Coordinates: 71�50'0?N 82�40'0?E

External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Yenisei River.
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclop�dia Britannica article Yenisei.
Yenisey River at the Encyclop�dia Britannica
Photos of river around Krasnoyarsk area at Boston.com
William Barr, 'German paddle-steamers on the Yenisey 1878-84', The Journal of the
Hakluyt Society, August 2014.
Geographic data related to Yenisei River at OpenStreetMap
vte
Regions of Asia
Central
Greater Middle EastAral Sea Aralkum DesertCaspian SeaDead SeaSea of
GalileeTartaryTransoxiana TuranGreater
KhorasanArianaArachosiaKhwarazmSistanKazakhstania Kazakh SteppeBetpak-DalaEurasian
Steppe Asian SteppeKazakh SteppePontic�Caspian steppeMongolian-Manchurian
grasslandWild Fields YedisanMuravsky TrailUral Ural MountainsVolga regionIdel-
UralPryazoviaBjarmalandKubanZalesyeIngriaNovorossiyaGornaya ShoriyaTulgasIranian
PlateauAltai MountainsPamir MountainsTian ShanBadakhshanWakhan CorridorWakhjir
PassMount ImeonMongolian PlateauWestern RegionsTaklamakan DesertKarakoram Trans-
Karakoram TractSiachen Glacier
North
Arctic Arctic CircleInner AsiaNortheastUral Ural MountainsFar East Russian Far
EastOkhotsk-Manchurian taigaBeringia Chukchi PeninsulaKamchatka PeninsulaExtreme
NorthTartarySiberia Baikalia (Lake Baikal)Baraba steppeKhatanga
GulfTransbaikalWestAmur BasinYenisei GulfYenisei BasinSikhote-AlinKolymaBering
StraitRing of FireOuter ManchuriaAsia-Pacific
East
OrientJapanese archipelago Northeastern Japan ArcSakhalin Island ArcKorean
PeninsulaGobi DesertTaklamakan DesertGreater KhinganMongolian PlateauInner
AsiaInner MongoliaOuter MongoliaChina properManchuria Outer ManchuriaInner
ManchuriaNortheast China PlainMongolian-Manchurian grasslandNorth China Plain Yan
MountainsKunlun MountainsLiaodong PeninsulaHigh-mountain Asia HimalayasTibetan
PlateauTibetKarakoramTarim BasinSichuan BasinNorthern Silk RoadHexi
CorridorNanzhongLingnanLiangguangJiangnanJianghuaiGuanzhongHuizhouWuJiaozhouZhongyu
anShaannanOrdos Loop Loess PlateauShaanbeiHamgyong MountainsCentral Mountain
RangeJapanese AlpsSuzuka MountainsLeizhou PeninsulaGulf of TonkinYangtze River
Yangtze River DeltaYellow RiverPearl River DeltaYenisei BasinAltai MountainsWakhan
CorridorWakhjir PassFar EastRing of FireAsia-PacificTropical Asia
West
Greater Middle East MENAMENASAMiddle EastRed Sea Hanish IslandsCaspian
SeaMediterranean SeaZagros Mountains ElamPersian Gulf Pirate CoastStrait of
HormuzGreater and Lesser TunbsAl-Faw PeninsulaGulf of OmanGulf of AqabaGulf of
AdenBalochistanArabian Peninsula Najd Al-YamamaHejazTihamahEastern ArabiaSouth
Arabia HadhramautArabian Peninsula coastal fog desertAl-
SharatTigris�EuphratesMesopotamia Upper MesopotamiaLower MesopotamiaSawadNineveh
plainsAkkad (region)BabyloniaCanaanAram Aram-NaharaimEber-NariSuhumEastern
MediterraneanMashriqKurdistanLevant Southern LevantTransjordanJordan Rift
ValleyLevantine SeaHoly Land PalestineLand of IsraelGolan HeightsHula
ValleyGalileeGileadJudeaSamariaArabahAnti-Lebanon MountainsSinai PeninsulaArabian
DesertSyrian DesertFertile CrescentAzerbaijanSyriaHauranIranian Plateau Dasht-e
KavirArmenian HighlandsCaucasus Caucasus Mountains Greater CaucasusLesser
CaucasusNorth CaucasusSouth Caucasus ShirvanKur-Araz LowlandLankaran
LowlandAlborzAbsheron PeninsulaKartliAnatolia Taurus
MountainsAeolisPaphlagoniaPhasianeIsauriaIoniaBithyniaCiliciaCappadociaCariaCorduen
eChaldiaDorisLycaoniaLyciaLydiaGalatiaPisidiaPontusMysiaArzawaSperi SopheneBiga
Peninsula TroadTuwanaAlpide belt
South
OrientGreater IndiaIndian subcontinentHimalayasHindu KushBactriaCarnatic
regionTamilakamWestern GhatsEastern GhatsGanges BasinGanges
DeltaGuzganPashtunistanPunjabBalochistan GedrosiaMakranMarathwadaKashmir Kashmir
ValleyPir Panjal RangeThar DesertIndus ValleyIndus River DeltaIndus Valley
DesertIndo-Gangetic PlainEastern Coastal Plains KalingaWestern Coastal
PlainsMeghalaya subtropical forestsMENASALower Gangetic plains moist deciduous
forestsNorthwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadowsDoabBagar tractGreat Rann of
KutchLittle Rann of KutchDeccan PlateauCoromandel CoastKonkanFalse Divi PointHindi
BeltLadakhAksai ChinGilgit-Baltistan BaltistanShigar ValleyHigh-mountain
AsiaKarakoram Saltoro MountainsSiachen GlacierBengal Bay of BengalGulf of
KhambhatGulf of Kutch HalarGulf of MannarTrans-Karakoram TractWakhan
CorridorWakhjir PassLakshadweep Laccadive IslandsAmindivi
IslandsParopamisadaeAndaman and Nicobar Islands Andaman IslandsNicobar
IslandsMaldive IslandsAlpide beltAsia-PacificTropical Asia
Southeast
OrientSundalandMainland IndochinaMalay PeninsulaNorthern Triangle temperate
forestsMaritime Peninsular MalaysiaSunda IslandsGreater Sunda IslandsLesser Sunda
IslandsIndonesian Archipelago WallaceaTimorPhilippine Archipelago
LuzonVisayasMindanaoLeyte GulfGulf of ThailandEast IndiesNanyangAlpide beltFar
EastRing of FireAsia-PacificTropical Asia
Authority control Edit this at Wikidata
GND: 4109125-5NKC: ge117635VIAF: 244579309WorldCat Identities (via VIAF): 244579309
Categories: Rivers of Krasnoyarsk KraiRivers of KhakassiaRivers of TuvaRivers of
KyzylPhysiographic provincesDrainage basins of the Kara SeaYenisei basin
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Yenisei River
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For the bandy club Yenisey, see Yenisey Krasnoyarsk Bandy Club.

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this
article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be
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Yenisei
Beldir.jpg
Bii-Khem and Kaa-Khem near Kyzyl
Yeniseirivermap.png
The Yenisei basin, including Lake Baikal
Etymology from either Old Kyrgyz ???-??? (Ene-Sai, �mother river�) or
Evenki ??????? (Ion?ssi, �big water�)[1][2]
Native name ?????? (Russian)
Location
Country Mongolia, Russia
Region Tuva, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Khakassia, Irkutsk Oblast, Buryatia,
Zabaykalsky Krai
Cities Kyzyl, Shagonar, Sayanogorsk, Abakan, Divnogorsk, Krasnoyarsk,
Yeniseysk, Lesosibirsk, Igarka, Dudinka
Physical characteristics
Source Mungaragiyn-Gol
? location ridge Dod-Taygasyn-Noor, Mongolia
? coordinates 50�43'46?N 98�39'49?E
? elevation 3,351 m (10,994 ft)
Mouth Yenisei Gulf
? location Arctic Ocean, Russia
Length 3,438 km (2,136 mi)
Basin size 2,580,000 km2 (1,000,000 sq mi)
Discharge
? location Igarka[3]
? average 19,600 m3/s (690,000 cu ft/s)
? minimum 3,120 m3/s (110,000 cu ft/s)
? maximum 112,000 m3/s (4,000,000 cu ft/s)
Basin features
Tributaries
? right Angara, Lower Tunguska, Stony Tunguska River
The Yenisei (Russian: ?????�?, Yenis�y; Mongolian: ?????? ?????, Yenisei m�r�n;
Buryat: ?????? ?????, Gorlog m�ren; Tyvan: ????-???, Ulug-Hem; Khakas: ??? ???, Kim
sug)[4] also Romanised Yenisey, Enisei, Jenisej,[5] is the largest river system
flowing to the Arctic Ocean. It is the central of the three great Siberian rivers
that flow into the Arctic Ocean (the other two being the Ob and the Lena). Rising
in Mongolia, it follows a northerly course to the Yenisei Gulf in the Kara Sea,
with the Western Siberian Plain to the west and the Central Siberian Plateau to the
east. It drains a large part of central Siberia. Yenisei is the fifth-longest river
system in the world.

The maximum depth of the Yenisei is 24 metres (80 ft) and the average depth is 14
metres (45 ft). The depth of river outflow is 32 metres (106 ft) and inflow is 31
metres (101 ft).[clarification needed]

Contents
1 Course of the river
1.1 Tributaries
2 Lake Baikal
3 Flora and fauna
3.1 Taimyr reindeer herd
4 Navigation
5 History
6 Pollution
7 Gallery
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Course of the river
The confluence of the rivers Kaa-Khem and Piy-Khem from the height of bird flight
The river flows through Tuva, Khakassia[6] and the city of Krasnoyarsk.[7]

Tributaries
The river forms at the confluence of the Big Yenisei River and the Little Yenisei
River. The Yenisei tributaries include the Angara, Big Pit, Stony Tunguska, Bakhta,
Lower Tunguska, Kureika, Kan, Mana, Bazaikha, Dubches, Tanama, Kacha, Kem,
Khemchik, Abakan, Khantayka, Yeloguy, Big Kheta, Turukhan, Sym and Tuba rivers.[8]

Lake Baikal
Main article: Lake Baikal
The 320-kilometre (200 mi), partly navigable Upper Angara River feeds into the
northern end of Lake Baikal from the Buryat Republic but the largest inflow is from
the Selenga which forms a delta on the southeastern side.[9]

The river as seen from the trans-Siberian railway near Krasnoyarsk

Flora and fauna
The Yenisei River basin (excluding Lake Baikal and lakes of the Khantayka River
headwaters) is home to 55 native fish species, including two endemics: Gobio
sibiricus (a gobionine cyprinid) and Thymallus nigrescens [es] (a grayling).[10]
The grayling is restricted to Kh�vsg�l Nuur and its tributaries.[10] Most fish
found in the Yenisei River basin are relatively widespread Euro-Siberian or
Siberian species, such as northern pike (Esox lucius), common roach (Rutilus
rutilus), common dace (Leuciscus leuciscus), Siberian sculpin (Cottus poecilopus),
European perch (Perca fluviatilis) and Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio). The basin
is also home to many salmonids (trout, whitefish, charr, graylings, taimen and
relatives) and the Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii).[10]

The Yenisei River valley is habitat for numerous flora and fauna, with Siberian
pine and Siberian larch being notable tree species. In prehistoric times Scots
pine, Pinus sylvestris, was abundant in the Yenisei River valley circa 6000 BC.[11]
There are also numerous bird species present in the watershed, including, for
example, the hooded crow, Corvus cornix.[12]

Taimyr reindeer herd

The Taimyr reindeer herd, a migrating tundra reindeer (R.t. sibiricus), the largest
reindeer herd in the world,[13][14] migrated to winter grazing ranges along the
Yenisei River.[15]:336

Navigation

Inclined plane at Krasnoyarsk Dam

River steamers first came to the Yenesei River in 1864 and were brought in from
Holland and England across the icy Kara Sea. One was the SS Nikolai. The SS Thames
attempted to explore the river, overwintered in 1876, but was damaged in the ice
and eventually wrecked in the river. Success came with the steamers Frazer, Express
in 1878, and the next year, Moscow hauling supplies in and wheat out. The Dalman
reached Yeneisisk in 1881.

Imperial Russia placed river steamers on the massive river in an attempt to free up
communication with land-locked Siberia. One boat was the SS St. Nicholas which took
the future Tsar Nicholas II on his voyage to Siberia, and later conveyed Vladimir
Lenin to prison.

Engineers attempted to place river steamers on regular service on the river during
the building of the Trans-Siberian Railway. The boats were needed to bring in the
rails, engines and supplies. Captain Joseph Wiggins sailed the Orestes with rail
and parted out river steamers in 1893. However, the sea and river route proved very
difficult with several ships lost at sea and on the river. Both the Ob and Yenisei
mouths feed into very long inlets, several hundred kilometres in length, which are
shallow, ice bound and prone to high winds and thus treacherous for navigation.
After the completion of the railway, river traffic reduced only to local service as
the Arctic route and long river proved much too indirect a route.

The first recreation team to navigate the Yenisei's entire length, including its
violent upper tributary in Mongolia, was an Australian-Canadian effort completed in
September 2001. Ben Kozel, Tim Cope, Colin Angus and Remy Quinter were on this
team. Both Kozel and Angus wrote books detailing this expedition,[16] and a
documentary was produced for National Geographic Television.

A canal inclined plane was built on the river in 1985 at the Krasnoyarsk Dam.[17]

History
Nomadic tribes such as the Ket people and the Yugh people have lived along the
banks of the Yenisei river since ancient times, and this region is the location of
the Yeniseian language family. The Ket, numbering about 1000, are the only
survivors today of those who originally lived throughout central southern Siberia
near the river banks. Their extinct relatives included the Kotts, Assans, Arins,
Baikots and Pumpokols who lived further upriver to the south. The modern Ket lived
in the eastern middle areas of the river before being assimilated politically into
Russia during the 17th through 19th centuries.[18]

Some of the earliest known evidence of Turkic origins was found in the Yenisei
Valley in the form of stelae, stone monoliths and memorial tablets dating from
between the 7th and 9th centuries AD, along with some documents that were found in
China's Xinjiang region. The written evidence gathered from these sources tells of
battles fought between the Turks and the Chinese and other legends. There are also
examples of Uyghur poetry, though most have survived only in Chinese translation.
[19]

Wheat from the Yenisei was sold by Muslims and Uighurs during inadequate harvests
to Bukhara and Soghd during the Tahirid era.[20]

Russians first reached the upper Yenisei in 1605, travelling from the Ob River, up
the Ket River, portaging and then down the Yenisei as far as the Sym River.[21]

During World War II, Nazi Germany and the Japanese Empire agreed to divide Asia
along a line that followed the Yenisei River to the border of China and then along
the border of China and the Soviet Union.[22]

Pollution
Studies have shown that the Yenisei suffers from contamination caused by
radioactive discharges from a factory that produced bomb-grade plutonium in the
secret city of Krasnoyarsk-26, now known as Zheleznogorsk.[23]

Gallery

The bridge over the Yenisei in Krasnoyarsk, Russia, viewed from the left bank.

Vinogradovsky most, the bridge in Krasnoyarsk, Russia, viewed from the left bank

The Yenisei (left) and the Ob flow into Kara Sea.

See also
List of rivers of Russia
Sayano-Shushenskaya Dam
Yenisei Range
References
?????????, ????????? ????????? (30 August 1990).
"????????? : ?????????????, ?????" � via Google Books.
???????, ???????? (5 September 2017). "????, ???? ? ??????. ??? ???? ?? ?????".
Litres � via Google Books.
"Station: Igarka". Yenisei Basin. UNH / GRDC. Archived from the original on 24
September 2015. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
A.Ochir. "History of the Mongol Oirats" 1993
"Yenisei River". Hammond Quick & Easy Notebook Reference Atlas & Webster
Dictionary. Hammond. p. 31. ISBN 0843709227.
"Yenisei River: Siberia's blessing and curse". RT. 11 June 2010. Archived from the
original on 17 March 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
Alan Taylor (23 August 2013). "A Year on the Yenisei River". The Atlantic.
Archived from the original on 26 June 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
C Michael Hogan (13 May 2012). "Yenisei River". Encyclopedia of Earth. Archived
from the original on 17 May 2015. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
"Yenisei River". Geology Page. 4 February 2014. Archived from the original on 7
January 2019. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (2008). Yenisei. Archived 16 January 2017 at
the Wayback Machine Retrieved 16 July 2014.
Stein, Ruediger et al. 2003. Siberian river run-off in the Kara Sea, Proceedings
in Marine Sciences, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 488 pages
C. Michael Hogan. 2009. Hooded Crow: Corvus cornix, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed, N.
Stromberg Archived 26 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine
Russell, D.E.; Gunn, A. (20 November 2013). "Migratory Tundra Rangifer". NOAA
Arctic Research Program.
Kolpashikov, L.; Makhailov, V.; Russell, D. (2014). "The role of harvest,
predators and socio-political environment in the dynamics of the Taimyr wild
reindeer herd with some lessons for North America". Ecology and Society. JSTOR
26269762.
Baskin, Leonid M. (1986), "Differences in the ecology and behaviour of reindeer
populations in the USSR", Rangifer, Special Issue (1): 333�340, archived from the
original on 3 March 2016, retrieved 7 January 2015
Five Months in a Leaky Boat: A River Journey Through Siberia, Kozel, 2003, Pan
Macmillan
Permanent International Association of Navigation Congresses. (1989). Ship lifts:
report of a Study Commission within the framework of Permanent . PIANC. ISBN 978-2-
87223-006-8. Retrieved 14 December 2011.
Vajda, Edward G. "The Ket and Other Yeniseian Peoples". Archived from the original
on 6 April 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2006.
Halman, Talah. A Millenium of Turkish Literature. p. 6.
Ian Blanchard (2001). Mining, Metallurgy and Minting in the Middle Ages: Asiatic
supremacy, 425-1125. Franz Steiner Verlag. pp. 271�272. ISBN 978-3-515-07958-7.
Archived from the original on 9 January 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2016.
Fisher, Raymond Henry (1943). The Russian Fur Trade, 1550-1700. University of
California Press.
Weinberg, Gerhard L. Visions of Victory: The Hopes of Eight World War II Leaders
Cambridge, England, United Kingdom:2005--Cambridge University Press [1] Archived 17
September 2011 at the Wayback Machine
David Hoffman (17 August 1998). "Wastes of War: Radioactivity Threatens a Mighty
River". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved
13 February 2015.
Coordinates: 71�50'0?N 82�40'0?E

External links
 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Yenisei River.
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclop�dia Britannica article Yenisei.
Yenisey River at the Encyclop�dia Britannica
Photos of river around Krasnoyarsk area at Boston.com
William Barr, 'German paddle-steamers on the Yenisey 1878-84', The Journal of the
Hakluyt Society, August 2014.
Geographic data related to Yenisei River at OpenStreetMap
vte
Regions of Asia
Central
Greater Middle EastAral Sea Aralkum DesertCaspian SeaDead SeaSea of
GalileeTartaryTransoxiana TuranGreater
KhorasanArianaArachosiaKhwarazmSistanKazakhstania Kazakh SteppeBetpak-DalaEurasian
Steppe Asian SteppeKazakh SteppePontic�Caspian steppeMongolian-Manchurian
grasslandWild Fields YedisanMuravsky TrailUral Ural MountainsVolga regionIdel-
UralPryazoviaBjarmalandKubanZalesyeIngriaNovorossiyaGornaya ShoriyaTulgasIranian
PlateauAltai MountainsPamir MountainsTian ShanBadakhshanWakhan CorridorWakhjir
PassMount ImeonMongolian PlateauWestern RegionsTaklamakan DesertKarakoram Trans-
Karakoram TractSiachen Glacier
North
Arctic Arctic CircleInner AsiaNortheastUral Ural MountainsFar East Russian Far
EastOkhotsk-Manchurian taigaBeringia Chukchi PeninsulaKamchatka PeninsulaExtreme
NorthTartarySiberia Baikalia (Lake Baikal)Baraba steppeKhatanga
GulfTransbaikalWestAmur BasinYenisei GulfYenisei BasinSikhote-AlinKolymaBering
StraitRing of FireOuter ManchuriaAsia-Pacific
East
OrientJapanese archipelago Northeastern Japan ArcSakhalin Island ArcKorean
PeninsulaGobi DesertTaklamakan DesertGreater KhinganMongolian PlateauInner
AsiaInner MongoliaOuter MongoliaChina properManchuria Outer ManchuriaInner
ManchuriaNortheast China PlainMongolian-Manchurian grasslandNorth China Plain Yan
MountainsKunlun MountainsLiaodong PeninsulaHigh-mountain Asia HimalayasTibetan
PlateauTibetKarakoramTarim BasinSichuan BasinNorthern Silk RoadHexi
CorridorNanzhongLingnanLiangguangJiangnanJianghuaiGuanzhongHuizhouWuJiaozhouZhongyu
anShaannanOrdos Loop Loess PlateauShaanbeiHamgyong MountainsCentral Mountain
RangeJapanese AlpsSuzuka MountainsLeizhou PeninsulaGulf of TonkinYangtze River
Yangtze River DeltaYellow RiverPearl River DeltaYenisei BasinAltai MountainsWakhan
CorridorWakhjir PassFar EastRing of FireAsia-PacificTropical Asia
West
Greater Middle East MENAMENASAMiddle EastRed Sea Hanish IslandsCaspian
SeaMediterranean SeaZagros Mountains ElamPersian Gulf Pirate CoastStrait of
HormuzGreater and Lesser TunbsAl-Faw PeninsulaGulf of OmanGulf of AqabaGulf of
AdenBalochistanArabian Peninsula Najd Al-YamamaHejazTihamahEastern ArabiaSouth
Arabia HadhramautArabian Peninsula coastal fog desertAl-
SharatTigris�EuphratesMesopotamia Upper MesopotamiaLower MesopotamiaSawadNineveh
plainsAkkad (region)BabyloniaCanaanAram Aram-NaharaimEber-NariSuhumEastern
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regionTamilakamWestern GhatsEastern GhatsGanges BasinGanges
DeltaGuzganPashtunistanPunjabBalochistan GedrosiaMakranMarathwadaKashmir Kashmir
ValleyPir Panjal RangeThar DesertIndus ValleyIndus River DeltaIndus Valley
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PlainsMeghalaya subtropical forestsMENASALower Gangetic plains moist deciduous
forestsNorthwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadowsDoabBagar tractGreat Rann of
KutchLittle Rann of KutchDeccan PlateauCoromandel CoastKonkanFalse Divi PointHindi
BeltLadakhAksai ChinGilgit-Baltistan BaltistanShigar ValleyHigh-mountain
AsiaKarakoram Saltoro MountainsSiachen GlacierBengal Bay of BengalGulf of
KhambhatGulf of Kutch HalarGulf of MannarTrans-Karakoram TractWakhan
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OrientSundalandMainland IndochinaMalay PeninsulaNorthern Triangle temperate
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Categories: Rivers of Krasnoyarsk KraiRivers of KhakassiaRivers of TuvaRivers of
KyzylPhysiographic provincesDrainage basins of the Kara SeaYenisei basin
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Yenisei River
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigationJump to search
For the bandy club Yenisey, see Yenisey Krasnoyarsk Bandy Club.

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this
article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be
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2007) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Yenisei
Beldir.jpg
Bii-Khem and Kaa-Khem near Kyzyl
Yeniseirivermap.png
The Yenisei basin, including Lake Baikal
Etymology from either Old Kyrgyz ???-??? (Ene-Sai, �mother river�) or
Evenki ??????? (Ion?ssi, �big water�)[1][2]
Native name ?????? (Russian)
Location
Country Mongolia, Russia
Region Tuva, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Khakassia, Irkutsk Oblast, Buryatia,
Zabaykalsky Krai
Cities Kyzyl, Shagonar, Sayanogorsk, Abakan, Divnogorsk, Krasnoyarsk,
Yeniseysk, Lesosibirsk, Igarka, Dudinka
Physical characteristics
Source Mungaragiyn-Gol
? location ridge Dod-Taygasyn-Noor, Mongolia
? coordinates 50�43'46?N 98�39'49?E
? elevation 3,351 m (10,994 ft)
Mouth Yenisei Gulf
? location Arctic Ocean, Russia
Length 3,438 km (2,136 mi)
Basin size 2,580,000 km2 (1,000,000 sq mi)
Discharge
? location Igarka[3]
? average 19,600 m3/s (690,000 cu ft/s)
? minimum 3,120 m3/s (110,000 cu ft/s)
? maximum 112,000 m3/s (4,000,000 cu ft/s)
Basin features
Tributaries
? right Angara, Lower Tunguska, Stony Tunguska River
The Yenisei (Russian: ?????�?, Yenis�y; Mongolian: ?????? ?????, Yenisei m�r�n;
Buryat: ?????? ?????, Gorlog m�ren; Tyvan: ????-???, Ulug-Hem; Khakas: ??? ???, Kim
sug)[4] also Romanised Yenisey, Enisei, Jenisej,[5] is the largest river system
flowing to the Arctic Ocean. It is the central of the three great Siberian rivers
that flow into the Arctic Ocean (the other two being the Ob and the Lena). Rising
in Mongolia, it follows a northerly course to the Yenisei Gulf in the Kara Sea,
with the Western Siberian Plain to the west and the Central Siberian Plateau to the
east. It drains a large part of central Siberia. Yenisei is the fifth-longest river
system in the world.

The maximum depth of the Yenisei is 24 metres (80 ft) and the average depth is 14
metres (45 ft). The depth of river outflow is 32 metres (106 ft) and inflow is 31
metres (101 ft).[clarification needed]

Contents
1 Course of the river
1.1 Tributaries
2 Lake Baikal
3 Flora and fauna
3.1 Taimyr reindeer herd
4 Navigation
5 History
6 Pollution
7 Gallery
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Course of the river

The confluence of the rivers Kaa-Khem and Piy-Khem from the height of bird flight
The river flows through Tuva, Khakassia[6] and the city of Krasnoyarsk.[7]

Tributaries
The river forms at the confluence of the Big Yenisei River and the Little Yenisei
River. The Yenisei tributaries include the Angara, Big Pit, Stony Tunguska, Bakhta,
Lower Tunguska, Kureika, Kan, Mana, Bazaikha, Dubches, Tanama, Kacha, Kem,
Khemchik, Abakan, Khantayka, Yeloguy, Big Kheta, Turukhan, Sym and Tuba rivers.[8]

Lake Baikal
Main article: Lake Baikal
The 320-kilometre (200 mi), partly navigable Upper Angara River feeds into the
northern end of Lake Baikal from the Buryat Republic but the largest inflow is from
the Selenga which forms a delta on the southeastern side.[9]

The river as seen from the trans-Siberian railway near Krasnoyarsk

Flora and fauna
The Yenisei River basin (excluding Lake Baikal and lakes of the Khantayka River
headwaters) is home to 55 native fish species, including two endemics: Gobio
sibiricus (a gobionine cyprinid) and Thymallus nigrescens [es] (a grayling).[10]
The grayling is restricted to Kh�vsg�l Nuur and its tributaries.[10] Most fish
found in the Yenisei River basin are relatively widespread Euro-Siberian or
Siberian species, such as northern pike (Esox lucius), common roach (Rutilus
rutilus), common dace (Leuciscus leuciscus), Siberian sculpin (Cottus poecilopus),
European perch (Perca fluviatilis) and Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio). The basin
is also home to many salmonids (trout, whitefish, charr, graylings, taimen and
relatives) and the Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii).[10]

The Yenisei River valley is habitat for numerous flora and fauna, with Siberian
pine and Siberian larch being notable tree species. In prehistoric times Scots
pine, Pinus sylvestris, was abundant in the Yenisei River valley circa 6000 BC.[11]
There are also numerous bird species present in the watershed, including, for
example, the hooded crow, Corvus cornix.[12]
Taimyr reindeer herd
The Taimyr reindeer herd, a migrating tundra reindeer (R.t. sibiricus), the largest
reindeer herd in the world,[13][14] migrated to winter grazing ranges along the
Yenisei River.[15]:336

Navigation

Inclined plane at Krasnoyarsk Dam

River steamers first came to the Yenesei River in 1864 and were brought in from
Holland and England across the icy Kara Sea. One was the SS Nikolai. The SS Thames
attempted to explore the river, overwintered in 1876, but was damaged in the ice
and eventually wrecked in the river. Success came with the steamers Frazer, Express
in 1878, and the next year, Moscow hauling supplies in and wheat out. The Dalman
reached Yeneisisk in 1881.

Imperial Russia placed river steamers on the massive river in an attempt to free up
communication with land-locked Siberia. One boat was the SS St. Nicholas which took
the future Tsar Nicholas II on his voyage to Siberia, and later conveyed Vladimir
Lenin to prison.

Engineers attempted to place river steamers on regular service on the river during
the building of the Trans-Siberian Railway. The boats were needed to bring in the
rails, engines and supplies. Captain Joseph Wiggins sailed the Orestes with rail
and parted out river steamers in 1893. However, the sea and river route proved very
difficult with several ships lost at sea and on the river. Both the Ob and Yenisei
mouths feed into very long inlets, several hundred kilometres in length, which are
shallow, ice bound and prone to high winds and thus treacherous for navigation.
After the completion of the railway, river traffic reduced only to local service as
the Arctic route and long river proved much too indirect a route.

The first recreation team to navigate the Yenisei's entire length, including its
violent upper tributary in Mongolia, was an Australian-Canadian effort completed in
September 2001. Ben Kozel, Tim Cope, Colin Angus and Remy Quinter were on this
team. Both Kozel and Angus wrote books detailing this expedition,[16] and a
documentary was produced for National Geographic Television.

A canal inclined plane was built on the river in 1985 at the Krasnoyarsk Dam.[17]

History
Nomadic tribes such as the Ket people and the Yugh people have lived along the
banks of the Yenisei river since ancient times, and this region is the location of
the Yeniseian language family. The Ket, numbering about 1000, are the only
survivors today of those who originally lived throughout central southern Siberia
near the river banks. Their extinct relatives included the Kotts, Assans, Arins,
Baikots and Pumpokols who lived further upriver to the south. The modern Ket lived
in the eastern middle areas of the river before being assimilated politically into
Russia during the 17th through 19th centuries.[18]

Some of the earliest known evidence of Turkic origins was found in the Yenisei
Valley in the form of stelae, stone monoliths and memorial tablets dating from
between the 7th and 9th centuries AD, along with some documents that were found in
China's Xinjiang region. The written evidence gathered from these sources tells of
battles fought between the Turks and the Chinese and other legends. There are also
examples of Uyghur poetry, though most have survived only in Chinese translation.
[19]

Wheat from the Yenisei was sold by Muslims and Uighurs during inadequate harvests
to Bukhara and Soghd during the Tahirid era.[20]
Russians first reached the upper Yenisei in 1605, travelling from the Ob River, up
the Ket River, portaging and then down the Yenisei as far as the Sym River.[21]

During World War II, Nazi Germany and the Japanese Empire agreed to divide Asia
along a line that followed the Yenisei River to the border of China and then along
the border of China and the Soviet Union.[22]

Pollution
Studies have shown that the Yenisei suffers from contamination caused by
radioactive discharges from a factory that produced bomb-grade plutonium in the
secret city of Krasnoyarsk-26, now known as Zheleznogorsk.[23]

Gallery

The bridge over the Yenisei in Krasnoyarsk, Russia, viewed from the left bank.

Vinogradovsky most, the bridge in Krasnoyarsk, Russia, viewed from the left bank

The Yenisei (left) and the Ob flow into Kara Sea.

See also
List of rivers of Russia
Sayano-Shushenskaya Dam
Yenisei Range
References
?????????, ????????? ????????? (30 August 1990).
"????????? : ?????????????, ?????" � via Google Books.
???????, ???????? (5 September 2017). "????, ???? ? ??????. ??? ???? ?? ?????".
Litres � via Google Books.
"Station: Igarka". Yenisei Basin. UNH / GRDC. Archived from the original on 24
September 2015. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
A.Ochir. "History of the Mongol Oirats" 1993
"Yenisei River". Hammond Quick & Easy Notebook Reference Atlas & Webster
Dictionary. Hammond. p. 31. ISBN 0843709227.
"Yenisei River: Siberia's blessing and curse". RT. 11 June 2010. Archived from the
original on 17 March 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
Alan Taylor (23 August 2013). "A Year on the Yenisei River". The Atlantic.
Archived from the original on 26 June 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
C Michael Hogan (13 May 2012). "Yenisei River". Encyclopedia of Earth. Archived
from the original on 17 May 2015. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
"Yenisei River". Geology Page. 4 February 2014. Archived from the original on 7
January 2019. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (2008). Yenisei. Archived 16 January 2017 at
the Wayback Machine Retrieved 16 July 2014.
Stein, Ruediger et al. 2003. Siberian river run-off in the Kara Sea, Proceedings
in Marine Sciences, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 488 pages
C. Michael Hogan. 2009. Hooded Crow: Corvus cornix, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed, N.
Stromberg Archived 26 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine
Russell, D.E.; Gunn, A. (20 November 2013). "Migratory Tundra Rangifer". NOAA
Arctic Research Program.
Kolpashikov, L.; Makhailov, V.; Russell, D. (2014). "The role of harvest,
predators and socio-political environment in the dynamics of the Taimyr wild
reindeer herd with some lessons for North America". Ecology and Society. JSTOR
26269762.
 Baskin, Leonid M. (1986), "Differences in the ecology and behaviour of reindeer
populations in the USSR", Rangifer, Special Issue (1): 333�340, archived from the
original on 3 March 2016, retrieved 7 January 2015
Five Months in a Leaky Boat: A River Journey Through Siberia, Kozel, 2003, Pan
Macmillan
Permanent International Association of Navigation Congresses. (1989). Ship lifts:
report of a Study Commission within the framework of Permanent . PIANC. ISBN 978-2-
87223-006-8. Retrieved 14 December 2011.
Vajda, Edward G. "The Ket and Other Yeniseian Peoples". Archived from the original
on 6 April 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2006.
Halman, Talah. A Millenium of Turkish Literature. p. 6.
Ian Blanchard (2001). Mining, Metallurgy and Minting in the Middle Ages: Asiatic
supremacy, 425-1125. Franz Steiner Verlag. pp. 271�272. ISBN 978-3-515-07958-7.
Archived from the original on 9 January 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2016.
Fisher, Raymond Henry (1943). The Russian Fur Trade, 1550-1700. University of
California Press.
Weinberg, Gerhard L. Visions of Victory: The Hopes of Eight World War II Leaders
Cambridge, England, United Kingdom:2005--Cambridge University Press [1] Archived 17
September 2011 at the Wayback Machine
David Hoffman (17 August 1998). "Wastes of War: Radioactivity Threatens a Mighty
River". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved
13 February 2015.
Coordinates: 71�50'0?N 82�40'0?E

External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Yenisei River.
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclop�dia Britannica article Yenisei.
Yenisey River at the Encyclop�dia Britannica
Photos of river around Krasnoyarsk area at Boston.com
William Barr, 'German paddle-steamers on the Yenisey 1878-84', The Journal of the
Hakluyt Society, August 2014.
Geographic data related to Yenisei River at OpenStreetMap
vte
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Central
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GalileeTartaryTransoxiana TuranGreater
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forestsNorthwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadowsDoabBagar tractGreat Rann of
KutchLittle Rann of KutchDeccan PlateauCoromandel CoastKonkanFalse Divi PointHindi
BeltLadakhAksai ChinGilgit-Baltistan BaltistanShigar ValleyHigh-mountain
AsiaKarakoram Saltoro MountainsSiachen GlacierBengal Bay of BengalGulf of
KhambhatGulf of Kutch HalarGulf of MannarTrans-Karakoram TractWakhan
CorridorWakhjir PassLakshadweep Laccadive IslandsAmindivi
IslandsParopamisadaeAndaman and Nicobar Islands Andaman IslandsNicobar
IslandsMaldive IslandsAlpide beltAsia-PacificTropical Asia
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KyzylPhysiographic provincesDrainage basins of the Kara SeaYenisei basin
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Yenisei River
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigationJump to search
For the bandy club Yenisey, see Yenisey Krasnoyarsk Bandy Club.

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this
article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be
challenged and removed.
Find sources: "Yenisei River" � news � newspapers � books � scholar � JSTOR (July
2007) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Yenisei
Beldir.jpg
Bii-Khem and Kaa-Khem near Kyzyl
Yeniseirivermap.png
The Yenisei basin, including Lake Baikal
Etymology from either Old Kyrgyz ???-??? (Ene-Sai, �mother river�) or
Evenki ??????? (Ion?ssi, �big water�)[1][2]
Native name ?????? (Russian)
Location
Country Mongolia, Russia
Region Tuva, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Khakassia, Irkutsk Oblast, Buryatia,
Zabaykalsky Krai
Cities Kyzyl, Shagonar, Sayanogorsk, Abakan, Divnogorsk, Krasnoyarsk,
Yeniseysk, Lesosibirsk, Igarka, Dudinka
Physical characteristics
Source Mungaragiyn-Gol
? location ridge Dod-Taygasyn-Noor, Mongolia
? coordinates 50�43'46?N 98�39'49?E
? elevation 3,351 m (10,994 ft)
Mouth Yenisei Gulf
? location Arctic Ocean, Russia
Length 3,438 km (2,136 mi)
Basin size 2,580,000 km2 (1,000,000 sq mi)
Discharge
? location Igarka[3]
? average 19,600 m3/s (690,000 cu ft/s)
? minimum 3,120 m3/s (110,000 cu ft/s)
? maximum 112,000 m3/s (4,000,000 cu ft/s)
Basin features
Tributaries
? right Angara, Lower Tunguska, Stony Tunguska River
The Yenisei (Russian: ?????�?, Yenis�y; Mongolian: ?????? ?????, Yenisei m�r�n;
Buryat: ?????? ?????, Gorlog m�ren; Tyvan: ????-???, Ulug-Hem; Khakas: ??? ???, Kim
sug)[4] also Romanised Yenisey, Enisei, Jenisej,[5] is the largest river system
flowing to the Arctic Ocean. It is the central of the three great Siberian rivers
that flow into the Arctic Ocean (the other two being the Ob and the Lena). Rising
in Mongolia, it follows a northerly course to the Yenisei Gulf in the Kara Sea,
with the Western Siberian Plain to the west and the Central Siberian Plateau to the
east. It drains a large part of central Siberia. Yenisei is the fifth-longest river
system in the world.

The maximum depth of the Yenisei is 24 metres (80 ft) and the average depth is 14
metres (45 ft). The depth of river outflow is 32 metres (106 ft) and inflow is 31
metres (101 ft).[clarification needed]

Contents
1 Course of the river
1.1 Tributaries
2 Lake Baikal
3 Flora and fauna
3.1 Taimyr reindeer herd
4 Navigation
5 History
6 Pollution
7 Gallery
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Course of the river

The confluence of the rivers Kaa-Khem and Piy-Khem from the height of bird flight
The river flows through Tuva, Khakassia[6] and the city of Krasnoyarsk.[7]

Tributaries
The river forms at the confluence of the Big Yenisei River and the Little Yenisei
River. The Yenisei tributaries include the Angara, Big Pit, Stony Tunguska, Bakhta,
Lower Tunguska, Kureika, Kan, Mana, Bazaikha, Dubches, Tanama, Kacha, Kem,
Khemchik, Abakan, Khantayka, Yeloguy, Big Kheta, Turukhan, Sym and Tuba rivers.[8]
Lake Baikal
Main article: Lake Baikal
The 320-kilometre (200 mi), partly navigable Upper Angara River feeds into the
northern end of Lake Baikal from the Buryat Republic but the largest inflow is from
the Selenga which forms a delta on the southeastern side.[9]

The river as seen from the trans-Siberian railway near Krasnoyarsk

Flora and fauna
The Yenisei River basin (excluding Lake Baikal and lakes of the Khantayka River
headwaters) is home to 55 native fish species, including two endemics: Gobio
sibiricus (a gobionine cyprinid) and Thymallus nigrescens [es] (a grayling).[10]
The grayling is restricted to Kh�vsg�l Nuur and its tributaries.[10] Most fish
found in the Yenisei River basin are relatively widespread Euro-Siberian or
Siberian species, such as northern pike (Esox lucius), common roach (Rutilus
rutilus), common dace (Leuciscus leuciscus), Siberian sculpin (Cottus poecilopus),
European perch (Perca fluviatilis) and Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio). The basin
is also home to many salmonids (trout, whitefish, charr, graylings, taimen and
relatives) and the Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii).[10]

The Yenisei River valley is habitat for numerous flora and fauna, with Siberian
pine and Siberian larch being notable tree species. In prehistoric times Scots
pine, Pinus sylvestris, was abundant in the Yenisei River valley circa 6000 BC.[11]
There are also numerous bird species present in the watershed, including, for
example, the hooded crow, Corvus cornix.[12]

Taimyr reindeer herd

The Taimyr reindeer herd, a migrating tundra reindeer (R.t. sibiricus), the largest
reindeer herd in the world,[13][14] migrated to winter grazing ranges along the
Yenisei River.[15]:336

Navigation

Inclined plane at Krasnoyarsk Dam

River steamers first came to the Yenesei River in 1864 and were brought in from
Holland and England across the icy Kara Sea. One was the SS Nikolai. The SS Thames
attempted to explore the river, overwintered in 1876, but was damaged in the ice
and eventually wrecked in the river. Success came with the steamers Frazer, Express
in 1878, and the next year, Moscow hauling supplies in and wheat out. The Dalman
reached Yeneisisk in 1881.

Imperial Russia placed river steamers on the massive river in an attempt to free up
communication with land-locked Siberia. One boat was the SS St. Nicholas which took
the future Tsar Nicholas II on his voyage to Siberia, and later conveyed Vladimir
Lenin to prison.

Engineers attempted to place river steamers on regular service on the river during
the building of the Trans-Siberian Railway. The boats were needed to bring in the
rails, engines and supplies. Captain Joseph Wiggins sailed the Orestes with rail
and parted out river steamers in 1893. However, the sea and river route proved very
difficult with several ships lost at sea and on the river. Both the Ob and Yenisei
mouths feed into very long inlets, several hundred kilometres in length, which are
shallow, ice bound and prone to high winds and thus treacherous for navigation.
After the completion of the railway, river traffic reduced only to local service as
the Arctic route and long river proved much too indirect a route.

The first recreation team to navigate the Yenisei's entire length, including its
violent upper tributary in Mongolia, was an Australian-Canadian effort completed in
September 2001. Ben Kozel, Tim Cope, Colin Angus and Remy Quinter were on this
team. Both Kozel and Angus wrote books detailing this expedition,[16] and a
documentary was produced for National Geographic Television.

A canal inclined plane was built on the river in 1985 at the Krasnoyarsk Dam.[17]

History
Nomadic tribes such as the Ket people and the Yugh people have lived along the
banks of the Yenisei river since ancient times, and this region is the location of
the Yeniseian language family. The Ket, numbering about 1000, are the only
survivors today of those who originally lived throughout central southern Siberia
near the river banks. Their extinct relatives included the Kotts, Assans, Arins,
Baikots and Pumpokols who lived further upriver to the south. The modern Ket lived
in the eastern middle areas of the river before being assimilated politically into
Russia during the 17th through 19th centuries.[18]

Some of the earliest known evidence of Turkic origins was found in the Yenisei
Valley in the form of stelae, stone monoliths and memorial tablets dating from
between the 7th and 9th centuries AD, along with some documents that were found in
China's Xinjiang region. The written evidence gathered from these sources tells of
battles fought between the Turks and the Chinese and other legends. There are also
examples of Uyghur poetry, though most have survived only in Chinese translation.
[19]

Wheat from the Yenisei was sold by Muslims and Uighurs during inadequate harvests
to Bukhara and Soghd during the Tahirid era.[20]

Russians first reached the upper Yenisei in 1605, travelling from the Ob River, up
the Ket River, portaging and then down the Yenisei as far as the Sym River.[21]

During World War II, Nazi Germany and the Japanese Empire agreed to divide Asia
along a line that followed the Yenisei River to the border of China and then along
the border of China and the Soviet Union.[22]

Pollution
Studies have shown that the Yenisei suffers from contamination caused by
radioactive discharges from a factory that produced bomb-grade plutonium in the
secret city of Krasnoyarsk-26, now known as Zheleznogorsk.[23]

Gallery

The bridge over the Yenisei in Krasnoyarsk, Russia, viewed from the left bank.

Vinogradovsky most, the bridge in Krasnoyarsk, Russia, viewed from the left bank

The Yenisei (left) and the Ob flow into Kara Sea.

See also
List of rivers of Russia
Sayano-Shushenskaya Dam
Yenisei Range
References
?????????, ????????? ????????? (30 August 1990).
"????????? : ?????????????, ?????" � via Google Books.
???????, ???????? (5 September 2017). "????, ???? ? ??????. ??? ???? ?? ?????".
Litres � via Google Books.
 "Station: Igarka". Yenisei Basin. UNH / GRDC. Archived from the original on 24
September 2015. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
A.Ochir. "History of the Mongol Oirats" 1993
"Yenisei River". Hammond Quick & Easy Notebook Reference Atlas & Webster
Dictionary. Hammond. p. 31. ISBN 0843709227.
"Yenisei River: Siberia's blessing and curse". RT. 11 June 2010. Archived from the
original on 17 March 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
Alan Taylor (23 August 2013). "A Year on the Yenisei River". The Atlantic.
Archived from the original on 26 June 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
C Michael Hogan (13 May 2012). "Yenisei River". Encyclopedia of Earth. Archived
from the original on 17 May 2015. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
"Yenisei River". Geology Page. 4 February 2014. Archived from the original on 7
January 2019. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (2008). Yenisei. Archived 16 January 2017 at
the Wayback Machine Retrieved 16 July 2014.
Stein, Ruediger et al. 2003. Siberian river run-off in the Kara Sea, Proceedings
in Marine Sciences, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 488 pages
C. Michael Hogan. 2009. Hooded Crow: Corvus cornix, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed, N.
Stromberg Archived 26 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine
Russell, D.E.; Gunn, A. (20 November 2013). "Migratory Tundra Rangifer". NOAA
Arctic Research Program.
Kolpashikov, L.; Makhailov, V.; Russell, D. (2014). "The role of harvest,
predators and socio-political environment in the dynamics of the Taimyr wild
reindeer herd with some lessons for North America". Ecology and Society. JSTOR
26269762.
Baskin, Leonid M. (1986), "Differences in the ecology and behaviour of reindeer
populations in the USSR", Rangifer, Special Issue (1): 333�340, archived from the
original on 3 March 2016, retrieved 7 January 2015
Five Months in a Leaky Boat: A River Journey Through Siberia, Kozel, 2003, Pan
Macmillan
Permanent International Association of Navigation Congresses. (1989). Ship lifts:
report of a Study Commission within the framework of Permanent . PIANC. ISBN 978-2-
87223-006-8. Retrieved 14 December 2011.
Vajda, Edward G. "The Ket and Other Yeniseian Peoples". Archived from the original
on 6 April 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2006.
Halman, Talah. A Millenium of Turkish Literature. p. 6.
Ian Blanchard (2001). Mining, Metallurgy and Minting in the Middle Ages: Asiatic
supremacy, 425-1125. Franz Steiner Verlag. pp. 271�272. ISBN 978-3-515-07958-7.
Archived from the original on 9 January 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2016.
Fisher, Raymond Henry (1943). The Russian Fur Trade, 1550-1700. University of
California Press.
Weinberg, Gerhard L. Visions of Victory: The Hopes of Eight World War II Leaders
Cambridge, England, United Kingdom:2005--Cambridge University Press [1] Archived 17
September 2011 at the Wayback Machine
David Hoffman (17 August 1998). "Wastes of War: Radioactivity Threatens a Mighty
River". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved
13 February 2015.
Coordinates: 71�50'0?N 82�40'0?E

External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Yenisei River.
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclop�dia Britannica article Yenisei.
Yenisey River at the Encyclop�dia Britannica
Photos of river around Krasnoyarsk area at Boston.com
William Barr, 'German paddle-steamers on the Yenisey 1878-84', The Journal of the
Hakluyt Society, August 2014.
Geographic data related to Yenisei River at OpenStreetMap
vte
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Central
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GalileeTartaryTransoxiana TuranGreater
KhorasanArianaArachosiaKhwarazmSistanKazakhstania Kazakh SteppeBetpak-DalaEurasian
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Authority control Edit this at Wikidata
GND: 4109125-5NKC: ge117635VIAF: 244579309WorldCat Identities (via VIAF): 244579309
Categories: Rivers of Krasnoyarsk KraiRivers of KhakassiaRivers of TuvaRivers of
KyzylPhysiographic provincesDrainage basins of the Kara SeaYenisei basin
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Yenisei River
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For the bandy club Yenisey, see Yenisey Krasnoyarsk Bandy Club.

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this
article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be
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Yenisei
Beldir.jpg
Bii-Khem and Kaa-Khem near Kyzyl
Yeniseirivermap.png
The Yenisei basin, including Lake Baikal
Etymology from either Old Kyrgyz ???-??? (Ene-Sai, �mother river�) or
Evenki ??????? (Ion?ssi, �big water�)[1][2]
Native name ?????? (Russian)
Location
Country Mongolia, Russia
Region Tuva, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Khakassia, Irkutsk Oblast, Buryatia,
Zabaykalsky Krai
Cities Kyzyl, Shagonar, Sayanogorsk, Abakan, Divnogorsk, Krasnoyarsk,
Yeniseysk, Lesosibirsk, Igarka, Dudinka
Physical characteristics
Source Mungaragiyn-Gol
? location ridge Dod-Taygasyn-Noor, Mongolia
? coordinates 50�43'46?N 98�39'49?E
? elevation 3,351 m (10,994 ft)
Mouth Yenisei Gulf
? location Arctic Ocean, Russia
Length 3,438 km (2,136 mi)
Basin size 2,580,000 km2 (1,000,000 sq mi)
Discharge
? location Igarka[3]
? average 19,600 m3/s (690,000 cu ft/s)
? minimum 3,120 m3/s (110,000 cu ft/s)
? maximum 112,000 m3/s (4,000,000 cu ft/s)
Basin features
Tributaries
? right Angara, Lower Tunguska, Stony Tunguska River
The Yenisei (Russian: ?????�?, Yenis�y; Mongolian: ?????? ?????, Yenisei m�r�n;
Buryat: ?????? ?????, Gorlog m�ren; Tyvan: ????-???, Ulug-Hem; Khakas: ??? ???, Kim
sug)[4] also Romanised Yenisey, Enisei, Jenisej,[5] is the largest river system
flowing to the Arctic Ocean. It is the central of the three great Siberian rivers
that flow into the Arctic Ocean (the other two being the Ob and the Lena). Rising
in Mongolia, it follows a northerly course to the Yenisei Gulf in the Kara Sea,
with the Western Siberian Plain to the west and the Central Siberian Plateau to the
east. It drains a large part of central Siberia. Yenisei is the fifth-longest river
system in the world.

The maximum depth of the Yenisei is 24 metres (80 ft) and the average depth is 14
metres (45 ft). The depth of river outflow is 32 metres (106 ft) and inflow is 31
metres (101 ft).[clarification needed]
Contents
1 Course of the river
1.1 Tributaries
2 Lake Baikal
3 Flora and fauna
3.1 Taimyr reindeer herd
4 Navigation
5 History
6 Pollution
7 Gallery
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Course of the river

The confluence of the rivers Kaa-Khem and Piy-Khem from the height of bird flight
The river flows through Tuva, Khakassia[6] and the city of Krasnoyarsk.[7]

Tributaries
The river forms at the confluence of the Big Yenisei River and the Little Yenisei
River. The Yenisei tributaries include the Angara, Big Pit, Stony Tunguska, Bakhta,
Lower Tunguska, Kureika, Kan, Mana, Bazaikha, Dubches, Tanama, Kacha, Kem,
Khemchik, Abakan, Khantayka, Yeloguy, Big Kheta, Turukhan, Sym and Tuba rivers.[8]

Lake Baikal
Main article: Lake Baikal
The 320-kilometre (200 mi), partly navigable Upper Angara River feeds into the
northern end of Lake Baikal from the Buryat Republic but the largest inflow is from
the Selenga which forms a delta on the southeastern side.[9]

The river as seen from the trans-Siberian railway near Krasnoyarsk

Flora and fauna
The Yenisei River basin (excluding Lake Baikal and lakes of the Khantayka River
headwaters) is home to 55 native fish species, including two endemics: Gobio
sibiricus (a gobionine cyprinid) and Thymallus nigrescens [es] (a grayling).[10]
The grayling is restricted to Kh�vsg�l Nuur and its tributaries.[10] Most fish
found in the Yenisei River basin are relatively widespread Euro-Siberian or
Siberian species, such as northern pike (Esox lucius), common roach (Rutilus
rutilus), common dace (Leuciscus leuciscus), Siberian sculpin (Cottus poecilopus),
European perch (Perca fluviatilis) and Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio). The basin
is also home to many salmonids (trout, whitefish, charr, graylings, taimen and
relatives) and the Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii).[10]

The Yenisei River valley is habitat for numerous flora and fauna, with Siberian
pine and Siberian larch being notable tree species. In prehistoric times Scots
pine, Pinus sylvestris, was abundant in the Yenisei River valley circa 6000 BC.[11]
There are also numerous bird species present in the watershed, including, for
example, the hooded crow, Corvus cornix.[12]

Taimyr reindeer herd

The Taimyr reindeer herd, a migrating tundra reindeer (R.t. sibiricus), the largest
reindeer herd in the world,[13][14] migrated to winter grazing ranges along the
Yenisei River.[15]:336

Navigation

Inclined plane at Krasnoyarsk Dam

River steamers first came to the Yenesei River in 1864 and were brought in from
Holland and England across the icy Kara Sea. One was the SS Nikolai. The SS Thames
attempted to explore the river, overwintered in 1876, but was damaged in the ice
and eventually wrecked in the river. Success came with the steamers Frazer, Express
in 1878, and the next year, Moscow hauling supplies in and wheat out. The Dalman
reached Yeneisisk in 1881.

Imperial Russia placed river steamers on the massive river in an attempt to free up
communication with land-locked Siberia. One boat was the SS St. Nicholas which took
the future Tsar Nicholas II on his voyage to Siberia, and later conveyed Vladimir
Lenin to prison.

Engineers attempted to place river steamers on regular service on the river during
the building of the Trans-Siberian Railway. The boats were needed to bring in the
rails, engines and supplies. Captain Joseph Wiggins sailed the Orestes with rail
and parted out river steamers in 1893. However, the sea and river route proved very
difficult with several ships lost at sea and on the river. Both the Ob and Yenisei
mouths feed into very long inlets, several hundred kilometres in length, which are
shallow, ice bound and prone to high winds and thus treacherous for navigation.
After the completion of the railway, river traffic reduced only to local service as
the Arctic route and long river proved much too indirect a route.

The first recreation team to navigate the Yenisei's entire length, including its
violent upper tributary in Mongolia, was an Australian-Canadian effort completed in
September 2001. Ben Kozel, Tim Cope, Colin Angus and Remy Quinter were on this
team. Both Kozel and Angus wrote books detailing this expedition,[16] and a
documentary was produced for National Geographic Television.

A canal inclined plane was built on the river in 1985 at the Krasnoyarsk Dam.[17]

History
Nomadic tribes such as the Ket people and the Yugh people have lived along the
banks of the Yenisei river since ancient times, and this region is the location of
the Yeniseian language family. The Ket, numbering about 1000, are the only
survivors today of those who originally lived throughout central southern Siberia
near the river banks. Their extinct relatives included the Kotts, Assans, Arins,
Baikots and Pumpokols who lived further upriver to the south. The modern Ket lived
in the eastern middle areas of the river before being assimilated politically into
Russia during the 17th through 19th centuries.[18]

Some of the earliest known evidence of Turkic origins was found in the Yenisei
Valley in the form of stelae, stone monoliths and memorial tablets dating from
between the 7th and 9th centuries AD, along with some documents that were found in
China's Xinjiang region. The written evidence gathered from these sources tells of
battles fought between the Turks and the Chinese and other legends. There are also
examples of Uyghur poetry, though most have survived only in Chinese translation.
[19]

Wheat from the Yenisei was sold by Muslims and Uighurs during inadequate harvests
to Bukhara and Soghd during the Tahirid era.[20]

Russians first reached the upper Yenisei in 1605, travelling from the Ob River, up
the Ket River, portaging and then down the Yenisei as far as the Sym River.[21]

During World War II, Nazi Germany and the Japanese Empire agreed to divide Asia
along a line that followed the Yenisei River to the border of China and then along
the border of China and the Soviet Union.[22]

Pollution
Studies have shown that the Yenisei suffers from contamination caused by
radioactive discharges from a factory that produced bomb-grade plutonium in the
secret city of Krasnoyarsk-26, now known as Zheleznogorsk.[23]

Gallery

The bridge over the Yenisei in Krasnoyarsk, Russia, viewed from the left bank.

Vinogradovsky most, the bridge in Krasnoyarsk, Russia, viewed from the left bank

The Yenisei (left) and the Ob flow into Kara Sea.

See also
List of rivers of Russia
Sayano-Shushenskaya Dam
Yenisei Range
References
?????????, ????????? ????????? (30 August 1990).
"????????? : ?????????????, ?????" � via Google Books.
???????, ???????? (5 September 2017). "????, ???? ? ??????. ??? ???? ?? ?????".
Litres � via Google Books.
"Station: Igarka". Yenisei Basin. UNH / GRDC. Archived from the original on 24
September 2015. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
A.Ochir. "History of the Mongol Oirats" 1993
"Yenisei River". Hammond Quick & Easy Notebook Reference Atlas & Webster
Dictionary. Hammond. p. 31. ISBN 0843709227.
"Yenisei River: Siberia's blessing and curse". RT. 11 June 2010. Archived from the
original on 17 March 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
Alan Taylor (23 August 2013). "A Year on the Yenisei River". The Atlantic.
Archived from the original on 26 June 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
C Michael Hogan (13 May 2012). "Yenisei River". Encyclopedia of Earth. Archived
from the original on 17 May 2015. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
"Yenisei River". Geology Page. 4 February 2014. Archived from the original on 7
January 2019. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (2008). Yenisei. Archived 16 January 2017 at
the Wayback Machine Retrieved 16 July 2014.
Stein, Ruediger et al. 2003. Siberian river run-off in the Kara Sea, Proceedings
in Marine Sciences, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 488 pages
C. Michael Hogan. 2009. Hooded Crow: Corvus cornix, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed, N.
Stromberg Archived 26 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine
Russell, D.E.; Gunn, A. (20 November 2013). "Migratory Tundra Rangifer". NOAA
Arctic Research Program.
Kolpashikov, L.; Makhailov, V.; Russell, D. (2014). "The role of harvest,
predators and socio-political environment in the dynamics of the Taimyr wild
reindeer herd with some lessons for North America". Ecology and Society. JSTOR
26269762.
Baskin, Leonid M. (1986), "Differences in the ecology and behaviour of reindeer
populations in the USSR", Rangifer, Special Issue (1): 333�340, archived from the
original on 3 March 2016, retrieved 7 January 2015
Five Months in a Leaky Boat: A River Journey Through Siberia, Kozel, 2003, Pan
Macmillan
Permanent International Association of Navigation Congresses. (1989). Ship lifts:
report of a Study Commission within the framework of Permanent . PIANC. ISBN 978-2-
87223-006-8. Retrieved 14 December 2011.
Vajda, Edward G. "The Ket and Other Yeniseian Peoples". Archived from the original
on 6 April 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2006.
Halman, Talah. A Millenium of Turkish Literature. p. 6.
Ian Blanchard (2001). Mining, Metallurgy and Minting in the Middle Ages: Asiatic
supremacy, 425-1125. Franz Steiner Verlag. pp. 271�272. ISBN 978-3-515-07958-7.
Archived from the original on 9 January 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2016.
Fisher, Raymond Henry (1943). The Russian Fur Trade, 1550-1700. University of
California Press.
Weinberg, Gerhard L. Visions of Victory: The Hopes of Eight World War II Leaders
Cambridge, England, United Kingdom:2005--Cambridge University Press [1] Archived 17
September 2011 at the Wayback Machine
David Hoffman (17 August 1998). "Wastes of War: Radioactivity Threatens a Mighty
River". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved
13 February 2015.
Coordinates: 71�50'0?N 82�40'0?E

External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Yenisei River.
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclop�dia Britannica article Yenisei.
Yenisey River at the Encyclop�dia Britannica
Photos of river around Krasnoyarsk area at Boston.com
William Barr, 'German paddle-steamers on the Yenisey 1878-84', The Journal of the
Hakluyt Society, August 2014.
Geographic data related to Yenisei River at OpenStreetMap
vte
Regions of Asia
Central
Greater Middle EastAral Sea Aralkum DesertCaspian SeaDead SeaSea of
GalileeTartaryTransoxiana TuranGreater
KhorasanArianaArachosiaKhwarazmSistanKazakhstania Kazakh SteppeBetpak-DalaEurasian
Steppe Asian SteppeKazakh SteppePontic�Caspian steppeMongolian-Manchurian
grasslandWild Fields YedisanMuravsky TrailUral Ural MountainsVolga regionIdel-
UralPryazoviaBjarmalandKubanZalesyeIngriaNovorossiyaGornaya ShoriyaTulgasIranian
PlateauAltai MountainsPamir MountainsTian ShanBadakhshanWakhan CorridorWakhjir
PassMount ImeonMongolian PlateauWestern RegionsTaklamakan DesertKarakoram Trans-
Karakoram TractSiachen Glacier
North
Arctic Arctic CircleInner AsiaNortheastUral Ural MountainsFar East Russian Far
EastOkhotsk-Manchurian taigaBeringia Chukchi PeninsulaKamchatka PeninsulaExtreme
NorthTartarySiberia Baikalia (Lake Baikal)Baraba steppeKhatanga
GulfTransbaikalWestAmur BasinYenisei GulfYenisei BasinSikhote-AlinKolymaBering
StraitRing of FireOuter ManchuriaAsia-Pacific
East
OrientJapanese archipelago Northeastern Japan ArcSakhalin Island ArcKorean
PeninsulaGobi DesertTaklamakan DesertGreater KhinganMongolian PlateauInner
AsiaInner MongoliaOuter MongoliaChina properManchuria Outer ManchuriaInner
ManchuriaNortheast China PlainMongolian-Manchurian grasslandNorth China Plain Yan
MountainsKunlun MountainsLiaodong PeninsulaHigh-mountain Asia HimalayasTibetan
PlateauTibetKarakoramTarim BasinSichuan BasinNorthern Silk RoadHexi
CorridorNanzhongLingnanLiangguangJiangnanJianghuaiGuanzhongHuizhouWuJiaozhouZhongyu
anShaannanOrdos Loop Loess PlateauShaanbeiHamgyong MountainsCentral Mountain
RangeJapanese AlpsSuzuka MountainsLeizhou PeninsulaGulf of TonkinYangtze River
Yangtze River DeltaYellow RiverPearl River DeltaYenisei BasinAltai MountainsWakhan
CorridorWakhjir PassFar EastRing of FireAsia-PacificTropical Asia
West
Greater Middle East MENAMENASAMiddle EastRed Sea Hanish IslandsCaspian
SeaMediterranean SeaZagros Mountains ElamPersian Gulf Pirate CoastStrait of
HormuzGreater and Lesser TunbsAl-Faw PeninsulaGulf of OmanGulf of AqabaGulf of
AdenBalochistanArabian Peninsula Najd Al-YamamaHejazTihamahEastern ArabiaSouth
Arabia HadhramautArabian Peninsula coastal fog desertAl-
SharatTigris�EuphratesMesopotamia Upper MesopotamiaLower MesopotamiaSawadNineveh
plainsAkkad (region)BabyloniaCanaanAram Aram-NaharaimEber-NariSuhumEastern
MediterraneanMashriqKurdistanLevant Southern LevantTransjordanJordan Rift
ValleyLevantine SeaHoly Land PalestineLand of IsraelGolan HeightsHula
ValleyGalileeGileadJudeaSamariaArabahAnti-Lebanon MountainsSinai PeninsulaArabian
DesertSyrian DesertFertile CrescentAzerbaijanSyriaHauranIranian Plateau Dasht-e
KavirArmenian HighlandsCaucasus Caucasus Mountains Greater CaucasusLesser
CaucasusNorth CaucasusSouth Caucasus ShirvanKur-Araz LowlandLankaran
LowlandAlborzAbsheron PeninsulaKartliAnatolia Taurus
MountainsAeolisPaphlagoniaPhasianeIsauriaIoniaBithyniaCiliciaCappadociaCariaCorduen
eChaldiaDorisLycaoniaLyciaLydiaGalatiaPisidiaPontusMysiaArzawaSperi SopheneBiga
Peninsula TroadTuwanaAlpide belt
South
OrientGreater IndiaIndian subcontinentHimalayasHindu KushBactriaCarnatic
regionTamilakamWestern GhatsEastern GhatsGanges BasinGanges
DeltaGuzganPashtunistanPunjabBalochistan GedrosiaMakranMarathwadaKashmir Kashmir
ValleyPir Panjal RangeThar DesertIndus ValleyIndus River DeltaIndus Valley
DesertIndo-Gangetic PlainEastern Coastal Plains KalingaWestern Coastal
PlainsMeghalaya subtropical forestsMENASALower Gangetic plains moist deciduous
forestsNorthwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadowsDoabBagar tractGreat Rann of
KutchLittle Rann of KutchDeccan PlateauCoromandel CoastKonkanFalse Divi PointHindi
BeltLadakhAksai ChinGilgit-Baltistan BaltistanShigar ValleyHigh-mountain
AsiaKarakoram Saltoro MountainsSiachen GlacierBengal Bay of BengalGulf of
KhambhatGulf of Kutch HalarGulf of MannarTrans-Karakoram TractWakhan
CorridorWakhjir PassLakshadweep Laccadive IslandsAmindivi
IslandsParopamisadaeAndaman and Nicobar Islands Andaman IslandsNicobar
IslandsMaldive IslandsAlpide beltAsia-PacificTropical Asia
Southeast
OrientSundalandMainland IndochinaMalay PeninsulaNorthern Triangle temperate
forestsMaritime Peninsular MalaysiaSunda IslandsGreater Sunda IslandsLesser Sunda
IslandsIndonesian Archipelago WallaceaTimorPhilippine Archipelago
LuzonVisayasMindanaoLeyte GulfGulf of ThailandEast IndiesNanyangAlpide beltFar
EastRing of FireAsia-PacificTropical Asia
Authority control Edit this at Wikidata
GND: 4109125-5NKC: ge117635VIAF: 244579309WorldCat Identities (via VIAF): 244579309
Categories: Rivers of Krasnoyarsk KraiRivers of KhakassiaRivers of TuvaRivers of
KyzylPhysiographic provincesDrainage basins of the Kara SeaYenisei basin
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?????
???????
??????
??????
?????
??????
???????
?????
??????
78 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 14 February 2020, at 18:47 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License;
additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and
Privacy Policy. Wikipedia� is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation,
Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policyAbout WikipediaDisclaimersContact WikipediaDevelopersStatisticsCookie
statementMobile viewWikimedia FoundationPowered by MediaWiki A.Ochir. "History of
the Mongol Oirats" 1993
"Yenisei River". Hammond Quick & Easy Notebook Reference Atlas & Webster
Dictionary. Hammond. p. 31. ISBN 0843709227.
"Yenisei River: Siberia's blessing and curse". RT. 11 June 2010. Archived from the
original on 17 March 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
Alan Taylor (23 August 2013). "A Year on the Yenisei River". The Atlantic.
Archived from the original on 26 June 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
C Michael Hogan (13 May 2012). "Yenisei River". Encyclopedia of Earth. Archived
from the original on 17 May 2015. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
"Yenisei River". Geology Page. 4 February 2014. Archived from the original on 7
January 2019. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (2008). Yenisei. Archived 16 January 2017 at
the Wayback Machine Retrieved 16 July 2014.
Stein, Ruediger et al. 2003. Siberian river run-off in the Kara Sea, Proceedings
in Marine Sciences, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 488 pages
C. Michael Hogan. 2009. Hooded Crow: Corvus cornix, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed, N.
Stromberg Archived 26 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine
Russell, D.E.; Gunn, A. (20 November 2013). "Migratory Tundra Rangifer". NOAA
Arctic Research Program.
Kolpashikov, L.; Makhailov, V.; Russell, D. (2014). "The role of harvest,
predators and socio-political environment in the dynamics of the Taimyr wild
reindeer herd with some lessons for North America". Ecology and Society. JSTOR
26269762.
Baskin, Leonid M. (1986), "Differences in the ecology and behaviour of reindeer
populations in the USSR", Rangifer, Special Issue (1): 333�340, archived from the
original on 3 March 2016, retrieved 7 January 2015
Five Months in a Leaky Boat: A River Journey Through Siberia, Kozel, 2003, Pan
Macmillan
Permanent International Association of Navigation Congresses. (1989). Ship lifts:
report of a Study Commission within the framework of Permanent . PIANC. ISBN 978-2-
87223-006-8. Retrieved 14 December 2011.
Vajda, Edward G. "The Ket and Other Yeniseian Peoples". Archived from the original
on 6 April 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2006.
Halman, Talah. A Millenium of Turkish Literature. p. 6.
Ian Blanchard (2001). Mining, Metallurgy and Minting in the Middle Ages: Asiatic
supremacy, 425-1125. Franz Steiner Verlag. pp. 271�272. ISBN 978-3-515-07958-7.
Archived from the original on 9 January 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2016.
Fisher, Raymond Henry (1943). The Russian Fur Trade, 1550-1700. University of
California Press.
Weinberg, Gerhard L. Visions of Victory: The Hopes of Eight World War II Leaders
Cambridge, England, United Kingdom:2005--Cambridge University Press [1] Archived 17
September 2011 at the Wayback Machine
David Hoffman (17 August 1998). "Wastes of War: Radioactivity Threatens a Mighty
River". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved
13 February 2015.
Coordinates: 71�50'0?N 82�40'0?E

External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Yenisei River.
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclop�dia Britannica article Yenisei.
Yenisey River at the Encyclop�dia Britannica
Photos of river around Krasnoyarsk area at Boston.com
William Barr, 'German paddle-steamers on the Yenisey 1878-84', The Journal of the
Hakluyt Society, August 2014.
Geographic data related to Yenisei River at OpenStreetMap
vte
Regions of Asia
Central
Greater Middle EastAral Sea Aralkum DesertCaspian SeaDead SeaSea of
GalileeTartaryTransoxiana TuranGreater
KhorasanArianaArachosiaKhwarazmSistanKazakhstania Kazakh SteppeBetpak-DalaEurasian
Steppe Asian SteppeKazakh SteppePontic�Caspian steppeMongolian-Manchurian
grasslandWild Fields YedisanMuravsky TrailUral Ural MountainsVolga regionIdel-
UralPryazoviaBjarmalandKubanZalesyeIngriaNovorossiyaGornaya ShoriyaTulgasIranian
PlateauAltai MountainsPamir MountainsTian ShanBadakhshanWakhan CorridorWakhjir
PassMount ImeonMongolian PlateauWestern RegionsTaklamakan DesertKarakoram Trans-
Karakoram TractSiachen Glacier
North
Arctic Arctic CircleInner AsiaNortheastUral Ural MountainsFar East Russian Far
EastOkhotsk-Manchurian taigaBeringia Chukchi PeninsulaKamchatka PeninsulaExtreme
NorthTartarySiberia Baikalia (Lake Baikal)Baraba steppeKhatanga
GulfTransbaikalWestAmur BasinYenisei GulfYenisei BasinSikhote-AlinKolymaBering
StraitRing of FireOuter ManchuriaAsia-Pacific
East
OrientJapanese archipelago Northeastern Japan ArcSakhalin Island ArcKorean
PeninsulaGobi DesertTaklamakan DesertGreater KhinganMongolian PlateauInner
AsiaInner MongoliaOuter MongoliaChina properManchuria Outer ManchuriaInner
ManchuriaNortheast China PlainMongolian-Manchurian grasslandNorth China Plain Yan
MountainsKunlun MountainsLiaodong PeninsulaHigh-mountain Asia HimalayasTibetan
PlateauTibetKarakoramTarim BasinSichuan BasinNorthern Silk RoadHexi
CorridorNanzhongLingnanLiangguangJiangnanJianghuaiGuanzhongHuizhouWuJiaozhouZhongyu
anShaannanOrdos Loop Loess PlateauShaanbeiHamgyong MountainsCentral Mountain
RangeJapanese AlpsSuzuka MountainsLeizhou PeninsulaGulf of TonkinYangtze River
Yangtze River DeltaYellow RiverPearl River DeltaYenisei BasinAltai MountainsWakhan
CorridorWakhjir PassFar EastRing of FireAsia-PacificTropical Asia
West
Greater Middle East MENAMENASAMiddle EastRed Sea Hanish IslandsCaspian
SeaMediterranean SeaZagros Mountains ElamPersian Gulf Pirate CoastStrait of
HormuzGreater and Lesser TunbsAl-Faw PeninsulaGulf of OmanGulf of AqabaGulf of
AdenBalochistanArabian Peninsula Najd Al-YamamaHejazTihamahEastern ArabiaSouth
Arabia HadhramautArabian Peninsula coastal fog desertAl-
SharatTigris�EuphratesMesopotamia Upper MesopotamiaLower MesopotamiaSawadNineveh
plainsAkkad (region)BabyloniaCanaanAram Aram-NaharaimEber-NariSuhumEastern
MediterraneanMashriqKurdistanLevant Southern LevantTransjordanJordan Rift
ValleyLevantine SeaHoly Land PalestineLand of IsraelGolan HeightsHula
ValleyGalileeGileadJudeaSamariaArabahAnti-Lebanon MountainsSinai PeninsulaArabian
DesertSyrian DesertFertile CrescentAzerbaijanSyriaHauranIranian Plateau Dasht-e
KavirArmenian HighlandsCaucasus Caucasus Mountains Greater CaucasusLesser
CaucasusNorth CaucasusSouth Caucasus ShirvanKur-Araz LowlandLankaran
LowlandAlborzAbsheron PeninsulaKartliAnatolia Taurus
MountainsAeolisPaphlagoniaPhasianeIsauriaIoniaBithyniaCiliciaCappadociaCariaCorduen
eChaldiaDorisLycaoniaLyciaLydiaGalatiaPisidiaPontusMysiaArzawaSperi SopheneBiga
Peninsula TroadTuwanaAlpide belt
South
OrientGreater IndiaIndian subcontinentHimalayasHindu KushBactriaCarnatic
regionTamilakamWestern GhatsEastern GhatsGanges BasinGanges
DeltaGuzganPashtunistanPunjabBalochistan GedrosiaMakranMarathwadaKashmir Kashmir
ValleyPir Panjal RangeThar DesertIndus ValleyIndus River DeltaIndus Valley
DesertIndo-Gangetic PlainEastern Coastal Plains KalingaWestern Coastal
PlainsMeghalaya subtropical forestsMENASALower Gangetic plains moist deciduous
forestsNorthwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadowsDoabBagar tractGreat Rann of
KutchLittle Rann of KutchDeccan PlateauCoromandel CoastKonkanFalse Divi PointHindi
BeltLadakhAksai ChinGilgit-Baltistan BaltistanShigar ValleyHigh-mountain
AsiaKarakoram Saltoro MountainsSiachen GlacierBengal Bay of BengalGulf of
KhambhatGulf of Kutch HalarGulf of MannarTrans-Karakoram TractWakhan
CorridorWakhjir PassLakshadweep Laccadive IslandsAmindivi
IslandsParopamisadaeAndaman and Nicobar Islands Andaman IslandsNicobar
IslandsMaldive IslandsAlpide beltAsia-PacificTropical Asia
Southeast
OrientSundalandMainland IndochinaMalay PeninsulaNorthern Triangle temperate
forestsMaritime Peninsular MalaysiaSunda IslandsGreater Sunda IslandsLesser Sunda
IslandsIndonesian Archipelago WallaceaTimorPhilippine Archipelago
LuzonVisayasMindanaoLeyte GulfGulf of ThailandEast IndiesNanyangAlpide beltFar
EastRing of FireAsia-PacificTropical Asia
Authority control Edit this at Wikidata
GND: 4109125-5NKC: ge117635VIAF: 244579309WorldCat Identities (via VIAF): 244579309
Categories: Rivers of Krasnoyarsk KraiRivers of KhakassiaRivers of TuvaRivers of
KyzylPhysiographic provincesDrainage basins of the Kara SeaYenisei basin
Navigation menu
Not logged inTalkContributionsCreate accountLog inArticleTalkReadEditView
historySearch
Search Wikipedia
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Print/export
Download as PDF
Printable version

Languages
?????
???????
??????
??????
?????
??????
???????
?????
??????
78 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 14 February 2020, at 18:47 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License;
additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and
Privacy Policy. Wikipedia� is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation,
Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policyAbout WikipediaDisclaimersContact WikipediaDevelopersStatisticsCookie
statementMobile viewWikimedia FoundationPowered by MediaWiki A.Ochir. "History of
the Mongol Oirats" 1993
"Yenisei River". Hammond Quick & Easy Notebook Reference Atlas & Webster
Dictionary. Hammond. p. 31. ISBN 0843709227.
"Yenisei River: Siberia's blessing and curse". RT. 11 June 2010. Archived from the
original on 17 March 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
Alan Taylor (23 August 2013). "A Year on the Yenisei River". The Atlantic.
Archived from the original on 26 June 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
C Michael Hogan (13 May 2012). "Yenisei River". Encyclopedia of Earth. Archived
from the original on 17 May 2015. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
"Yenisei River". Geology Page. 4 February 2014. Archived from the original on 7
January 2019. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (2008). Yenisei. Archived 16 January 2017 at
the Wayback Machine Retrieved 16 July 2014.
Stein, Ruediger et al. 2003. Siberian river run-off in the Kara Sea, Proceedings
in Marine Sciences, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 488 pages
C. Michael Hogan. 2009. Hooded Crow: Corvus cornix, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed, N.
Stromberg Archived 26 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine
Russell, D.E.; Gunn, A. (20 November 2013). "Migratory Tundra Rangifer". NOAA
Arctic Research Program.
Kolpashikov, L.; Makhailov, V.; Russell, D. (2014). "The role of harvest,
predators and socio-political environment in the dynamics of the Taimyr wild
reindeer herd with some lessons for North America". Ecology and Society. JSTOR
26269762.
Baskin, Leonid M. (1986), "Differences in the ecology and behaviour of reindeer
populations in the USSR", Rangifer, Special Issue (1): 333�340, archived from the
original on 3 March 2016, retrieved 7 January 2015
Five Months in a Leaky Boat: A River Journey Through Siberia, Kozel, 2003, Pan
Macmillan
 Permanent International Association of Navigation Congresses. (1989). Ship lifts:
report of a Study Commission within the framework of Permanent . PIANC. ISBN 978-2-
87223-006-8. Retrieved 14 December 2011.
Vajda, Edward G. "The Ket and Other Yeniseian Peoples". Archived from the original
on 6 April 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2006.
Halman, Talah. A Millenium of Turkish Literature. p. 6.
Ian Blanchard (2001). Mining, Metallurgy and Minting in the Middle Ages: Asiatic
supremacy, 425-1125. Franz Steiner Verlag. pp. 271�272. ISBN 978-3-515-07958-7.
Archived from the original on 9 January 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2016.
Fisher, Raymond Henry (1943). The Russian Fur Trade, 1550-1700. University of
California Press.
Weinberg, Gerhard L. Visions of Victory: The Hopes of Eight World War II Leaders
Cambridge, England, United Kingdom:2005--Cambridge University Press [1] Archived 17
September 2011 at the Wayback Machine
David Hoffman (17 August 1998). "Wastes of War: Radioactivity Threatens a Mighty
River". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved
13 February 2015.
Coordinates: 71�50'0?N 82�40'0?E

External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Yenisei River.
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclop�dia Britannica article Yenisei.
Yenisey River at the Encyclop�dia Britannica
Photos of river around Krasnoyarsk area at Boston.com
William Barr, 'German paddle-steamers on the Yenisey 1878-84', The Journal of the
Hakluyt Society, August 2014.
Geographic data related to Yenisei River at OpenStreetMap
vte
Regions of Asia
Central
Greater Middle EastAral Sea Aralkum DesertCaspian SeaDead SeaSea of
GalileeTartaryTransoxiana TuranGreater
KhorasanArianaArachosiaKhwarazmSistanKazakhstania Kazakh SteppeBetpak-DalaEurasian
Steppe Asian SteppeKazakh SteppePontic�Caspian steppeMongolian-Manchurian
grasslandWild Fields YedisanMuravsky TrailUral Ural MountainsVolga regionIdel-
UralPryazoviaBjarmalandKubanZalesyeIngriaNovorossiyaGornaya ShoriyaTulgasIranian
PlateauAltai MountainsPamir MountainsTian ShanBadakhshanWakhan CorridorWakhjir
PassMount ImeonMongolian PlateauWestern RegionsTaklamakan DesertKarakoram Trans-
Karakoram TractSiachen Glacier
North
Arctic Arctic CircleInner AsiaNortheastUral Ural MountainsFar East Russian Far
EastOkhotsk-Manchurian taigaBeringia Chukchi PeninsulaKamchatka PeninsulaExtreme
NorthTartarySiberia Baikalia (Lake Baikal)Baraba steppeKhatanga
GulfTransbaikalWestAmur BasinYenisei GulfYenisei BasinSikhote-AlinKolymaBering
StraitRing of FireOuter ManchuriaAsia-Pacific
East
OrientJapanese archipelago Northeastern Japan ArcSakhalin Island ArcKorean
PeninsulaGobi DesertTaklamakan DesertGreater KhinganMongolian PlateauInner
AsiaInner MongoliaOuter MongoliaChina properManchuria Outer ManchuriaInner
ManchuriaNortheast China PlainMongolian-Manchurian grasslandNorth China Plain Yan
MountainsKunlun MountainsLiaodong PeninsulaHigh-mountain Asia HimalayasTibetan
PlateauTibetKarakoramTarim BasinSichuan BasinNorthern Silk RoadHexi
CorridorNanzhongLingnanLiangguangJiangnanJianghuaiGuanzhongHuizhouWuJiaozhouZhongyu
anShaannanOrdos Loop Loess PlateauShaanbeiHamgyong MountainsCentral Mountain
RangeJapanese AlpsSuzuka MountainsLeizhou PeninsulaGulf of TonkinYangtze River
Yangtze River DeltaYellow RiverPearl River DeltaYenisei BasinAltai MountainsWakhan
CorridorWakhjir PassFar EastRing of FireAsia-PacificTropical Asia
West
Greater Middle East MENAMENASAMiddle EastRed Sea Hanish IslandsCaspian
SeaMediterranean SeaZagros Mountains ElamPersian Gulf Pirate CoastStrait of
HormuzGreater and Lesser TunbsAl-Faw PeninsulaGulf of OmanGulf of AqabaGulf of
AdenBalochistanArabian Peninsula Najd Al-YamamaHejazTihamahEastern ArabiaSouth
Arabia HadhramautArabian Peninsula coastal fog desertAl-
SharatTigris�EuphratesMesopotamia Upper MesopotamiaLower MesopotamiaSawadNineveh
plainsAkkad (region)BabyloniaCanaanAram Aram-NaharaimEber-NariSuhumEastern
MediterraneanMashriqKurdistanLevant Southern LevantTransjordanJordan Rift
ValleyLevantine SeaHoly Land PalestineLand of IsraelGolan HeightsHula
ValleyGalileeGileadJudeaSamariaArabahAnti-Lebanon MountainsSinai PeninsulaArabian
DesertSyrian DesertFertile CrescentAzerbaijanSyriaHauranIranian Plateau Dasht-e
KavirArmenian HighlandsCaucasus Caucasus Mountains Greater CaucasusLesser
CaucasusNorth CaucasusSouth Caucasus ShirvanKur-Araz LowlandLankaran
LowlandAlborzAbsheron PeninsulaKartliAnatolia Taurus
MountainsAeolisPaphlagoniaPhasianeIsauriaIoniaBithyniaCiliciaCappadociaCariaCorduen
eChaldiaDorisLycaoniaLyciaLydiaGalatiaPisidiaPontusMysiaArzawaSperi SopheneBiga
Peninsula TroadTuwanaAlpide belt
South
OrientGreater IndiaIndian subcontinentHimalayasHindu KushBactriaCarnatic
regionTamilakamWestern GhatsEastern GhatsGanges BasinGanges
DeltaGuzganPashtunistanPunjabBalochistan GedrosiaMakranMarathwadaKashmir Kashmir
ValleyPir Panjal RangeThar DesertIndus ValleyIndus River DeltaIndus Valley
DesertIndo-Gangetic PlainEastern Coastal Plains KalingaWestern Coastal
PlainsMeghalaya subtropical forestsMENASALower Gangetic plains moist deciduous
forestsNorthwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadowsDoabBagar tractGreat Rann of
KutchLittle Rann of KutchDeccan PlateauCoromandel CoastKonkanFalse Divi PointHindi
BeltLadakhAksai ChinGilgit-Baltistan BaltistanShigar ValleyHigh-mountain
AsiaKarakoram Saltoro MountainsSiachen GlacierBengal Bay of BengalGulf of
KhambhatGulf of Kutch HalarGulf of MannarTrans-Karakoram TractWakhan
CorridorWakhjir PassLakshadweep Laccadive IslandsAmindivi
IslandsParopamisadaeAndaman and Nicobar Islands Andaman IslandsNicobar
IslandsMaldive IslandsAlpide beltAsia-PacificTropical Asia
Southeast
OrientSundalandMainland IndochinaMalay PeninsulaNorthern Triangle temperate
forestsMaritime Peninsular MalaysiaSunda IslandsGreater Sunda IslandsLesser Sunda
IslandsIndonesian Archipelago WallaceaTimorPhilippine Archipelago
LuzonVisayasMindanaoLeyte GulfGulf of ThailandEast IndiesNanyangAlpide beltFar
EastRing of FireAsia-PacificTropical Asia
Authority control Edit this at Wikidata
GND: 4109125-5NKC: ge117635VIAF: 244579309WorldCat Identities (via VIAF): 244579309
Categories: Rivers of Krasnoyarsk KraiRivers of KhakassiaRivers of TuvaRivers of
KyzylPhysiographic provincesDrainage basins of the Kara SeaYenisei basin
Navigation menu
Not logged inTalkContributionsCreate accountLog inArticleTalkReadEditView
historySearch
Search Wikipedia
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Print/export
Download as PDF
Printable version

Languages
?????
???????
??????
??????
?????
??????
???????
?????
??????
78 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 14 February 2020, at 18:47 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License;
additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and
Privacy Policy. Wikipedia� is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation,
Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policyAbout WikipediaDisclaimersContact WikipediaDevelopersStatisticsCookie
statementMobile viewWikimedia FoundationPowered by MediaWikiArctic Arctic
CircleInner AsiaNortheastUral Ural MountainsFar East Russian Far EastOkhotsk-
Manchurian taigaBeringia Chukchi PeninsulaKamchatka PeninsulaExtreme
NorthTartarySiberia Baikalia (Lake Baikal)Baraba steppeKhatanga
GulfTransbaikalWestAmur BasinYenisei GulfYenisei BasinSikhote-AlinKolymaBering
StraitRing of FireOuter ManchuriaAsia-Pacific
East
OrientJapanese archipelago Northeastern Japan ArcSakhalin Island ArcKorean
PeninsulaGobi DesertTaklamakan DesertGreater KhinganMongolian PlateauInner
AsiaInner MongoliaOuter MongoliaChina properManchuria Outer ManchuriaInner
ManchuriaNortheast China PlainMongolian-Manchurian grasslandNorth China Plain Yan
MountainsKunlun MountainsLiaodong PeninsulaHigh-mountain Asia HimalayasTibetan
PlateauTibetKarakoramTarim BasinSichuan BasinNorthern Silk RoadHexi
CorridorNanzhongLingnanLiangguangJiangnanJianghuaiGuanzhongHuizhouWuJiaozhouZhongyu
anShaannanOrdos Loop Loess PlateauShaanbeiHamgyong MountainsCentral Mountain
RangeJapanese AlpsSuzuka MountainsLeizhou PeninsulaGulf of TonkinYangtze River
Yangtze River DeltaYellow RiverPearl River DeltaYenisei BasinAltai MountainsWakhan
CorridorWakhjir PassFar EastRing of FireAsia-PacificTropical Asia
West
Greater Middle East MENAMENASAMiddle EastRed Sea Hanish IslandsCaspian
SeaMediterranean SeaZagros Mountains ElamPersian Gulf Pirate CoastStrait of
HormuzGreater and Lesser TunbsAl-Faw PeninsulaGulf of OmanGulf of AqabaGulf of
AdenBalochistanArabian Peninsula Najd Al-YamamaHejazTihamahEastern ArabiaSouth
Arabia HadhramautArabian Peninsula coastal fog desertAl-
SharatTigris�EuphratesMesopotamia Upper MesopotamiaLower MesopotamiaSawadNineveh
plainsAkkad (region)BabyloniaCanaanAram Aram-NaharaimEber-NariSuhumEastern
MediterraneanMashriqKurdistanLevant Southern LevantTransjordanJordan Rift
ValleyLevantine SeaHoly Land PalestineLand of IsraelGolan HeightsHula
ValleyGalileeGileadJudeaSamariaArabahAnti-Lebanon MountainsSinai PeninsulaArabian
DesertSyrian DesertFertile CrescentAzerbaijanSyriaHauranIranian Plateau Dasht-e
KavirArmenian HighlandsCaucasus Caucasus Mountains Greater CaucasusLesser
CaucasusNorth CaucasusSouth Caucasus ShirvanKur-Araz LowlandLankaran
LowlandAlborzAbsheron PeninsulaKartliAnatolia Taurus
MountainsAeolisPaphlagoniaPhasianeIsauriaIoniaBithyniaCiliciaCappadociaCariaCorduen
eChaldiaDorisLycaoniaLyciaLydiaGalatiaPisidiaPontusMysiaArzawaSperi SopheneBiga
Peninsula TroadTuwanaAlpide belt
South
OrientGreater IndiaIndian subcontinentHimalayasHindu KushBactriaCarnatic
regionTamilakamWestern GhatsEastern GhatsGanges BasinGanges
DeltaGuzganPashtunistanPunjabBalochistan GedrosiaMakranMarathwadaKashmir Kashmir
ValleyPir Panjal RangeThar DesertIndus ValleyIndus River DeltaIndus Valley
DesertIndo-Gangetic PlainEastern Coastal Plains KalingaWestern Coastal
PlainsMeghalaya subtropical forestsMENASALower Gangetic plains moist deciduous
forestsNorthwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadowsDoabBagar tractGreat Rann of
KutchLittle Rann of KutchDeccan PlateauCoromandel CoastKonkanFalse Divi PointHindi
BeltLadakhAksai ChinGilgit-Baltistan BaltistanShigar ValleyHigh-mountain
AsiaKarakoram Saltoro MountainsSiachen GlacierBengal Bay of BengalGulf of
KhambhatGulf of Kutch HalarGulf of MannarTrans-Karakoram TractWakhan
CorridorWakhjir PassLakshadweep Laccadive IslandsAmindivi
IslandsParopamisadaeAndaman and Nicobar Islands Andaman IslandsNicobar
IslandsMaldive IslandsAlpide beltAsia-PacificTropical Asia
Southeast
OrientSundalandMainland IndochinaMalay PeninsulaNorthern Triangle temperate
forestsMaritime Peninsular MalaysiaSunda IslandsGreater Sunda IslandsLesser Sunda
IslandsIndonesian Archipelago WallaceaTimorPhilippine Archipelago
LuzonVisayasMindanaoLeyte GulfGulf of ThailandEast IndiesNanyangAlpide beltFar
EastRing of FireAsia-PacificTropical Asia
Authority control Edit this at Wikidata
GND: 4109125-5NKC: ge117635VIAF: 244579309WorldCat Identities (via VIAF): 244579309
Categories: Rivers of Krasnoyarsk KraiRivers of KhakassiaRivers of TuvaRivers of
KyzylPhysiographic provincesDrainage basins of the Kara SeaYenisei basin
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This page was last edited on 14 February 2020, at 18:47 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License;
additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and
Privacy Policy. Wikipedia� is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation,
Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policyAbout WikipediaDisclaimersContact WikipediaDevelopersStatisticsCookie
statementMobile viewWikimedia FoundationPowered by MediaWikiArctic Arctic
CircleInner AsiaNortheastUral Ural MountainsFar East Russian Far EastOkhotsk-
Manchurian taigaBeringia Chukchi PeninsulaKamchatka PeninsulaExtreme
NorthTartarySiberia Baikalia (Lake Baikal)Baraba steppeKhatanga
GulfTransbaikalWestAmur BasinYenisei GulfYenisei BasinSikhote-AlinKolymaBering
StraitRing of FireOuter ManchuriaAsia-Pacific
East
OrientJapanese archipelago Northeastern Japan ArcSakhalin Island ArcKorean
PeninsulaGobi DesertTaklamakan DesertGreater KhinganMongolian PlateauInner
AsiaInner MongoliaOuter MongoliaChina properManchuria Outer ManchuriaInner
ManchuriaNortheast China PlainMongolian-Manchurian grasslandNorth China Plain Yan
MountainsKunlun MountainsLiaodong PeninsulaHigh-mountain Asia HimalayasTibetan
PlateauTibetKarakoramTarim BasinSichuan BasinNorthern Silk RoadHexi
CorridorNanzhongLingnanLiangguangJiangnanJianghuaiGuanzhongHuizhouWuJiaozhouZhongyu
anShaannanOrdos Loop Loess PlateauShaanbeiHamgyong MountainsCentral Mountain
RangeJapanese AlpsSuzuka MountainsLeizhou PeninsulaGulf of TonkinYangtze River
Yangtze River DeltaYellow RiverPearl River DeltaYenisei BasinAltai MountainsWakhan
CorridorWakhjir PassFar EastRing of FireAsia-PacificTropical Asia
West
Greater Middle East MENAMENASAMiddle EastRed Sea Hanish IslandsCaspian
SeaMediterranean SeaZagros Mountains ElamPersian Gulf Pirate CoastStrait of
HormuzGreater and Lesser TunbsAl-Faw PeninsulaGulf of OmanGulf of AqabaGulf of
AdenBalochistanArabian Peninsula Najd Al-YamamaHejazTihamahEastern ArabiaSouth
Arabia HadhramautArabian Peninsula coastal fog desertAl-
SharatTigris�EuphratesMesopotamia Upper MesopotamiaLower MesopotamiaSawadNineveh
plainsAkkad (region)BabyloniaCanaanAram Aram-NaharaimEber-NariSuhumEastern
MediterraneanMashriqKurdistanLevant Southern LevantTransjordanJordan Rift
ValleyLevantine SeaHoly Land PalestineLand of IsraelGolan HeightsHula
ValleyGalileeGileadJudeaSamariaArabahAnti-Lebanon MountainsSinai PeninsulaArabian
DesertSyrian DesertFertile CrescentAzerbaijanSyriaHauranIranian Plateau Dasht-e
KavirArmenian HighlandsCaucasus Caucasus Mountains Greater CaucasusLesser
CaucasusNorth CaucasusSouth Caucasus ShirvanKur-Araz LowlandLankaran
LowlandAlborzAbsheron PeninsulaKartliAnatolia Taurus
MountainsAeolisPaphlagoniaPhasianeIsauriaIoniaBithyniaCiliciaCappadociaCariaCorduen
eChaldiaDorisLycaoniaLyciaLydiaGalatiaPisidiaPontusMysiaArzawaSperi SopheneBiga
Peninsula TroadTuwanaAlpide belt
South
OrientGreater IndiaIndian subcontinentHimalayasHindu KushBactriaCarnatic
regionTamilakamWestern GhatsEastern GhatsGanges BasinGanges
DeltaGuzganPashtunistanPunjabBalochistan GedrosiaMakranMarathwadaKashmir Kashmir
ValleyPir Panjal RangeThar DesertIndus ValleyIndus River DeltaIndus Valley
DesertIndo-Gangetic PlainEastern Coastal Plains KalingaWestern Coastal
PlainsMeghalaya subtropical forestsMENASALower Gangetic plains moist deciduous
forestsNorthwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadowsDoabBagar tractGreat Rann of
KutchLittle Rann of KutchDeccan PlateauCoromandel CoastKonkanFalse Divi PointHindi
BeltLadakhAksai ChinGilgit-Baltistan BaltistanShigar ValleyHigh-mountain
AsiaKarakoram Saltoro MountainsSiachen GlacierBengal Bay of BengalGulf of
KhambhatGulf of Kutch HalarGulf of MannarTrans-Karakoram TractWakhan
CorridorWakhjir PassLakshadweep Laccadive IslandsAmindivi
IslandsParopamisadaeAndaman and Nicobar Islands Andaman IslandsNicobar
IslandsMaldive IslandsAlpide beltAsia-PacificTropical Asia
Southeast
OrientSundalandMainland IndochinaMalay PeninsulaNorthern Triangle temperate
forestsMaritime Peninsular MalaysiaSunda IslandsGreater Sunda IslandsLesser Sunda
IslandsIndonesian Archipelago WallaceaTimorPhilippine Archipelago
LuzonVisayasMindanaoLeyte GulfGulf of ThailandEast IndiesNanyangAlpide beltFar
EastRing of FireAsia-PacificTropical Asia
Authority control Edit this at Wikidata
GND: 4109125-5NKC: ge117635VIAF: 244579309WorldCat Identities (via VIAF): 244579309
Categories: Rivers of Krasnoyarsk KraiRivers of KhakassiaRivers of TuvaRivers of
KyzylPhysiographic provincesDrainage basins of the Kara SeaYenisei basin
Navigation menu
Not logged inTalkContributionsCreate accountLog inArticleTalkReadEditView
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Cite this page
In other projects
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Print/export
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
?????
???????
??????
??????
?????
??????
???????
?????
??????
78 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 14 February 2020, at 18:47 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License;
additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and
Privacy Policy. Wikipedia� is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation,
Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policyAbout WikipediaDisclaimersContact WikipediaDevelopersStatisticsCookie
statementMobile viewWikimedia FoundationPowered by MediaWikiArctic Arctic
CircleInner AsiaNortheastUral Ural MountainsFar East Russian Far EastOkhotsk-
Manchurian taigaBeringia Chukchi PeninsulaKamchatka PeninsulaExtreme
NorthTartarySiberia Baikalia (Lake Baikal)Baraba steppeKhatanga
GulfTransbaikalWestAmur BasinYenisei GulfYenisei BasinSikhote-AlinKolymaBering
StraitRing of FireOuter ManchuriaAsia-Pacific
East
OrientJapanese archipelago Northeastern Japan ArcSakhalin Island ArcKorean
PeninsulaGobi DesertTaklamakan DesertGreater KhinganMongolian PlateauInner
AsiaInner MongoliaOuter MongoliaChina properManchuria Outer ManchuriaInner
ManchuriaNortheast China PlainMongolian-Manchurian grasslandNorth China Plain Yan
MountainsKunlun MountainsLiaodong PeninsulaHigh-mountain Asia HimalayasTibetan
PlateauTibetKarakoramTarim BasinSichuan BasinNorthern Silk RoadHexi
CorridorNanzhongLingnanLiangguangJiangnanJianghuaiGuanzhongHuizhouWuJiaozhouZhongyu
anShaannanOrdos Loop Loess PlateauShaanbeiHamgyong MountainsCentral Mountain
RangeJapanese AlpsSuzuka MountainsLeizhou PeninsulaGulf of TonkinYangtze River
Yangtze River DeltaYellow RiverPearl River DeltaYenisei BasinAltai MountainsWakhan
CorridorWakhjir PassFar EastRing of FireAsia-PacificTropical Asia
West
Greater Middle East MENAMENASAMiddle EastRed Sea Hanish IslandsCaspian
SeaMediterranean SeaZagros Mountains ElamPersian Gulf Pirate CoastStrait of
HormuzGreater and Lesser TunbsAl-Faw PeninsulaGulf of OmanGulf of AqabaGulf of
AdenBalochistanArabian Peninsula Najd Al-YamamaHejazTihamahEastern ArabiaSouth
Arabia HadhramautArabian Peninsula coastal fog desertAl-
SharatTigris�EuphratesMesopotamia Upper MesopotamiaLower MesopotamiaSawadNineveh
plainsAkkad (region)BabyloniaCanaanAram Aram-NaharaimEber-NariSuhumEastern
MediterraneanMashriqKurdistanLevant Southern LevantTransjordanJordan Rift
ValleyLevantine SeaHoly Land PalestineLand of IsraelGolan HeightsHula
ValleyGalileeGileadJudeaSamariaArabahAnti-Lebanon MountainsSinai PeninsulaArabian
DesertSyrian DesertFertile CrescentAzerbaijanSyriaHauranIranian Plateau Dasht-e
KavirArmenian HighlandsCaucasus Caucasus Mountains Greater CaucasusLesser
CaucasusNorth CaucasusSouth Caucasus ShirvanKur-Araz LowlandLankaran
LowlandAlborzAbsheron PeninsulaKartliAnatolia Taurus
MountainsAeolisPaphlagoniaPhasianeIsauriaIoniaBithyniaCiliciaCappadociaCariaCorduen
eChaldiaDorisLycaoniaLyciaLydiaGalatiaPisidiaPontusMysiaArzawaSperi SopheneBiga
Peninsula TroadTuwanaAlpide belt
South
OrientGreater IndiaIndian subcontinentHimalayasHindu KushBactriaCarnatic
regionTamilakamWestern GhatsEastern GhatsGanges BasinGanges
DeltaGuzganPashtunistanPunjabBalochistan GedrosiaMakranMarathwadaKashmir Kashmir
ValleyPir Panjal RangeThar DesertIndus ValleyIndus River DeltaIndus Valley
DesertIndo-Gangetic PlainEastern Coastal Plains KalingaWestern Coastal
PlainsMeghalaya subtropical forestsMENASALower Gangetic plains moist deciduous
forestsNorthwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadowsDoabBagar tractGreat Rann of
KutchLittle Rann of KutchDeccan PlateauCoromandel CoastKonkanFalse Divi PointHindi
BeltLadakhAksai ChinGilgit-Baltistan BaltistanShigar ValleyHigh-mountain
AsiaKarakoram Saltoro MountainsSiachen GlacierBengal Bay of BengalGulf of
KhambhatGulf of Kutch HalarGulf of MannarTrans-Karakoram TractWakhan
CorridorWakhjir PassLakshadweep Laccadive IslandsAmindivi
IslandsParopamisadaeAndaman and Nicobar Islands Andaman IslandsNicobar
IslandsMaldive IslandsAlpide beltAsia-PacificTropical Asia
Southeast
OrientSundalandMainland IndochinaMalay PeninsulaNorthern Triangle temperate
forestsMaritime Peninsular MalaysiaSunda IslandsGreater Sunda IslandsLesser Sunda
IslandsIndonesian Archipelago WallaceaTimorPhilippine Archipelago
LuzonVisayasMindanaoLeyte GulfGulf of ThailandEast IndiesNanyangAlpide beltFar
EastRing of FireAsia-PacificTropical Asia
Authority control Edit this at Wikidata
GND: 4109125-5NKC: ge117635VIAF: 244579309WorldCat Identities (via VIAF): 244579309
Categories: Rivers of Krasnoyarsk KraiRivers of KhakassiaRivers of TuvaRivers of
KyzylPhysiographic provincesDrainage basins of the Kara SeaYenisei basin
Navigation menu
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In other projects
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Print/export
Download as PDF
Printable version

Languages
?????
???????
??????
??????
?????
??????
???????
?????
??????
78 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 14 February 2020, at 18:47 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License;
additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and
Privacy Policy. Wikipedia� is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation,
Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policyAbout WikipediaDisclaimersContact WikipediaDevelopersStatisticsCookie
statementMobile viewWikimedia FoundationPowered by MediaWikiArctic Arctic
CircleInner AsiaNortheastUral Ural MountainsFar East Russian Far EastOkhotsk-
Manchurian taigaBeringia Chukchi PeninsulaKamchatka PeninsulaExtreme
NorthTartarySiberia Baikalia (Lake Baikal)Baraba steppeKhatanga
GulfTransbaikalWestAmur BasinYenisei GulfYenisei BasinSikhote-AlinKolymaBering
StraitRing of FireOuter ManchuriaAsia-Pacific
East
OrientJapanese archipelago Northeastern Japan ArcSakhalin Island ArcKorean
PeninsulaGobi DesertTaklamakan DesertGreater KhinganMongolian PlateauInner
AsiaInner MongoliaOuter MongoliaChina properManchuria Outer ManchuriaInner
ManchuriaNortheast China PlainMongolian-Manchurian grasslandNorth China Plain Yan
MountainsKunlun MountainsLiaodong PeninsulaHigh-mountain Asia HimalayasTibetan
PlateauTibetKarakoramTarim BasinSichuan BasinNorthern Silk RoadHexi
CorridorNanzhongLingnanLiangguangJiangnanJianghuaiGuanzhongHuizhouWuJiaozhouZhongyu
anShaannanOrdos Loop Loess PlateauShaanbeiHamgyong MountainsCentral Mountain
RangeJapanese AlpsSuzuka MountainsLeizhou PeninsulaGulf of TonkinYangtze River
Yangtze River DeltaYellow RiverPearl River DeltaYenisei BasinAltai MountainsWakhan
CorridorWakhjir PassFar EastRing of FireAsia-PacificTropical Asia
West
Greater Middle East MENAMENASAMiddle EastRed Sea Hanish IslandsCaspian
SeaMediterranean SeaZagros Mountains ElamPersian Gulf Pirate CoastStrait of
HormuzGreater and Lesser TunbsAl-Faw PeninsulaGulf of OmanGulf of AqabaGulf of
AdenBalochistanArabian Peninsula Najd Al-YamamaHejazTihamahEastern ArabiaSouth
Arabia HadhramautArabian Peninsula coastal fog desertAl-
SharatTigris�EuphratesMesopotamia Upper MesopotamiaLower MesopotamiaSawadNineveh
plainsAkkad (region)BabyloniaCanaanAram Aram-NaharaimEber-NariSuhumEastern
MediterraneanMashriqKurdistanLevant Southern LevantTransjordanJordan Rift
ValleyLevantine SeaHoly Land PalestineLand of IsraelGolan HeightsHula
ValleyGalileeGileadJudeaSamariaArabahAnti-Lebanon MountainsSinai PeninsulaArabian
DesertSyrian DesertFertile CrescentAzerbaijanSyriaHauranIranian Plateau Dasht-e
KavirArmenian HighlandsCaucasus Caucasus Mountains Greater CaucasusLesser
CaucasusNorth CaucasusSouth Caucasus ShirvanKur-Araz LowlandLankaran
LowlandAlborzAbsheron PeninsulaKartliAnatolia Taurus
MountainsAeolisPaphlagoniaPhasianeIsauriaIoniaBithyniaCiliciaCappadociaCariaCorduen
eChaldiaDorisLycaoniaLyciaLydiaGalatiaPisidiaPontusMysiaArzawaSperi SopheneBiga
Peninsula TroadTuwanaAlpide belt
South
OrientGreater IndiaIndian subcontinentHimalayasHindu KushBactriaCarnatic
regionTamilakamWestern GhatsEastern GhatsGanges BasinGanges
DeltaGuzganPashtunistanPunjabBalochistan GedrosiaMakranMarathwadaKashmir Kashmir
ValleyPir Panjal RangeThar DesertIndus ValleyIndus River DeltaIndus Valley
DesertIndo-Gangetic PlainEastern Coastal Plains KalingaWestern Coastal
PlainsMeghalaya subtropical forestsMENASALower Gangetic plains moist deciduous
forestsNorthwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadowsDoabBagar tractGreat Rann of
KutchLittle Rann of KutchDeccan PlateauCoromandel CoastKonkanFalse Divi PointHindi
BeltLadakhAksai ChinGilgit-Baltistan BaltistanShigar ValleyHigh-mountain
AsiaKarakoram Saltoro MountainsSiachen GlacierBengal Bay of BengalGulf of
KhambhatGulf of Kutch HalarGulf of MannarTrans-Karakoram TractWakhan
CorridorWakhjir PassLakshadweep Laccadive IslandsAmindivi
IslandsParopamisadaeAndaman and Nicobar Islands Andaman IslandsNicobar
IslandsMaldive IslandsAlpide beltAsia-PacificTropical Asia
Southeast
OrientSundalandMainland IndochinaMalay PeninsulaNorthern Triangle temperate
forestsMaritime Peninsular MalaysiaSunda IslandsGreater Sunda IslandsLesser Sunda
IslandsIndonesian Archipelago WallaceaTimorPhilippine Archipelago
LuzonVisayasMindanaoLeyte GulfGulf of ThailandEast IndiesNanyangAlpide beltFar
EastRing of FireAsia-PacificTropical Asia
Authority control Edit this at Wikidata
GND: 4109125-5NKC: ge117635VIAF: 244579309WorldCat Identities (via VIAF): 244579309
Categories: Rivers of Krasnoyarsk KraiRivers of KhakassiaRivers of TuvaRivers of
KyzylPhysiographic provincesDrainage basins of the Kara SeaYenisei basin
Navigation menu
Not logged inTalkContributionsCreate accountLog inArticleTalkReadEditView
historySearch
Search Wikipedia
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Contents
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Related changes
Upload file
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Permanent link
Page information
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Cite this page
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Print/export
Download as PDF
Printable version

Languages
?????
???????
??????
??????
?????
??????
???????
?????
??????
78 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 14 February 2020, at 18:47 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License;
additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and
Privacy Policy. Wikipedia� is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation,
Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policyAbout WikipediaDisclaimersContact WikipediaDevelopersStatisticsCookie
statementMobile viewWikimedia FoundationPowered by MediaWikiArctic Arctic
CircleInner AsiaNortheastUral Ural MountainsFar East Russian Far EastOkhotsk-
Manchurian taigaBeringia Chukchi PeninsulaKamchatka PeninsulaExtreme
NorthTartarySiberia Baikalia (Lake Baikal)Baraba steppeKhatanga
GulfTransbaikalWestAmur BasinYenisei GulfYenisei BasinSikhote-AlinKolymaBering
StraitRing of FireOuter ManchuriaAsia-Pacific
East
OrientJapanese archipelago Northeastern Japan ArcSakhalin Island ArcKorean
PeninsulaGobi DesertTaklamakan DesertGreater KhinganMongolian PlateauInner
AsiaInner MongoliaOuter MongoliaChina properManchuria Outer ManchuriaInner
ManchuriaNortheast China PlainMongolian-Manchurian grasslandNorth China Plain Yan
MountainsKunlun MountainsLiaodong PeninsulaHigh-mountain Asia HimalayasTibetan
PlateauTibetKarakoramTarim BasinSichuan BasinNorthern Silk RoadHexi
CorridorNanzhongLingnanLiangguangJiangnanJianghuaiGuanzhongHuizhouWuJiaozhouZhongyu
anShaannanOrdos Loop Loess PlateauShaanbeiHamgyong MountainsCentral Mountain
RangeJapanese AlpsSuzuka MountainsLeizhou PeninsulaGulf of TonkinYangtze River
Yangtze River DeltaYellow RiverPearl River DeltaYenisei BasinAltai MountainsWakhan
CorridorWakhjir PassFar EastRing of FireAsia-PacificTropical Asia
West
Greater Middle East MENAMENASAMiddle EastRed Sea Hanish IslandsCaspian
SeaMediterranean SeaZagros Mountains ElamPersian Gulf Pirate CoastStrait of
HormuzGreater and Lesser TunbsAl-Faw PeninsulaGulf of OmanGulf of AqabaGulf of
AdenBalochistanArabian Peninsula Najd Al-YamamaHejazTihamahEastern ArabiaSouth
Arabia HadhramautArabian Peninsula coastal fog desertAl-
SharatTigris�EuphratesMesopotamia Upper MesopotamiaLower MesopotamiaSawadNineveh
plainsAkkad (region)BabyloniaCanaanAram Aram-NaharaimEber-NariSuhumEastern
MediterraneanMashriqKurdistanLevant Southern LevantTransjordanJordan Rift
ValleyLevantine SeaHoly Land PalestineLand of IsraelGolan HeightsHula
ValleyGalileeGileadJudeaSamariaArabahAnti-Lebanon MountainsSinai PeninsulaArabian
DesertSyrian DesertFertile CrescentAzerbaijanSyriaHauranIranian Plateau Dasht-e
KavirArmenian HighlandsCaucasus Caucasus Mountains Greater CaucasusLesser
CaucasusNorth CaucasusSouth Caucasus ShirvanKur-Araz LowlandLankaran
LowlandAlborzAbsheron PeninsulaKartliAnatolia Taurus
MountainsAeolisPaphlagoniaPhasianeIsauriaIoniaBithyniaCiliciaCappadociaCariaCorduen
eChaldiaDorisLycaoniaLyciaLydiaGalatiaPisidiaPontusMysiaArzawaSperi SopheneBiga
Peninsula TroadTuwanaAlpide belt
South
OrientGreater IndiaIndian subcontinentHimalayasHindu KushBactriaCarnatic
regionTamilakamWestern GhatsEastern GhatsGanges BasinGanges
DeltaGuzganPashtunistanPunjabBalochistan GedrosiaMakranMarathwadaKashmir Kashmir
ValleyPir Panjal RangeThar DesertIndus ValleyIndus River DeltaIndus Valley
DesertIndo-Gangetic PlainEastern Coastal Plains KalingaWestern Coastal
PlainsMeghalaya subtropical forestsMENASALower Gangetic plains moist deciduous
forestsNorthwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadowsDoabBagar tractGreat Rann of
KutchLittle Rann of KutchDeccan PlateauCoromandel CoastKonkanFalse Divi PointHindi
BeltLadakhAksai ChinGilgit-Baltistan BaltistanShigar ValleyHigh-mountain
AsiaKarakoram Saltoro MountainsSiachen GlacierBengal Bay of BengalGulf of
KhambhatGulf of Kutch HalarGulf of MannarTrans-Karakoram TractWakhan
CorridorWakhjir PassLakshadweep Laccadive IslandsAmindivi
IslandsParopamisadaeAndaman and Nicobar Islands Andaman IslandsNicobar
IslandsMaldive IslandsAlpide beltAsia-PacificTropical Asia
Southeast
OrientSundalandMainland IndochinaMalay PeninsulaNorthern Triangle temperate
forestsMaritime Peninsular MalaysiaSunda IslandsGreater Sunda IslandsLesser Sunda
IslandsIndonesian Archipelago WallaceaTimorPhilippine Archipelago
LuzonVisayasMindanaoLeyte GulfGulf of ThailandEast IndiesNanyangAlpide beltFar
EastRing of FireAsia-PacificTropical Asia
Authority control Edit this at Wikidata
GND: 4109125-5NKC: ge117635VIAF: 244579309WorldCat Identities (via VIAF): 244579309
Categories: Rivers of Krasnoyarsk KraiRivers of KhakassiaRivers of TuvaRivers of
KyzylPhysiographic provincesDrainage basins of the Kara SeaYenisei basin
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statementMobile viewWikimedia FoundationPowered by MediaWikiArctic Arctic
CircleInner AsiaNortheastUral Ural MountainsFar East Russian Far EastOkhotsk-
Manchurian taigaBeringia Chukchi PeninsulaKamchatka PeninsulaExtreme
NorthTartarySiberia Baikalia (Lake Baikal)Baraba steppeKhatanga
GulfTransbaikalWestAmur BasinYenisei GulfYenisei BasinSikhote-AlinKolymaBering
StraitRing of FireOuter ManchuriaAsia-Pacific
East
OrientJapanese archipelago Northeastern Japan ArcSakhalin Island ArcKorean
PeninsulaGobi DesertTaklamakan DesertGreater KhinganMongolian PlateauInner
AsiaInner MongoliaOuter MongoliaChina properManchuria Outer ManchuriaInner
ManchuriaNortheast China PlainMongolian-Manchurian grasslandNorth China Plain Yan
MountainsKunlun MountainsLiaodong PeninsulaHigh-mountain Asia HimalayasTibetan
PlateauTibetKarakoramTarim BasinSichuan BasinNorthern Silk RoadHexi
CorridorNanzhongLingnanLiangguangJiangnanJianghuaiGuanzhongHuizhouWuJiaozhouZhongyu
anShaannanOrdos Loop Loess PlateauShaanbeiHamgyong MountainsCentral Mountain
RangeJapanese AlpsSuzuka MountainsLeizhou PeninsulaGulf of TonkinYangtze River
Yangtze River DeltaYellow RiverPearl River DeltaYenisei BasinAltai MountainsWakhan
CorridorWakhjir PassFar EastRing of FireAsia-PacificTropical Asia
West
Greater Middle East MENAMENASAMiddle EastRed Sea Hanish IslandsCaspian
SeaMediterranean SeaZagros Mountains ElamPersian Gulf Pirate CoastStrait of
HormuzGreater and Lesser TunbsAl-Faw PeninsulaGulf of OmanGulf of AqabaGulf of
AdenBalochistanArabian Peninsula Najd Al-YamamaHejazTihamahEastern ArabiaSouth
Arabia HadhramautArabian Peninsula coastal fog desertAl-
SharatTigris�EuphratesMesopotamia Upper MesopotamiaLower MesopotamiaSawadNineveh
plainsAkkad (region)BabyloniaCanaanAram Aram-NaharaimEber-NariSuhumEastern
MediterraneanMashriqKurdistanLevant Southern LevantTransjordanJordan Rift
ValleyLevantine SeaHoly Land PalestineLand of IsraelGolan HeightsHula
ValleyGalileeGileadJudeaSamariaArabahAnti-Lebanon MountainsSinai PeninsulaArabian
DesertSyrian DesertFertile CrescentAzerbaijanSyriaHauranIranian Plateau Dasht-e
KavirArmenian HighlandsCaucasus Caucasus Mountains Greater CaucasusLesser
CaucasusNorth CaucasusSouth Caucasus ShirvanKur-Araz LowlandLankaran
LowlandAlborzAbsheron PeninsulaKartliAnatolia Taurus
MountainsAeolisPaphlagoniaPhasianeIsauriaIoniaBithyniaCiliciaCappadociaCariaCorduen
eChaldiaDorisLycaoniaLyciaLydiaGalatiaPisidiaPontusMysiaArzawaSperi SopheneBiga
Peninsula TroadTuwanaAlpide belt
South
OrientGreater IndiaIndian subcontinentHimalayasHindu KushBactriaCarnatic
regionTamilakamWestern GhatsEastern GhatsGanges BasinGanges
DeltaGuzganPashtunistanPunjabBalochistan GedrosiaMakranMarathwadaKashmir Kashmir
ValleyPir Panjal RangeThar DesertIndus ValleyIndus River DeltaIndus Valley
DesertIndo-Gangetic PlainEastern Coastal Plains KalingaWestern Coastal
PlainsMeghalaya subtropical forestsMENASALower Gangetic plains moist deciduous
forestsNorthwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadowsDoabBagar tractGreat Rann of
KutchLittle Rann of KutchDeccan PlateauCoromandel CoastKonkanFalse Divi PointHindi
BeltLadakhAksai ChinGilgit-Baltistan BaltistanShigar ValleyHigh-mountain
AsiaKarakoram Saltoro MountainsSiachen GlacierBengal Bay of BengalGulf of
KhambhatGulf of Kutch HalarGulf of MannarTrans-Karakoram TractWakhan
CorridorWakhjir PassLakshadweep Laccadive IslandsAmindivi
IslandsParopamisadaeAndaman and Nicobar Islands Andaman IslandsNicobar
IslandsMaldive IslandsAlpide beltAsia-PacificTropical Asia
Southeast
OrientSundalandMainland IndochinaMalay PeninsulaNorthern Triangle temperate
forestsMaritime Peninsular MalaysiaSunda IslandsGreater Sunda IslandsLesser Sunda
IslandsIndonesian Archipelago WallaceaTimorPhilippine Archipelago
LuzonVisayasMindanaoLeyte GulfGulf of ThailandEast IndiesNanyangAlpide beltFar
EastRing of FireAsia-PacificTropical Asia
Authority control Edit this at Wikidata
GND: 4109125-5NKC: ge117635VIAF: 244579309WorldCat Identities (via VIAF): 244579309
Categories: Rivers of Krasnoyarsk KraiRivers of KhakassiaRivers of TuvaRivers of
KyzylPhysiographic provincesDrainage basins of the Kara SeaYenisei basin
Navigation menu
Not logged inTalkContributionsCreate accountLog inArticleTalkReadEditView
historySearch
Search Wikipedia
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
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Help
About Wikipedia
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What links here
Related changes
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Permanent link
Page information
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Cite this page
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Print/export
Download as PDF
Printable version

Languages
?????
???????
??????
??????
?????
??????
???????
?????
??????
78 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 14 February 2020, at 18:47 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License;
additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and
Privacy Policy. Wikipedia� is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation,
Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policyAbout WikipediaDisclaimersContact WikipediaDevelopersStatisticsCookie
statementMobile viewWikimedia FoundationPowered by MediaWiki