Hindawi Publishing Corporation

Advances in Fuzzy Systems

Volume 2009, Article ID 586507, 6 pages
doi:10.1155/2009/586507

Research Article
On Fuzzy Soft Sets

B. Ahmad1, 2 and Athar Kharal1

1 Centre for Advanced Studies in Pure and Applied Mathematics, Bahauddin Zakariya University, 60800 Multan, Pakistan
2 Department of Mathematics, King Abdul Aziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia

Correspondence should be addressed to Athar Kharal, atharkharal@gmail.com

Received 17 November 2008; Revised 28 February 2009; Accepted 5 June 2009

Recommended by Yasar Becerikli

We further contribute to the properties of fuzzy soft sets as defined and studied in the work of Maji et al. ( 2001), Roy and Maji
(2007), and Yang et al. (2007) and support them with examples and counterexamples. We improve Proposition 3.3 by Maji et al.,
(2001) . Finally we define arbitrary fuzzy soft union and fuzzy soft intersection and prove DeMorgan Inclusions and DeMorgan
Laws in Fuzzy Soft Set Theory.

Copyright © 2009 B. Ahmad and A. Kharal. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution
License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly
cited.

1. Introduction Game Theory. SST is a very general framework. Many of the

In 1999, Molodtsov [1] introduced soft sets and established
the fundamental results of the new theory. It is a general
mathematical tool for dealing with objects which have been
defined using a very loose and hence very general set of
characteristics. A soft set is a collection of approximate
descriptions of an object. Each approximate description has
two parts: a predicate and an approximate value set. In
classical mathematics, we construct a mathematical model of
an object and define the notion of the exact solution of this
model. Usually the mathematical model is too complicated
and we cannot find the exact solution. So, in the second
step, we introduce the notion of approximate solution and
calculate that solution. In the Soft Set Theory (SST), we
have the opposite approach to this problem. The initial
description of the object has an approximate nature, and we
do not need to introduce the notion of exact solution. The
absence of any restrictions on the approximate description in
SST makes this theory very convenient and easily applicable
in practice. We can use any parametrization we prefer with
the help of words and sentences, real numbers, functions,
mappings, and so on. It means that the problem of setting
the membership function or any similar problem does not
arise in SST. In [1], besides demarcating the basic contours
of SST, Molodtsov also showed how SST is free from
parametrization inadequacy syndrom of Fuzzy Set Theory
(FST), Rough Set Theory (RST),Probability Theory, and
established paradigms appear as special cases of SST.
Applications of Soft Set Theory in other disciplines and
real life problems are now catching momentum. Molodtsov
[1] successfully applied the soft theory into several directions,
such as smoothness of functions, game theory, operations
research, Riemann integration, Perron integration, theory of
probability, theory of measurement, and so on. Maji et al. [2]
gave first practical application of soft sets in decision making
problems. It is based on the notion of knowledge reduction
in rough set theory. Maji et al. [3] defined and studied several
basic notions of soft set theory in 2003. In 2005, Pei and Miao
[4] and Chen et al. [5] improved the work of Maji et al. [2, 3].
Many researchers have contributed towards the fuzzifi-
cation of the notion of soft set, for example, [6–8]. In this
paper, we present some more properties of fuzzy soft union
and fuzzy soft intersection as defined by Maji et al. [6], and
support them by examples and counterexamples. We also
revise Maji’s definition of fuzzy soft intersection and improve
[6, Proposition 3.3]. Finally we define arbitrary fuzzy soft
union and intersection and prove DeMorgan Inclusions and
DeMorgan Laws in Fuzzy Soft Set Theory.
2. Basic Definitions Revisited
Throughout this paper, X refers to an initial universe, E is a

set of parameters, Σ, Ω ⊆ E, and P(X) is the set of all fuzzy
sets of X.
2 Advances in Fuzzy Systems

Maji et al. defined a fuzzy soft set in the following set (Θ, Ξ), where Ξ = Σ ∩ Ω, and for all ε ∈ Ξ, Θ(ε) =
manner. Λ(ε) or Δ(ε) (as both are same fuzzy set), and is written as

(Λ, Σ)  (Δ, Ω) = (Θ, Ξ).
Definition 1 (see [6]). A pair (Λ, Σ) is called a fuzzy
soft set over X, where Λ : Σ → P(X)  is a mapping We point out that generally Λ(ε) and Δ(ε) may not be

from Σ into P(X). identical. Moreover, Σ ∩ Ω must be nonempty to avoid the
degenerate case. Thus we revise Definition 6 as follows.
Definition 2. Let X be a universe and E a set of attributes.

Then the pair (X, E) denotes the collection of all fuzzy soft Definition 7. Let (Λ, Σ) and (Δ, Ω) be two fuzzy soft sets in
sets on X with attributes from E and is called a fuzzy soft 
a fuzzy soft class (X, E) with Σ ∩ Ω =
/ φ. Then intersection of
class. two fuzzy soft sets (Λ, Σ) and (Δ, Ω) is a fuzzy soft set (Θ, Ξ),
where Ξ = Σ ∩ Ω, and for all ε ∈ Ξ, Θ(ε) = Λ(ε) ∧ Δ(ε). We

Definition 3 (see [6]). For two fuzzy soft sets (Λ, Σ) and write (Λ, Σ)  (Δ, Ω) = (Θ, Ξ).

(Δ, Ω) in a fuzzy soft class (X, E), we say that (Λ, Σ) is a fuzzy
soft subset of (Δ, Ω), if The following example explains Definition 7.

(i) Σ ⊆ Ω, Example 1. Suppose that

(ii) For all ε ∈ Σ, Λ(ε) ≤ Δ(ε), X = h, i, j, k ,

 (Δ, Ω).
and is written as (Λ, Σ)⊆ E = very costly, costly, beautiful, (2)

Definition 4 (see [6]). The complement of a fuzzy soft set in the green surroundings, cheap .
(Λ, Σ) is denoted by (Λ, Σ)c and is defined by (Λ, Σ)c =
 Consider the soft set (Λ, Σ) which describes the “cost of
(Λc , Σ), where Λc :Σ → P(X) is a mapping given by
the houses” and the soft set (Δ, Ω) which describes the
Λc (σ) = (Λ(¬σ))c , for all σ  ∈ Σ.
“attractiveness of the houses.” Thus we take Σ, Δ ⊆ E as
Union of two fuzzy soft sets is defined by Maji et al. [6]

Σ = very costly, costly, cheap ,

as follows.
(3)
Δ = beautiful, in the green surroundings, cheap .
Definition 5 (see [6]). Union of two fuzzy soft sets (Λ, Σ) and
(Δ, Ω) in a soft class (X, E) is a fuzzy soft set (Θ, Ξ), where and suppose that
Ξ = Σ ∪ Ω, and for all ε ∈ Ξ,  

Λ very costly = h0.3 , i0.4 , j0.1 , k0.8 ,

⎧  

⎪
⎪
⎪ Λ(ε), if ε ∈ Σ − Ω, Λ costly = h0.5 , i0.2 , j0.7 , k1.0 ,
⎪
⎨
if ε ∈ Ω − Σ,  

Θ(ε) = ⎪Δ(ε), (1) Λ cheap = h0.3 , i0.1 , j0.8 , k0.9

⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩Λ(ε) ∨ Δ(ε),
(4)
if ε ∈ Σ ∩ Ω, Δ(beautiful) = h0.4 , i0.7 , j0.2 , k0.1 ,
  

and is written as (Λ, Σ)  (Δ, Ω) = (Θ, Ξ). Δ in the green surroundings = h0.9 , i0.3 , j0.4 , k0.6 ,

For a few basic properties of fuzzy soft union, we
refer to [6, Proposition 3.2]. Moreover, we have some more
properties.
Proposition 1. Let (Λ, Σ), (Δ, Ω), and (Θ, Ξ) be fuzzy soft sets
Δ cheap = h0.5 , i0.6 , j0.2 , k0.5 .

Then (Λ, Σ)  (Δ, Ω) = (Θ, Ξ) where Ξ = Σ ∩ Ω = {cheap}.
Now if we use the definition of Maji et al., we get two different
values for Θ(cheap), that is,
    
in (X, E). Then one has the following: Θ cheap = Λ cheap
 

(1) (Λ, Σ)  (Δ, Ω) = (Δ, Ω)  (Λ, Σ), = h0.3 , i0.1 , j0.8 , k0.9
   
(5)
(2) (Λ, Σ)  ((Δ, Ω)  (Θ, Ξ)) = ((Λ, Σ)  (Δ, Ω))  (Θ, Ξ), / h0.5 , i0.6 , j0.2 , k0.5
=
   
 (Λ, Σ)  (Δ, Ω) and (Δ, Ω)⊆
(3) (Λ, Σ)⊆  (Λ, Σ)  (Δ, Ω), = Δ cheap .

 (Δ, Ω) ⇒ (Λ, Σ)  (Δ, Ω) = (Δ, Ω),
(4) (Λ, Σ)⊆ Therefore, by using [6, Definition 7], Θ ceases to be a
function as Λ(cheap) and Δ(cheap) are not identical and
Maji et al. defined the intersection of two fuzzy soft sets
so this definition is not applicable. However by using
as follows.
Definition 7, we have
Definition 6 (see [6]). Intersection of two fuzzy soft sets      

Θ cheap = Λ cheap ∧ Δ cheap = h0.3 , i0.1 , j0.2 , k0.5 .


(Λ, Σ) and (Δ, Ω) in a fuzzy soft class (X, E) is a fuzzy soft (6)
Advances in Fuzzy Systems 3

For some basic properties of fuzzy soft intersection, we Then calculations show that
refer to [6, Proposition 3.2]. Moreover, we have some more  c
properties: (Λ, Σ)  (Δ, Ω) = {¬e2 = {a0.8 , b0.8 , c0.3 } ,

Proposition 2. Let (Λ, Σ), (Δ, Ω), and (Θ, Ξ) be fuzzy soft sets ¬e3 = {a0.6 , b0.4 , c0.3 },

in a fuzzy soft class (X, E). Then one has following:
 ¬e4 = {a0.3 , b0.2 , c0 }}
(1) (Λ, Σ)  (Λ, Σ) = (Λ, Σ),
  / {¬e2 = {a0.8 , b0.8 , c0.3 },
=
(2) (Λ, Σ)  (Δ, Ω) = (Δ, Ω)  (Λ, Σ),
  ¬e3 = {a0.6 , b0.4 , c0.3 },
(3) (Λ, Σ)  (Δ, Ω)⊆
 (Λ, Σ) and (Λ, Σ)  (Δ, Ω)⊆
 (Δ, Ω),
 (12)
 (Δ, Ω) ⇒ (Λ, Σ)  (Δ, Ω) = (Λ, Σ),
(4) (Λ, Σ)⊆ ¬e4 = {a0.6 , b0.7 , c0.4 }}
   
(5) ((Λ, Σ)  (Δ, Ω))  (Θ, Ξ) = (Λ, Σ)  ((Δ, Ω)  (Θ, Ξ)). 
c
= (Λ, Σ) (Δ, Ω)c ,
In [6, Definition 3.6], it is shown that  c
(Λ, Σ)  (Δ, Ω) = {¬e4 = {a0.6 , b0.7 , c0.4 }}
 c = Φ,
Σ Φc = Σ.
 (7)
The following example shows that these do not hold in / {¬e4 = {a0.3 , b0.2 , c0 }}
=
general. 
c
= (Λ, Σ) (Δ, Ω)c .

Example 2. Let (X, E) be a fuzzy soft class, where
However, we partially establish identities (14) and (16) of
X = {a, b, c}, E = {e 1 , e 2 , e 3 , e 4 }, (8) [6, Proposition 3.3] as follows.

choose Σ = {e1 , e3 }, and 

Theorem 1. For fuzzy soft sets (Λ, Σ) and (Δ, Ω) in (X, E), one
 = {e1 = {a1 , b1 , c1 }, e3 = {a1 , b1 , c1 }} has the following:
Σ
(9)  c 
Φ = {e1 = {a0 , b0 , c0 }, e3 = {a0 , b0 , c0 }}.  (Λ, Σ)c  (Δ, Ω)c ,
(1) [(Λ, Σ)  (Δ, Ω)] ⊆
  c
(2) (Λ, Σ)c  (Δ, Ω)c ⊆
 [(Λ, Σ)  (Δ, Ω)] .
Calculations give

Φc = {¬e1 = {a1 , b1 , c1 }, ¬e3 = {a1 , b1 , c1 }} Proof. (1) Suppose that (Λ, Σ)  (Δ, Ω) = (Θ, Σ ∪ Ω).
Therefore,
= 
/ {e1 = {a1 , b1 , c1 }, e3 = {a1 , b1 , c1 }} = Σ, c

(10) (Λ, Σ)  (Δ, Ω) = (Θ, Σ ∪ Ω)
c
 c = {¬e1 = {a0 , b0 , c0 }, ¬e3 = {a0 , b0 , c0 }}
Σ
= ( Θc , (Σ ∪ Ω)) = ( Θc ,  Σ ∪ Ω)
/ {e1 = {a0 , b0 , c0 }, e3 = {a0 , b0 , c0 }} = Φ.
=
(13)
3. DeMorgan Inclusions and Laws by [6, Proposition 2.1]. For ¬α ∈Σ ∪ Ω
Maji et al. proved the following Proposition. Θc (¬α) = [Θ(α)]c
Proposition 3 (see [6, Proposition 3.3]). It holds that ⎧ c
⎪
⎪ if ¬α ∈ Σ−Ω,
⎪[Λ(α)] ,
⎪
 c  ⎨
(1) [(Λ, Σ)  (Δ, Ω)] = (Λ, Σ)c  (Δ, Ω)c , = [Δ(α)] , c
if ¬α ∈ Ω−Σ,
 c  ⎪
⎪
(2) [(Λ, Σ)  (Δ, Ω)] = (Λ, Σ)c  (Δ, Ω)c . ⎪
⎪
⎩[Λ(α) ∨ Δ(α)]c , if ¬α ∈ Σ∩Ω, (14)
The following example shows that (14) and (16) of ⎧
⎪ c
Proposition 3 do not hold. ⎪Λ (¬α),
⎪
⎪
if ¬α ∈ Σ−Ω,
⎨
= Δc (¬α), if ¬α ∈ Ω−Σ,
Example 3. Let X = {a, b, c} and E = {e1 , e2 , e3 , e4 } and ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩Λc (¬α) ∧ Δc (¬α), if ¬α ∈ Σ∩Ω.

(Λ, Σ) and (Δ, Ω) fuzzy soft sets in a fuzzy soft class (X, E)
given as
Now consider
(Λ, Σ) = {e3 = {a0.4 , b0.6 , c0.7 }, e4 = {a0.4 , b0.3 , c1 }},  
(Δ, Ω)c  (Δ, Ω)c = ( Λc , Σ)  ( Δc , Ω)
(Δ, Ω) = {e2 = {a0.2 , b0.2 , c0.7 }, e4 = {a0.7 , b0.8 , c0.6 }}. (15)
 
(11) = ( Γ,  Σ∩Ω), say ,
4 Advances in Fuzzy Systems

where by [6, Proposition 2.1]. For ¬α ∈ Σ ∪ Ω, we have

⎧
⎪
⎪
⎪ Λc (¬α), if ¬α ∈ Σ−Ω, ⎧
⎪
⎨ ⎪
⎪
⎪[Λ(α)]c , α ∈ Σ−Ω,
⎪
⎨
Γ(¬α) = ⎪Δc (¬α), if ¬α ∈ Ω−Σ,
⎪
⎪
⎪ c
Γc (¬α) = [Γ(α)]c = ⎪[Δ(α)]c , α ∈ Ω−Σ, (24)
⎩ Λ (¬α) ∨ Δc (¬α), if ¬α ∈ ¬α ∈ Σ∩Σ. ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩[Λ(α) ∨ Δ(α)]c , α ∈ Σ∩Ω.
(16)
From (14) and (16), we get (1). For ¬α ∈ Σ∩Ω, we have
 
(2) Consider (Λ, Σ)c  (Δ, Ω)c = (Λc , Σ)  (Δc , Ω) =
(Θ, Σ∩Ω) (say), where Γc (¬α) = [Λ(α) ∨ Δ(α)]c = Λc (¬α) ∧ Δc (¬α). (25)
Θ(¬α) = Λc (¬α) ∧ Δc (¬α), ∀ ¬α ∈ Σ∩Ω. (17) From (22) and (24), we get (1).

On the other hand (2) Suppose that (Λ, Σ)  (Δ, Ω) = (Θ, Σ ∩ Ω), where
 c
 
(Λ, Σ)  (Δ, Ω) = (Γ, Σ ∩ Ω)
c
say Θ(α) = Λ(α) ∧ Δ(α), for α ∈ Σ ∩ Ω. (26)
(18)
= ( Γc ,  Σ∩Ω). Therefore,
Now for ¬α ∈]Σ∩]Ω  c
c (Λ, Σ)  (Δ, Ω) = (Θ, Σ ∩ Ω)
c
Γc (¬α) = [Γ(α)] (27)
c
= [Λ(α) ∧ Δ(α)] (19) = ( Θc , (Σ ∩ Ω)) = ( Θc ,  Σ∩Ω)
c c
= Λ (¬α) ∨ Δ (¬α). by [6, Proposition 2.1]. Now take ¬α ∈ Σ∩Ω, then
Clearly,
Θc (¬α) = [Θ(α)]c = [Λ(α) ∧ Δ(α)]c
Θ(¬α) = Λc (¬α) ∧ Δc (¬α) ⊆ Λc (¬α) ∨ Δc (¬α) = Γc (¬α).
c c
(20) = [Λ(α)] ∨ [Δ(α)] . (28)
hence is the result. Θc (¬α) = Λc (¬α) ∨ Δc (¬α).
In general, these inclusions cannot be reversed, as is Now consider
evident from Example 3.
It is well known that DeMorgan Laws interrelate union  
and intersection via complements. Here first, we prove the (Λ, Σ)c  (Δ, Ω)c = ( Λc , Σ)  ( Δc , Ω)
 
(29)
following DeMorgan Inclusions.
= ( Γ,  Σ∩Ω) say .
Theorem 2. For soft sets (Λ, Σ) and (Δ, Ω) of a soft class
 For ¬α ∈ Σ ∪ Ω, we have
(X, E), one has the following.
  c
⎧
(1) (Λ, Σ)c  (Δ, Ω)c ⊆
 [(Λ, Σ)  (Δ, Ω)] , ⎪
⎪ Λc (¬α), ¬α ∈ Σ−Ω,
⎪
⎪
 c  ⎨
(2) [(Λ, Σ)  (Δ, Ω)] ⊆ (Λ, Σ)c  (Δ, Ω)c . Γ(¬α) = ⎪Δc (¬α), ¬α ∈ Ω−Σ, (30)
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩Λc (¬α) ∨ Δc (¬α),
Proof. (1)Consider ¬α ∈ Σ∩Ω.
 
(Λ, Σ)c  (Δ, Ω)c = ( Λc , Σ)  ( Δc , Ω) From (28) and (30), we get (2).
 
(21)
= ( Θ,  Σ∩Ω), say , The above DeMorgan Inclusions are, in general, irre-
where versible, as is shown in the following.

Θ(¬α) = Λc (¬α) ∧ Δc (¬α), (22) Example 4. Let X = {a, b, c} and E = {e1 , e2 , e3 , e4 } and

(Λ, Σ) and (Δ, Ω) fuzzy soft sets in a fuzzy soft class (X, E)
¬α ∈ Σ ∩ Ω. 
Again suppose that (Λ, Σ)  (Δ, Ω) = (Γ, Σ ∪ Ω). There- given as
fore,
 c (Λ, Σ) = {e1 = {a0.2 , b0 , c0.1 }, e2 = {a0.1 , b1 , c0.4 } ,

 c
(Λ, Σ) (Δ, Ω) = (Γ, Σ ∪ Ω)
e4 = {a0.4 , b0.7 , c1 }},
(23) (31)
= ( Γc ,  Σ∩Ω) = (Γc , Σ ∪ Ω) (Δ, Ω) = {e2 = {a0.9 , b0.2 , c0.6 }, e4 = {a0.9 , b0.4 , c0.7 }}.
Advances in Fuzzy Systems 5

Then calculations show that 4. Generalized DeMorgan Inclusions and Laws

 c

(Λ, Σ) (Δ, Ω) = {¬e1 = {a0.8 , b1 , c0.9 }, First, we define arbitrary union and arbitrary intersection of

a family of fuzzy soft sets in a fuzzy soft class (X, E) as follows.
¬e2 = {a0.1 , b0 , c0.4 },
Definition 8. Let F = {(Λi , Σi )|i ∈ I } be a family of fuzzy soft
¬e4 = {a0.1 , b0.3 , c0 }} 
sets in a fuzzy soft class (X, E). Then the union of fuzzy soft
/ e2 = {a0.1 , b0 , c0.4 },
⊆{¬ sets in F is a fuzzy soft set (Θ, Ξ), Ξ = i Σi and for all ε ∈ Ξ,

¬e4 = {a0.1 , b0.3 , c0 }} Θ(ε) = Δi (ε, Σi ), (38)
i
c

= (Λ, Σ) (Δ, Ω)c , where
(32) ⎧

c ⎨Λi (ε), if ε ∈ Σi ,
(Λ, Σ) (Δ, Ω)c = {¬e1 = {a0.8 , b1 , c0.9 },
Δi (ε, Σi ) = ⎩ (39)
Φ, / Σi .
if ε ∈
¬e2 = {a0.9 , b0.8 , c0.6 },
The union of three fuzzy soft sets is illustrated as under
¬e4 = {a0.6 , b0.6 , c0.3 }}
follows.
/ e2 = {a0.9 , b0.8 , c0.6 },
⊆{¬
Example 5. Let (X,  E) be a fuzzy soft class and
¬e4 = {a0.6 , b0.6 , c0.3 }} (Λ1 , Σ1 ), (Λ2 , Σ2 ), and (Λ3 , Σ3 ), fuzzy soft sets given
 c as

= (Λ, Σ) (Δ, Ω) . (Λ1 , Σ1 ){e1 = {a0.9 , b0.2 , c0.2 }, e3 = {a0.4 , b0.1 , c0.7 },
It is natural to ask when the DeMorgan Inclusions in e4 = {a0.3 , b0.2 , c0 }}
Theorem 2 beome DeMorgan Laws. This is answered in the (40)
following. (Λ2 , Σ2 ) = {e1 = {a0.4 , b0.6 , c0.8 }, e4 = {a0 , b0.9 , c0.1 }},

Theorem 3. For the fuzzy soft sets (Λ, Σ) and (Δ, Σ) in a fuzzy (Λ3 , Σ3 ) = {e1 = {a0.8 , b0.4 , c0.3 }, e2 = {a0.6 , b0.7 , c0.9 }}.

soft class (X, E), one has the following: Calculations give
  c
 
(1) (Λ, Σ)c  (Δ, Σ)c = [(Λ, Σ)  (Δ, Σ)] , (Λ1 , Σ1 )  (Λ2 , Σ2 )  (Λ3 , Σ3 ) ={e1 = {a0.9 , b0.6 , c0.8 },
 c 
(2) [(Λ, Σ)  (Δ, Σ)] = (Λ, Σ)c  (Δ, Σ)c .
e2 = {a0.6 , b0.7 , c0.9 },
Proof. (1) Consider
e3 = {a0.4 , b0.1 , c0.7 },

c c


(Λ, Σ) (Δ, Σ) = ( Λc , Σ) ( Δc , Σ) e4 = {a0.3 , b0.9 , c0.1 }}.
 
(33)
(41)
= ( Θ, Σ), say
Now, we generalize Definition 7 as follows.
where for all ¬α ∈Σ
Θ(¬α) = Λc (¬α) ∧ Δc (¬α). (34) Definition 9. Let F = {(Λi , Σi )|i ∈ I } be a family of fuzzy


soft sets in a fuzzy soft class (X, E), with i Σi =
/ φ. Then the

Again suppose that (Λ, Σ)  (Δ, Σ) = (Γ, Σ). Therefore, intersectionof fuzzy soft sets in F is a fuzzy soft set (Θ, Ξ),
  c where Ξ = i Σi and for all ε ∈ Ξ,
(Λ, Σ)  (Δ, Σ) = (Γ, Σ)
c

(35) Θ(ε) = Λi (ε). (42)
c i
= ( Γ , Σ),
We may now generalize Theorem 2.
where
Γc (¬α) = [Γ(α)]c = [Λ(α) ∨ Δ(α)]c . (36) Theorem 4. Let S = {(Λi , Σi )|i ∈ I } be a family of fuzzy soft

sets in a fuzzy soft class (X, E). Then one has the following:
For all ¬α ∈Σ, we have  
c c c c
(1) i (Λi , Σi )c ⊆ ( i (Λi , Σi ))c ,
Γ (¬α) = [Λ(α) ∨ Δ(α)] = Λ (¬α) ∧ Δ (¬α). (37)  
(2) ( i (Λi , Σi ))c ⊆ i (Λi , Σi )c .
From (34) and (37), we obtain (2).
(2) Similar to (1). Finally, Theorem 3 may also be generalized.
6 Advances in Fuzzy Systems

Theorem 5. Let F = {(Λi , Σ)|i ∈ I } be a family of fuzzy soft

sets in a fuzzy soft class (X, E). Then one has the following:
 
(1) i (Λi , Σ)c = ( i (Λi , Σ))c ,
 
(2) ( i (Λi , Σ))c = i (Λi , Σ)c .
[10] A. Rosenfeld, “Fuzzy groups,” Journal of Mathematical Analysis
and Applications, vol. 35, pp. 512–517, 1971.
[11] Z. Xiao, L. Chen, B. Zhong, and S. Ye, “Recognition for soft
information based on the theory of soft sets,” in Proceed-
ings of the International Conference on Services Systems and
Services Management (ICSSSM ’05), vol. 2, pp. 1104–1106,
Chongquing, China, June 2005.

5. Conclusion
The soft set theory proposed by Molodtsov offers a general
mathematical tool for dealing with uncertain and vague
objects. The researchers have contributed towards the fuzzifi-
cation of Soft Set Theory. This paper contributes some more
properties of fuzzy soft union and fuzzy soft intersection
as defined and studied in [6–8] and supports them with
examples and counterexamples. Arbitrary fuzzy soft union,
arbitrary fuzzy soft intersection have been defined. DeMor-
gan Inclusions and DeMorgan Laws have also been given for
an arbitrary collection of fuzzy soft sets. It is hoped that our
findings will help enhancing this study on fuzzy soft sets for
the researchers.

Acknowledgment
The authors gratefully acknowledge the comments of the
referee which led to the improvment of this paper.

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 Advances in Artificial Intelligence

Special Issue on
Artificial Intelligence in Neuroscience and
Systems Biology: Lessons Learnt, Open Problems,
and the Road Ahead

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Since its conception in the mid 1950s, artificial intelligence tem at http://mts.hindawi.com/ according to the following
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Neuroscience with its desire to understand nervous systems
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to comprehend, holistically, the multitude of complex inter- Daniel Berrar, Systems Biology Research Group, Centre for
actions in biological systems are two such fields. They target Molecular Biosciences, School of Biomedical Sciences,
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is that a multidisciplinary approach in modern artificial Faculty of Computing and Engineering, University of Ulster,
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 Advances in Fuzzy Systems

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The fuzzy technique for clean energy, solar and wind energy,
is the most readily available source of energy, and one of
the important sources of the renewable energy, because
it is nonpolluting and, therefore, helps in lessening the
greenhouse effect. The benefits arising from the utilization
of solar and wind energy systems can be categorized into two
sections: energy saving and the decrease of environmental
pollution. The clean energy saving benefits come from
the reduction in electricity consumption and from using
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renewable energy is the decrease of environmental pollution,
which can be achieved by the reduction of emissions due
to the usage of electricity and conventional power stations.
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energies, the significant price fluctuations are seen for the
fossil fuel in one hand, and the trend toward privatization
that dominates the power markets these days in the other
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The main focus of this special issue will be on the applica-
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 Advances in Artificial Intelligence

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and spatial media cues such as audio, visual, and face
information and for accomplishing tasks of multimedia data
mining and knowledge discovery. These models should be Lead Guest Editor
able to bridge the gap between low-level audiovisual features Djamel Bouchaffra, Grambling State University,
which require signal processing and high-level semantics. Grambling, LA, USA; dbouchaffra@ieee.org
Original contributions, not currently under review or acce-
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• Multiresolution-based video mining and features Ce Zhu, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore;
extraction eczhu@ntu.edu.sg
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• Mining methods and algorithms (classification,
regression, clustering, probabilistic modelling), as well Chu-Song Chen, Institute of Information Science, Taipei,
as association analysis Taiwan; song@iis.sinica.edu.tw
• Machine learning paradigms that perform spatial and Mohamed Abdel-Mottaleb, University of Miami, CA,
temporal data mining USA; mottaleb@miami.edu
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learning of hidden patterns
• Object recognition and tracking using machine learn-
ing algorithms
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discovery
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poral, and web data
• Application of MDM to contents-based image/video
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