LITERATURE REVIEW

PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate) is a long-chain polymer that is a member of polyester family.

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is widely used in several key products , as
fiber for textile applications . Biaxially oriented polyester film is used for packaging and as thermoformed
sheets in frozen meal trays for microwave ovens . The best known product made from aromatic polyester
(PET),however is the blow molded water and soda bottles for soft drinks and other household and
consumer products . PET is a relatively new packaging resin .. Soft drink bottles remain the biggest user
of PET resin . consumer' bottles are used for other products such as, salad dressing ,peanut butter and
jullies , Half of the polyester carpet made in united states is made from recycled PET bottles.The rise of
use of custom bottle and the increased consumption of water and soft drinks away from home have
created challenges for increasing the PET recycling rate .PET use has reduced the size of the waste stream
because PET has replaced heavier steel and glass containers. One of the approaches to solution f the
plastic waste problem is through recycling huge amount of plastic wastes is formed that causes serious
environmental pollutions and negative effects on ecology. That is, these materials are highly difficult to
be digested in nature by natural effects since the digestion process is too slow and requires very long
times. Namely, PET is by far the most significant pollutant in oceans. Recycle of PET materials is of
great importance since it is produced from non-renewable fossil fuels. The recycle methods for PET
materials are usually classified as primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary methods. Of which, the
primary recycle method is the recycle of clean/new PET inside a factory by re-extrusion.On the other
hand, the secondary recycle method in other words mechanical recycle bases on separation and cleaning
of waste PET from the pollutants and then granulation of the cleaned PET for reusing.

Looking on to the literatures it can be observed that, From the invention of other routes in the
production process of plastics, it is not surprising to note that, the plastic industry has developed
massively. With these developments, this product has brought with it many demits associated with waste
management. However, due to the development of many technologies and systems, the generated plastic
wastes can be recovered and recycled for sustainable manufacturing and resource management. Heavily
polluted PET cannot be recycled by secondary recycle method. Recycling of plastic solid wastes is one
way of achieving sustainable manufacturing. According to [6] recycling turns waste materials into
financial, environmental and societal resources. As a result of this, most manufacturing companies are
motivated to recover materials from the supply-chain as long as it profits them sustainably. Consequently,
this study investigates strategies that can contribute to sustainable recovery of plastic wastes and hence
contribute to sustainable manufacturing. Sustainability in service or manufacturing industries results in
the creating of goods or services by utilizing systems and processes that conserve natural resources and
energy, have no pollution and are economically sound and safe for communities and employees. Also
PET have several recyclable qualities includes it have high combustion behavior compared to lignite .
decrease in the number of heating hours of 22-139h during the heating season (depending on the
combination of weather and renovation scenarios considered). On the other hand, function intercept
increased for 7.8-12.7% per decade (depending on the coupled scenarios). Lignite account for the most
important national energy sources in Turkey. Therefore, a number of lignite fired power stations have
been operated throughout the country. However, Turkish lignite are very low quality coals with low
calorific values and fixed carbon contents and their ash yields and moisture contents are also very high.
Also roof tiles can be produced from recycled PET. The most effective methods that can be applied to get
rid and save the world form the environmental pollutants. However two mixes are suspended because the
pro6 (80) gives a very deformable tile and the second pro1 (30) does not have enough resin (binder) so
that the mixture adhere. It is noticeable that the density decreases with the increase of the HDPEr ratio
that gives the polymer tile to a light weight

Physical properties of Different plastics

Td- heat distortion temperature under a 66 psi load

Cte - coefficient of line thermal expansion
Tensile Strength- load necessary to pull a sample of the plastic apart
Compressive Strength – load necessary to crush a sample of the plastic
Density – specific gravity mass of plastic per unit volume
Tm – crystalline melting temperature (some plastics have no crystallinity and are said to be amorphous)
Tg – glass transition temperature ( the plastic becomes brittle below this temperature)
 However, the fuel properties and the combustion behavior of these waste materials should be known
very well for such an application. For this reason, waste PET materials will be used in this study as an
alternative fuel. In this context, PET bottle caps were used, since they have good energy potential in unit
volume associated with high density that leads less volume occupancy compared to the main body of PET
bottle. The caps were collected from several different commercial brands of PET water bottles sold in
Turkey. In sample preparation stage, these caps were granulated by a domestic metallic grate to decrease
the particle size to several millimeters. On the other hand, Afsin-Elbistan lignite sample was first kept in
open containers for several days to reduce its excessive moisture content and to get the air-dried sample.
The representative sample was taken from the bulk according to standard procedures. Particle size of
lignite was decreased by breaking the sample with a hammer mill and then a coal grinder was used to
reduce the particle size to pass through a sieve that has openings of 250 μm.

Although plastic is an essential material in our life. It is used in automotive, electronics, buildings and
other industries. This production of this material increased in recent years, which has led to a big
environmental problem. The plastic waste is not a biodegradable material. Recycling of plastic waste to
produce new materials is one of the solution for getting rid of the mountains of trash. A vast work has
been done on the use of various plastic waste as aggregates or fillers or fibres in concrete such as height,
polytelene terephthalate (pet) , polystyrene (PS), expanded polystyrene , polyvinylchloride (pvc) , low
density polythene (LDPE) , height density polythene (HDPE) , E-plastic waste , in mortars (pet) . The
researchers indicated that the waste plastic could be reused as partial substitutes for sand , or coarse
aggregate . The research revealed that the incorporation of any types or form or size of plastic waste as
aggregates generally decreases the dry density . Proposed the use of waste plastic with 10, 15, and 20 %
plastic aggregates as replacement of fine aggregates in concrete. The results show that the compressive
strength and the flexural strength decrease with increasing the waste plastic ratio . The use of plastics
waste in the concrete give a good advantage to reducing the unit weight of it. But gives lower
compressive strength and tensile strength. The study is initiated by designing and fabrication of plastic
shredder in a small scale so that it fits for the deployment to community-based waste collection and
recycle center. The shredder is designed to have a working capacity of 20-30 kg per hour so that is
capable of being used together by some centers within vicinity area simultaneously. The machine is
designed to be powered by diesel/gasoline engine due to operational consideration such as the absence of
electric power or low electric power available in the waste bank so that it is unable to supply the machine.
The design of the machine was performed part by part of its units for the ease of assembly. They are inlet
unit where plastic waste material inserted, shredding unit (knife), outlet unit, and mover. The work
principle of this shredding machine is by rotating blade using gasoline/diesel engine. Power from the
engine is transmitted by pulley and belt. The pulley serves to reduce rotation of the engine. Plastic waste
materials which has been cleaned were inserted into the machine through inlet unit and the plastic went
down to shredding blade. The shredded plastics went out through the filter and then outlet. The main
components of the machine are machine frame, shredding knife, filter, upper casing, and mover. The
frame serves as a supporting component of the machine in which the other components are installed, such
as gasoline/diesel engine, shredding knife, and upper casing.

The design and fabrication of plastic waste shredding machine has been carried out in order
to supply the feedstock of pyrolysis process of the waste. The capacity production of the machine
depends on the thickness of the plastic waste. The shredding machine has complementary
functions with the pyrolysis machine, however, both of them serve for campaign or education
purpose on the waste recycle activities. The operational experience indicates that diesel engine
emits exhaust fumes and more noise compared with that of electric motor as the knife mover.
The exhaust fumes and noise are not convenient for in-door operation since some of the waste
banks are located in-door. The machine then underwent operation test in order to observe
whether the machine works as designed. The test has been carried out by using PET bottles as
the sample of plastic waste materials. The test was carried out in rotation speed of 450 rotation
per minute (rpm) without loading. During the shredding process, the speed was decreasing into
approximately 350 – 380 rpm due to the loading on the rotating blades. The test showed the
machine works well. The short testing indicates the machine may have the production capacity
of 14 kilograms shredded plastic materials from PET bottles within an hour. This production
capacity is considered as low capacity because of a little amount of plastic waste as the sample. It
caused the plastic waste was unable to be shredded well so that the waste was also difficult to go
down from the filter unit. The shredded plastic in the filter unit was supposed to be driven by
new plastic waste, however, adding the flowing water into shredding chamber from upper casing
inlet was also helpful to drive the plastic waste out from the machine.

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