Electrolysis Apparatus

 What do you think would happen if you ran an electric current through a glass of water? If you
set it up just right, you might see bubbles of gas rising to the surface. What is happening inside
the water to make the bubbles? It's a process called electrolysis that uses electricity to separate
chemical compounds. Inside the glass of water, water molecules are being split to produce
hydrogen and oxygen gas, which bubbles to the surface. The word electrolysis comes from the
Greek lysis which means 'to dissolve' or 'break apart.'

Although the bubbling water looks pretty cool, electrolysis can do much more than just make
water bubble. It can be used to create oxygen for astronauts on the space station, extract pure
metals from metallic compounds, and even make pennies!

Uses of electrolysis:

1. Electrolysis is used in the extraction of metals from their ores. For example, when a current is
passed through molten sodium chloride, sodium is deposited at the cathode and chlorine gas is
evolved at the anode. Aluminium and potassium are also extracted by electrolysis.
2. It is used for refining certain metals such as copper and zinc.
3. Electrolysis is used for the manufacture of chlorine. In submarines, oxygen produced by the
electrolysis of water is used for breathing.
4. Electrolysis is used for electroplating many things we use every day.

Gyroscope

 A gyroscope is a device for measuring or maintaining orientation, based on the principles of

angular momentum. Mechanically, a gyroscope is a spinning wheel or disc in which the axel is
free to assume any orientation. Although this orientation does not remain fixed, it changes in
response to an external torque much less and in a different direction than it would with the
large angular momentum associated with the disc’s high rate of spin and moment of inertia. The
devices orientation remains nearly fixed, regardless of the mounting platform’s motion, because
mounting the device in a gimbal minimizes external torque.

A free gyroscope maintain its axis. Gyroscope can be used to construct gyrocompasses, which
complement or replace magnetic compasses (ships, aircraft and spacecraft, vehicles in generals),
to assist in stability (hubble space, telescope, bicycles, motorcycles, and ships) or be used as part
of an inertial guidance system. Gyroscopic effects are used in tops, boomerangs, yo-yos, and
powerballs. Many other rotating devices, such as flywheels, behave in the manner of a
gyroscope, although the gyroscopic effects is not being used. When the gyroscope is not free
(under the influence of torques), it exhibits a number of behaviors including precession and
nutation.

Modern uses: in addition to being used in compasses, aircraft, computer pointing devices, etc.
gyroscopes have been introduced into consumer electronics. Since the gyroscope allows the
calculation of orientation and rotation, designers have incorporated them into modern
technology. The integration of the gyroscope has allowed for more accurate recognition of
movement within a 3D space than the previous accelerometer within a number of smartphones.
Heat transfer in an incandescent lamp

 How much of an incandescent lamp's electric power input is wasted by thermal conduction from
the filament? If these losses are substantial, their reduction could significantly improve the
operating efficiency of incandescent lamps.
 This project is an experimental study of the thermal behavior of an incandescent lamp, looking
for opportunities to improve lamp efficiency.

Galvanometer

 The galvanometer is the device used for detecting the presence of small current and voltage or
for measuring their magnitude. The galvanometer is mainly used in the bridges and
potentiometer where they indicate the null deflection or zero current.

Principle of Galvanometer

The potentiometer is based on the premise that the current sustaining coil is kept between the
magnetic field experiences a torque.

The galvanometer has following applications. They are

It is used for detecting the direction of current flows in the circuit. It also determines the null point of
the circuit. The null point means the situation in which no current flows through the circuit.

It is used for measuring the current.

The voltage between any two points of the circuit is also determined through galvanometer.

Hooke’s Law Apparatus

 Hooke’s law gives the relationship between the force applied to an unstretched spring and the
amount the spring is stretched.
 To conduct an experiment to determine how the extension of a spring varies with the stretching
force.
 A spring is hung vertically from a fixed point and force is applied in stages by hanging weights
from the spring.

Free Energy Generator using Magnet

Electroscope