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Chapter-4
Non-linear Waveshaping: Clipping Circuits and Comparators
1. For the clipper circuit shown in Fig 4p.1, the input vi = 1000 sin t. Plot the
transfer characteristic and the input and output waveforms. Assume ideal diodes.
vi 200 V, vo =100 V
The transfer characteristic and the output waveform are represented in Fig.1.3.
2. For the clipper circuit shown in Fig.4p.2, the input vi = 50 sin t . Plot the transfer
characteristic and the input and output waveforms. Assume ideal diodes.
vi = 20 V
vi
0 < vi < 20 V, vo =
2
(iii) For vi > 20 V, D 1 and D 2 are ON [see Fig. 2.2].
3. The input to the two-level clipper shown in Fig. 4p.3, varies linearly from 0 to 100
V. Plot the transfer characteristic and obtain the output voltage. Assume ideal diodes.
We thus have
For 0 < vi < 25 V, vo = 25 V
2
25 V < vi < 62.5V, vo = vi + 8.333
3
vi > 62.5 V, vo = 50 V
The transfer characteristic is presented in Fig.3.3.
4. For the circuit shown in Fig.4p.4, with vi varying linearly up to 150 V, obtain the
transfer characteristic and the output.
1
= (50+100) = 50 V
3
As long as vi < 50 V, D 1 is OFF, D 2 is ON and vo = 50 V.
Hence 0 < vi < 50 V
vo = 50 V
(ii) For 50 < vi < 100 D 1 and D 2 are ON, the resulting circuit is shown in Fig. 4.2.
Hence, vo = vi
(iv) For vi > 100 V, D 1 ON, D 2 OFF, the circuit in Fig. 4.3 results.
Fig. 4.4. Transfer characteristic and the output of the circuit in Fig. 4p.4
5. For the circuit shown in Fig.4p.5, vi varies linearly up to 100 V. Obtain the transfer
characteristic and the output.
2 1
= 25 + 75
3 3
1
= (50+75) = 41.66 V
3
As long as vi < 41.66 V, D 1 is OFF, D 2 is ON and vo = 41.66 V.
Hence 0 < vi < 41.66 V.
vo = 41.66 V.
(ii) For 41.66 V < vi < 75V D 1 and D 2 are ON, the resulting circuit is shown in Fig.5.2.
Hence, vo = vi
(v) For vi > 75 V, D 1 ON, D 2 OFF, the circuit in Fig.5.3 results.
6. For the circuit shown in Fig.4p.6, plot the transfer characteristic for vi varying
from 0 to 75 V linearly.
3.33 5 v
vo 5 vi 1.24 i
10 3.33 55 2
For v o = 5 V
v
vo 1.24 i
2
vi
5 1.24 3.76 V
2
v i = 7.52 V
Therefore for 2.5 V < vi < 7.52 V
vi
vo = 1.24 .
2
(iii) For vi > 7.52 V and vi < 10V
D 3 conducts and D 1 and D 2 are OFF. The resultant circuit is in Fig.6.3.
Fig.6.3. Equivalent circuit to compute the output when D 3 ON and D 1 and D 2 are OFF
10 2v
vo vi i
10 5 3
3 3
For vo = 10 V, vi = vo 10 V=15 V
2 2
2v
For 7.52 V < vi < 15 V, vo = i
3
(iv) For vi > 15 V, D 3 and D 2 conduct and D 1 is OFF, the circuit is in Fig.6.4.
20 10
vo = vi 3 10 3
20 10
5 20
3 3
For vi 15 V
4v 10 4vi 10 60 10
vo i 10 V
7 7 7 7
200 10
For vi = 50 V, vo = 30 V
7
0 < vi < 2.5V, vo = 2.5 V
vi
2.5 < vi < 7.52 V, vo = 1.24
2
2v
7.52 V < vi < 15V, vo = i
3
4v 10
vi > 15 V, vo i
7 7
vi = 50 V, vo = 30 V
The transfer characteristic is presented in Fig.6.5.
Solution:
When vi = –10 V, D is OFF, v o = 0
As the input rises from –10 to 10 V (change of 20 V), the output also rises from 0 V but
not by the same amount.
C1
At t = 0+, v o = 20 = 20 5 = 6.66 V
C1 C 2 5 10
Hence the output changes by 6.66 V.
As the input remains constant, the output rises exponentially to 10 V.
At t = t 1 , as the input again goes to –10 V, v o should go to 0 V.
The output again falls by 6.66 V and then decays to zero.
The charging time constant 1 Rf (C 1 +C 2 )
= 3 10-9 sec.
Discharging time constant 2 R (C 1 +C 2 )
= 3 10-7sec.
The output is plotted in Fig.7.1.