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4B-1
�1 1
x3 2
� �
2 2
a) On C1 : y = 0, dy = 0; therefore (x − y) dx + 2x dy = x dx = = .
C1 −1 3 −1 3
� � 1
On C2 : y = 1 − x2 , dy = −2x dx; (x2 − y) dx + 2x dy = (2x2 − 1) dx − 4x2 dx
C2 −1
1 � �1
2 4 10
�
= 2
(−2x − 1) dx = − x3 + x =− −2=− .
−1 3 −1 3 3
b) C: use the parametrization x = cos t, y = sin t; then dx = − sin t dt, dy = cos t dt
� � 0 � 0 �0
2 2 2
xy dx − x dy = − sin t cos t dt − cos t cos t dt = − cos t dt = − sin t = 1.
C π/2 π/2 π/2
c) C = C1 + C2 + C3 ; C1 : x = dx = 0; C2 : y = 1 − x; C3 : y = dy = 0
� � � 1 � � 1
y dx − x dy = 0+ (1 − x)dx − x(−dx) + 0 = dx = 1.
C C1 0 C3 0
� � 2π
e) C : x = t2 , y = t3 ; dx = 2t dt, dy = 3t2 dt
� � 2 � 2 �2
6y dx + x dy = 6t3 (2t dt) + t2 (3t2 dt) = (15t4 ) dt = 3t5 = 3 · 31.
C 1 1 1
1 2
�1
x 5
� � �
f) (x + y)dx + xy dy = 0+ (x + 2)dx = + 2x = .
C C1 0 2 0 2
4B-2 a) The field F points radially outward, the�unit tangent � t to the circle is always
perpendicular to the radius; therefore F · t = 0 and C F · dr = C F · t ds = 0
b) The field F is always tangent to the circle
� of radius� a, in the clockwise direction, and
of magnitude a. Therefore F = −at, so that C F · dr = C F · t ds = − C a ds = −2πa2 .
�
1
2 E. 18.02 EXERCISES
i+j
4B-3 a) maximum if C is in the direction of the field: C = √
2
i+j
b) minimum if C is in the opposite direction to the field: C = − √
2
i−j
c) zero if C is perpendicular to the field: C = ± √
√ √ 2
d) max = 2, min = − 2: by (a) and (b), for � the max or min F and √ C have
respectively the same or opposite constant direction, so C F · dr = ±|F| · |C| = ± 2.
� � 1
�1
F · dr = (1 + 3y 2 ) dy = (y + y 3 ) −1 = 4.
C2 −1
Using Method 1 to find the potential function f (x, y), we calculate the
C1 x1
line integral over the standard broken line path shown, C = C1 + C2 .
� � (x1 ,y1 )
f (x1 , y1 ) = F · dr = y(2x + y) dx + x(2y + x) dy.
C (0,0)
�
On C1 we have y = 0 and dy = 0, so F · dr = 0.
C1
� � y1
On C2 , we have x = x1 and dx = 0, so F · dr = x1 (2y + x1 ) dx = x1 y12 + x21 y1 .
C2 0
2 2
Therefore, f (x, y) = x y + xy ; to get all possible functions, add +c .
� 1 �1
x4 x6 7
�
C1 : x = x, y = x2 ; xy dx + y 2 dy = x · x2 dx + x4 · 2x dx = + =
C1 0 4 3 0 12
� 0 �0
2 3 2
�
2 2 2
C2 : x = x, y = x; xy dx + y dy = (x dx + x dx) = x =− .
C2 1 3 1 3
7 2 1
�
Therefore, xy dx + y 2 dy = − =− .
C 12 3 12
Evaluating the double
� �integral over�the interior R of C, we have
1� x
−x dA = −x dydx;
R 0 x2
�y=x �1
2 3 x3 x4 1 1 1
evaluating: Inner: −xy = −x + x ; Outer: − + =− + =− .
y=x2 3 4 0 3 4 12
� ��
3 4
4D-2 By Green’s theorem, 4x y dx + x dy = (4x3 − 4x3 ) dA = 0.
C
This is true for every closed curve C in the plane, since M and N have continuous
derivatives for all x, y.
4D-3 We use the symmetric form for the integrand since the parametrization of the curve
does not favor x or y; this leads to the easiest calculation.
1 1 2π 3 2π 2
� � �
Area = −y dx+x dy = 3 sin4 t cos2 t dt+3 sin2 t cos4 t dt = sin t cos2 t dt
2 C 2 0 2 0
� �2π
3 t sin 4t 3π
Using sin2 t cos2 t = 14 (sin 2t)2 = 41 · 12 (1 − cos 4t), the above = − = .
8 2 8 0 8
� ��
3 3
4D-4 By Green’s theorem, −y dx + x dy = (3x2 + 3y 2 ) dA > 0, since the integrand
C R
is always positive outside the origin.
4E-5 Since F and n both point radially outwards, F · n = |F| = am , at every point of the
circle C of radius a centered at the origin.
a) The flux across C is am · 2πa = 2πam+1 .
b) The flux will be independent of a if m = −1.
1 1 �1
3 2 3
�� �� � �
For the double integral, div F dA = 3x dA = 3x dydx = x = .
R R 0 0 2 0 2
x y
4F-5 r = (x2 + y 2 )1/2 ⇒ rx = 12 (x2 + y 2 )−1/2 · 2x = ; by symmetry, ry = .
r r
To calculate div F, we have M = rn x and N = rn y; therefore by the chain rule, and the
above values for rx and ry , we have
x
Mx = rn + nrn−1 x · = rn + n rn−2 x2 ; similarly (or by symmetry),
r
y
Ny = rn + nrn−1 y · = rn + n rn−2 y 2 , so that
4G-5
a) yes
b) no (a circle surrounding the line segment lies in R, but its interior does not)
c) yes (no finite curve could surround the entire positive x-axis)
d) no (the region does not consist of one connected piece)
e) yes if θ0 < 2π; no if θ0 ≥ 2π, since then R is the plane with (0, 0) removed
f) no (a circle between the two boundary circles lies in R, but its interior does not)
g) yes
4G-6
a) continuously differentiable for x, y > 0; thus R is the first quadrant without the two
axes, which is simply-connected.
b) continuous differentiable if r < 1; thus R is the interior of the unit circle, and is
simply-connected.
c) continuously differentiable if r > 1; thus R is the exterior of the unit circle, and is not
simply-connected.
d) continuously differentiable if r =6 0; thus R is the plane with the origin removed, and
is not simply-connected.
e) continuously differentiable if r =
6 0; same as (d).
4H-2 In each case, the winding number about each of the points is given, then the value
of the line integral of F around the curve.
√ √
a) (1, −1, 1); 2 − 2√+ 3
b) (−1, 0, 1); −2 + 3
c) (−1, 0, 0); −2 √ √
d) (−1, −2, 1); −2 − 2 2 + 3
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