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rp515 PDF
rp515 PDF
TH1
N21r2
no. 515 NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL QF CANADA
c. 2 CONSEIL NATIONAL DE RECHERCHES DU CANADA
BLDG
OTTAWA
February 1972
a 402925'
LES PROPRIETES MECANIQUES DES PATES A JOINTS:
I. LE COMPORTEMENT DES PATES DE SILICONES
EN FONCTION DE LA TEMPERATURE
SOMMAIRE
Une sine d'itudes ont dCji examini les propriitis micaniques des
pites i joints. La prisente Ctude examini, en fonction de la tem-
pCrature de l'expirience, l'itendue et la charge, lors de la difaillance,
des pites traities chimiquement et ayant une partie de silicone. Les
ichantdlons reproduisent approximativement la giomitrie des passes
a pite ufilisCes dans les joints de construction. On remarque un
changement des propriitis d'adhision lorsque la tempirature varie.
Enfin, a la lumikre des risultats obtenus, l'auteur inumkre certaines
conditions de recherche pour l'avenir.
ANALYZED
The mechanical properties of sealants have been ex- to act as water. dust. insect. and air barriers in the
amined in a series of studies. The present paper
examines the extension and load a t failure of chem-
joints, and are required to perform this task under
ically cured, one-component silicone sealants as a wide temperature variations and for considerable
function of test temperature. The test specimens were lengths of time. The sealant is most extended at the
an approximate representation of the geometry of lowest outside temperature and most compressed by
sealant beads used in building joints. It is shown that joint contraction during periods of high temperatures.
there is a change in adhesive properties as the tem-
perature varies. Test conditions for further investiga-
In Canada the demands made on sealants are severe
tions are selected on the basis of the results obtained. because even in moderately cold regions like Ottawa,
air temperatures regularly reach near -30 F (-35 C )
in winter and near 100 F (38 C ) in summer. How-
INTRODUCTION ever, more extreme temperatures occur on buildings,
SEALANTS can be used in the joints of the inner or depending on their orientation, surroundings, and
outer skin of buildings. Since requirements for ex- color of the surface. Stephenson1 gives, for example,
terior use are usually more severe, any sealant that ~ossibleextremes of 230 F ( 110 C ) for a dark-colored
I
performs well on the outside should perform well on horizontal roof and, at the lower end of the tempera-
the inside. Similarly, if a sealant passes a test of out- ture scale, a surface temperature 10 F (5.6 C ) lower
side performance, it should be suitable for inside use. -
than air temperature.
Development of test methods for sealants on the out- Because these demanding performance require-
side of buildings should be given priority because of ments have occasionally been combined with poor
their widespread use; the level of requirements can joint design and little knowledge of the mechanical
be later lowered for inside application if necessary. properties of sealants, failures of sealed joints have
I t is essential, however, that the test should be rele- occurred. This has probably led to a decreased con-
vant to outdoor perfoimance, and one should have fidence in the ability of sealants to perform satisfac-
accurate knowledge of the correlation between the torilv.
, It is h o ~ e dthat work undertaken here will im-
particular test conditions and the outdoor conditions. prove this sidation in part by studying the behavior
The most promising way of achieving this is by of sealants with temperature changes. The problem of
thorough investigation of the basic properties of seal- rate of movement will be investigated in a later Daper.
ants. The present test methods used in specifications This DaDer
I I
deals with the results obtained with
are not based on theoretical considerations, and it is silicone sealants only, but subsecluent work will con-
not clear how relevant they are. The ultimate aim of sider other types of polymers used for sealants. The
the work undertaken on the mechanical properties of order in which the various chemical types of materials
sealants is to fill this gap and find the necessary link will be tested and reported is not a reflection of their
between test methods and practical performance of relative importance.
sealants. This paper, the first in a series, has the task
of assessing the problem in general and of defining EXPERIMENTAL
the course for further investigations. Two commercially available, one-component
On the outside of buildings sealants are expected white silicone sealants of the chemically curing type
were investigated. Several different batches of the
Building Materials Section, Division of Building Research, Ottawa,
Canada. KIA 0R6. same commercial product were used in the test series.
56
M E C H A N I C A L PROPERTIES O F S E A L A N T S
DISCUSSION
Tensile curves typical of the many tests per-
formed with silicone sealants are illustrated in Figure
3. In the temperature range investigated, the stress-
strain curves show a progressive hardening at lower
temperatures. At elongation below 50%and loads less
than 50 psi (3.5 kglcm" there is little, if any, differ-
ence in results at different temperatures. Above -30 F
the differences are less than the precision limits of the
test. As the elongation and load increase, however,
the curves differ considerably, demonstrating a hard-
ening of the material with decreasing temperature.
With regard to sealant performance the failure
points are the most important feature of Figure 3. The
conditions under which failure occurs will, therefore,
be examined in more detail in the succeeding figures.
0 1
-60
I
LO
I
20 0
I I
20 40
I I
60
I
80
I
100
I
I20
I ,
OCGRft f
1972
VOL. 44, No. 565, FEBRUARY
A kOHISIV1 I A l l U R l
' PARTIAL AOH[SIVL IAILURL
0c o t i c R r r r
rAllunr
A BAlCIIA BATCH A
BATCH B 0 BATCH 8
BAlCH C 0 BAlCH C
BAlCH 0
BATCH t
A AOHtSIVL iAllURC
-611
I
.40
I
-70
I
0
I
70
I
40
I
60
I
80
I
LOO
I
170
I
OtGRtt f
Figure 6-Load at break a s a function of temperature. Figure 8-Extension at break as a function of temperature.
Brand I; primed cement mortar substrate Brand I; primed aluminum substrate
M E C H A N I C A L PROPERTIES O F SEALANTS
A BAICH A
0 BATCH 8
A BATCH C
.
A BATCH I
BAlCtI D
A AOHESIVE I A I L U R E
I M I X E D ADHESIVE A N 0
O c o ~ c ~ t rrA rt L u a r COHESIVE F A l l U R C
Figure 9-Extension at break as a function of temperature. Figure 11-Load at break as a function of temperature.
Brand I; primed cement mortar qubstrate Brand I; cement mortar substrate, not primed
A BATCH I
A BATCH 0
A A D H E S ~ V EF A l l U R L
/ MIXED AOHESlVE A N D
COHESIVE FAILURE
Figure 1-Extension at break as a function of temperature. Figure 12-Extension at break as a function of temperature.
Brand II; primed cement mortar substrate Brand I; cement mortar substrate, not primed
..-
1972
VOL. 44, No. 565, FEBRUARY
K. K. KARPATI
Table I-Effect of Priming on the Failure of Brand I Silicone Sealant. Aluminum Substrate
4 and 7. The old primer was a clear solution but with adhesion, which was not the case. The explanation for
a very slight deposit on the bottom of the can. As the the changing type and changing load at failure in sili-
results illustrate, even this small quantity was enough cone sealants probably lies in the change of the
to make the primer ineffective. thermal coefficient of expansion of the materials in-
There are significant observations from the point volved and in crystallinity. The coefficient of thermal
of view of establishing adhesion tests for sealants. The expansion of the polymer changes faster with tempera-
adhesive failure on the samples results from a peeling ture change than does that of the substrate. Since
action. Standards which call for a eel test on sealants
I
sealants are usually applied on buildings when the
usually specify a sample with the sealant adhering to temperature is at the middle of the temperature range
a substrate on only one side and some kind of fabric occurring in the geographic region, considerable
embedded in the sealant on the other side. The test stresses can be built up at the interface as a conse-
is done with the fabric folded back 180" and ~ u l l e d I
quence of the difference in contraction of the sub-
in this position after undercutting at the substrate to strate and of the sealant when the weather gets cooler.
start the peel. The angle is not the same as in a joint If the sealant were applied at a temperature higher
and is not well defined either. It depends, among than the middle temperature, the total stresss buildup
other things, on thickness, rate of peel and viscoelastic on cooling would be greater because of the larger
properties of the sealant. Failure often occurs at the temperature difference. In addition, there is very
fabric, and therefore gives no indication of the ad- likely some degree of crystallinity occurring in the
hesive properties to the substrate. Because the peel- polymer under the effect of stress and it probably in-
ing conditions and the whole configuration of the peel creases as the temperature decreases. Since the forma-
test sample are different from the conditions occurring tion of crystallites is accompanied by volumetric
in practice, it seems to be necessary to use tensile ad- change, crystallinity can add to the stresses building
hesion tests for establishing the adhesion character- up in the inteiface. It also has a reinforcing effect on
istics of sealants." Furthermore, as concluded from the -polymer, with the result that the load at failure
this work. adhesion should not be tested at room increases with decreasing temperature.
temperature only but preferably at a minimum of It has to be noted that the failure described as
three different temperatures
- covering the full operat- adhesive in this work is probably a weak boundary
ing range. failureqn the sealant, but it is so close to the sub-
It is ~ointlessto test adhesion onlv at room tem- strate that, observed by the naked eye, it seems to be
~erature;hen the adhesive DroDertiel of viscoelastic
I I adhesive. The surface appears as though a thickness
Laterials may go through tremendous changes at the of material conlparable
- to the primer were left on the
glass-transition temperature, as indicated by the works substrate.
of Bright3 and Voy~tskii.~ These workers investigated
peel sGength of I;olymers as a function of tempera-
ture and found shilar transitions from cohesive fail- CONCLUSION
ure to adhesive failure with decrease of temperature Testing of the sealant bead specimens illustrated
and at increasing loads as was found in this work. that the tensile test curves varied considerably with
The changing character of the failure as a func- varying temperature using a constant rate of elonga-
tion of tem~eraturecannot be attributed to stress con- tion. The differences were very small below about 50%
centration i t the comers exerting a peeling action on elongation and 50 psi (see Figure 3 ) . Above these
the sample. The stress concentration existed for all values, however, the curves differed considerably. Be-
recorded' failures and if it were the only factor induc- cause the conditions under which failure occurs are
ing adhesive failure, all samples should have failed in the most important performance characteristic of a
sealant, the occurrence of failure points was examined
Peel tests could be used, complementing tensile adhesion tests, for
tating comparative adhesion among substrates for a given sealant. from various aspects. The distribution of the failure
1972
VOL. 44, No. 565, FEBRUARY
points on both aluminum and cement mortar sub- (-23.3 C ) , -20 F (-28.9 C ) would be sufficient as
strates followed the same pattern. The break points the lowest test temperature for the region in question.
were arranged in a broad band which, for load at All tests have been done at a constant rate of ex-
break as a function of temperature, increased slightly tension of 0.05 in./min (0.127 cm/rnin) . This may be
as the temperature decreased until a sudden increase several orders higher than the average rate at which
occurred around -40 F (-40 C ) . The elongation at movement occurs in practice. The test results pre-
break as a function of temperature showed the points sented here do not give an indication of the behavior
gathering in a band as well, the value of which shifted at other rates of extension. The influence of rate of
progressively to approximately triple the values ob- extension on the failure of sealants should, therefore,
tained at room temperature when the temperature was be investigated as a next step toward the understand-
lowered to about -40 F. In this temperature region ing of sealant performance. As demonstrated in this
the band had a maximum and then it steeply de- paper, only Brand I silicone sealant should be used for
creased. further examination, partly because Brand I1 does not
Consequently, the silicone sealant can undergo have sufficiently good adhesion and partly because
larger extension with the lowering of temperature even if the lack of adhesion is discounted the tensile
without failure, provided the temperature does not properties are not very different for the two types and
drop below -40 F. This is a definite advantaqe since a it decreases the workload if only one of them is in-
sealant must undergo increasingly more extension as vestigated. As substrate, aluminum is preferable be-
the temperature decreases. Under -40 F the exten- cause its strength is high enough and the type of
sibility of the silicone sealant is considerably reduced, failure in the sealant is not camouflaged by a failure
although it is not less than at room temperature in the substrate. Another point in favor of choosing
The above findings were obtained with one of the aluminum is that both the load and extension at
brands examined. The second brand showed a much failure occurred at lower values on aluminum than on
larger scatter of the results, failure at lower loads and cement mortar. Consequently, results which will be
elongation and mainly adhesive failure even at room obtained on aluminum could be obtained on cement
temperature. One can conclude that Brand I1 silicone mortar as well, or the performance would be better
sealant has not reached the stage of develonment on the latter. The effect of moisture could alter this
where its adhesive pro~ertiesare satisfactory. Conse- picture, of course. but this effect is a separate vari-
quently, for future work only Brand I silicone sealant able which should be kept constant while the effect
will be used. of rate of extension is investigated.
On primed cement mortar, no adhesive failure
occurred with Brand I sealant above -50 F (-455
C ) . Below this temperature the tvpe of failure was ACKNOWLEDGMENT
camouflaged by failure occurring in the cement mor- The author wishes to acknowledge the assistance
tar substrate. On primed a1um:num the failure of G. M. Wallace and C. C. Barrett in executing the
changed from cohesive to adhesive at around -30 F tests discussed in this paper.
(-345 C ) . The im~ortanceof priming has been
further demonstrated around this temuerature: the This paper is a contribution from the Division of
absence of primer brought the extensibility readhg Building Research, National Research Council of
down to practically nothing. Canada, and is published with the approval of the
On cement mortar substrate the full tem~erature Director of the Division. +
ranpe has been explored without primer. It has been
found that coheske failure occurs at about 40 F References
( 4 5 C ) and the failure is adhesive at lower tempera-
(1) Stephenson. D. G.. "Canadian Building Digest," No. 47.
hires. Without primer the extensibilitv can drop to Division of Building Research, National Research Council
danqerously low- levels at low temperatures. It is ad- of Canada. Nov. 1963.
visable, therefore, to do adhesion testing not onlv at (2) CSA Standard A8, Masonry Cement, Canadian Standards
room temperature but also at the lowest temperature Assoc., Rexdale, Ont., 1956.
which occurs in practice and preferably at an inter- (3) Bright, W. M., "Adhesion and Adhesives," p. 130, Soc.
Chem. Ind., John Wiley & Sons, 1954.
mediate tem~eratureas well A suitable choice would
(4) Voyutskii, S. S., Markin, Yu. I., Gorchakova, V. M., and
he room temperature, +20 F (-6.7 C ) , and -40 F Gul, V. E., Adhesive Age, 8, 24. (Nov. 1965) .
f -40 C ) for regions similar to Ottawa or. if the air ( 5 ) Bikerman, J. J., "The Science of Adhesive Joints," Academic
temperature never drops under, for example, -10 F Press, 1968.
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