CHPATER NO: 03

ATOMIC STRUCTURE

Q: 01= Outline the main points of Daltons atomic theory?

Ans: In (1880) John Dalton, an English school teacher and chemist. He gave the ideas
of atomic theory. Which explain the chemical nature and existence of atom it is
known as “Daltons Atomic Theory?” some points atoms theory was given below.

(1): All elements are made up of small indivisible and Indestructible particles.

(2): All atoms of given elements shows that having same size, mass and chemical
properties but the atoms one element different from the atoms of other element.

(3): Compounds are performed when two or more than two atoms chemically
combine together in simple whole ratio.

(4): A chemical reaction is a rearrangement of atoms but atoms themselves are not
changed it means that the atoms are not destroy are not creat in chemical reaction.

Q: 02= what evidence is there that electrons are negatively charged particles?

Ans: A scientist name JJ Thomson was proved that through experiment electron is a
negatively charged particle. Electron were obtained from the nature cathode or the
gas in the discharge tube they rays deflected towards the positive plate in an
electric field showing that are negatively charged particles.

Q: 03= Define modern Atomic theory?

Ans: Daltons atomic theory tells us about according to him cannot be divided in
further. But as time passed new experimental facts appeared. According to modern
atomic theory, Atom is composed of small particles called sub- atomic particles.
(Fundamental particles).These is ELECTRON, PROTON and NEUTRON. We can that
Daltons atomic theory was largely successful in explaining the laws of chemical
combination.
Q:04= Define fundamental particles of atom?

Ans: The atom was generally identified as the smallest particle of elements. And
atom is consist on three sub atomic particles called (Electron, Proton and Neutron).

(1)ELECTRON
Electron is a negatively charged particle discovered by British physicist J.J Thomson
in (1897). The charge of electron is equal to (1. 602 x 1019) and the actual mass of
this particle (electron) is (9.109x10-31) k.g and always resolve around the nucleus. It
is denoted by small “e”.

(2) PROTON

Proton is a positively charge particle it was discovered by German physicist “stein

gold” in (1886). The actual charge on proton is( 1.602x10-19) and proton is 1839
times heavier than electron. The actual mass of proton is( 1.672x10-27) k.g and it is
denoted by “p”.

(3) NEUTRON

It is third sub atomic particle, it was discovered by English physicist James Chadwick
in 1932. The actual mass of neutron is( 1.76x10-27) It has no any charge, it always in
rest and it is present in the nucleus of an atom, it is denoted by “n”

Q:05= Discuss Ruther ford gold metal foil experiment? What did it tell us about
the structure of the atom?

Ans: In 1911 A scientists named Ruther ford start the series of experiment. He
passed a beam of Alpha ∝ particles through a very thin gold metal foil, he found
that most of alpha ∝ particles passed through it with out any deflection and some
particles deflect at large angle and very few particles come back from the result of
Ruther ford experiment.

(1) The volume occupied by an atom must be largely empty as most of the ∝ (alpha)
particle passed through with out any deflection.

(2): The positive charge in the atom concentracted in extremely dense region which
called the nucleus this was fact that particle after collision with a heavy positively
charge nucleus had come back. According to the Ruther ford model an atom consist
of two parts
(1): Nucleus

(2): Extra nucleus

Q:06= Define the weakness or defects of Ruther ford atomic theory?

Ans: According to classical physicist since always electron revolving around the
nucleus it should lose energy and finally fall down into the nucleus. If they resolving
electron emit energy continuously then there would be a continous spectrum but it
contrast to it we get line spectrum from the atom of element.

Q:07= Explain the main features of Bohr’s theory?

Ans: The main features of Neil bohrs theory are given below:

(1) Electron resolve in fixed energy level around the nucleus.

(2) As long an electron revolves in a fixed energy level it energy remains unchanged.

(3) The electron