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    8 views12 pages

    AICE 3rd Unit

    Uploaded by

    Mithun Raj
    Bh

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 12
    UNIT Ill ENGINE EXHAUST EMISSION CONTROL 2MARK QUESTION AND ANSWER 1, What are the major exhaust emissions? The major exhaust emissions are a. Unbumt hydrocarbons (HC) b. Oxides of carbon (co and co2) ©. Oxides of nitrogen (NO and NO2) 4. Oxides of sulphur (SO2 and S03) . Particulates f. Soot and smoke 2, What are the causes for hydrocarbon emission from S.I Engine? ‘The causes for hydro carbon emission from S.I engine are 1. Incomplete combustion. 2. Crevice volume and flow in crevices. 3. Leakage past the exhaust valve. 4, Valve overlap. 5. Deposits on walls. 6. Oil on combustion chamber walls. 3. What are the reasons for incomplete combustion in SI engine? Incomplete combustion is due to a. Improper mixing due to incomplete mixing of the air and fuel. Some fuel particles do not find the oxygen to react with this cause the emissions. b. Flame quenching: As the flame goes very close to the walls it gets quenched fat the walls leaving a small volume of unreacted air fuel mixture. 4, What are the reasons for flame quenching? The reason for flame quenching is the expansion of gases. (i) As the piston moves down from TDC to BDC during power stroke, expansion of the gases lowers both pressure and temperature with in the cylinder. This makes combustion slow and finally quenches the flame and causes the emissions. (ii) High exhaust gas contamination causes poor combustion and which in tum causes quenching during expansion. feong 0 ace S285 very cose 10 tho walls gels quenched atthe wate Yeaving @ small volume of unreact ted ir-t ‘5. How the ol consumption increases in 1C eng id what are the effects ln 98 engines ages, due © wear, clearance beNeen the pisne and ovtinder increases ol consumption contibutes to increases in te issions in three ways. ®. There is en added crevices volume. Be There fs added ebsorpion ”desorpon of fuel in the ticker oll fm on eyinder walls ©. There is oit burned in the combustion process. 6. short note on carbon monoxide emissions Gerbon monoxide is colourless ond odouriess but poisonous gos. i is ‘generated in an engine when it is operated with a h equivalence ‘mixing, local rich regions, and incomplete combustion wil also be the co omissions, 7. What is photochemi ‘smog? NOx fs the primary causes of photochemical smog, Smog is formed by the Photochemical reaction of automobiles exhaust and stmospheric air in the presence of sunlight. NO2 + energy from sunligh—> NO + 0 «smog 8. What are soot particles? Soot particles are clusters of solid carbon sheres. These spheres have diameter fom 9nm to 90nm (inm = 10-3). But most of them are within the range of 15 * 30mm. The spheres are solid carbon with HC and traces of olher components ‘absorbed on the surface. Single soot particles may contain up to S000 carbon / te XQ oe Zs ‘he most effecive after treatment for reducing engine Homables, Co can be oxidied to COZ and Hz converters if the temperature is held st 600- 700 . ent, the temperaxe needed to sustain these osdaton Processes is reduced to 250 - 300 , making for a much moe atractve system. 10. What is catalyst? ‘A extast is a substance that accelerates chemical reaction by loweing the energy ‘eed for i to proceed. The catalyst is not consumed in the reacon and so functions Indefnitely unless dograded by heat age contaminants Calaiyic converters are called 25 thee way converters beceuse they ore used {© reduce the concentaton of CO, HC and NOX in the exhaust. 18, Wat are the types of ceramie structure used In eatalyle convertor? Inside the conlaner Is process ceramic suture tough which the exhaust gas ows. ‘The ceramic & a single honey comb structure with many flow passages. . Some converters use loose granular ceramic with the gas passing between tho packed spheres. 14, List out the drawbacks of catalytic convertor. ‘Sulphur offers unique problems for catalytic converte the conversion of $02 to SO3 which eventually eon degreds the catalyic convertor and contibutes to acid .Catayic canveners are not very efficient when they are cok. When an engines ‘stared after not being operated for several hours i takes sovrat minus for te = convertor to reach en efficient operating temperature called es cold start up problem. 15, What are the methods of catalytic converters preheating? ‘The methods of catalytic converters preheating included the folowing 2. By locating the converters close 10 the engine b. By cc. By employing electlc preheating d. By using flame heating e. Incorporating femission: Water vapour, carton dloxide, oxides of nitrogen, Uunbumnt hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, aldehydes. Visible emission: Smoke, particulate. 17, What are the methods of measuring the following emission? 3. (Oxides of rittogen = CHEMILUMINESCENCE ANALYZER ». Carbon monoxide = NON DISPERSIVE INFRARED ANALYZER ‘e.Unbumed hydrocarbons = FLAME IONIZATION DETECTOR (FID) we {15 MARK QUESTION AND ANSWER. SVCI ENGINE EMISSIONS LUnbumed Hydro Cartons - Carbon monoxide a 2 3. Onides of nitrogen A s. 5. Parcuates including smoke Pollutant formation in SUCI Engine Fe Mechanism of NO formation: ‘The site oxde fomation ding the combuston process is the resut of oup of elementary reocion ivcving te nitogen and onygen molecules. Dierent mechanism proposed is dscussed below. action between ty and O2 Nz + Oz F200 ‘This mechanism proposed by Eyzat and Guibet predicts NO concentrations much lower that these measured in 1.C engines. According to this mechanism, te formation process Is 100 slow for NO to reach equilbrium at peak temperatures 'b. Zeléovich Chal Reaction mechanism: Produces NO and sitrogen atoms. In the equat riogen toms react with oxygen molecule to form ite oxide and atomic oxygen. ‘According to this mechanism nitrogen atoms 60 not stent the chain Feaction because their equirium concentration during the combustion process is relatively low compared to that of atomic oxygen. Experiments have shown that ibrium concentrations of both oxygen atoms end ric oxide molecues ‘werease with temperature and with leaning of mixtures. i hes also been ‘observed that NO formed st the maximum cycle temperature does not decompose feven during the expansion stroke when the gas temperature decreases. Im general i can be expected that higher temperate formation of NO by speeding the formation reactions. Ample ‘also increase the formation of NO. The NO ler operations, i.e. A/F 15, since there is litle Op ‘concentration fall off even with addtional oxygen. Measurements taken on NO concentrations at the exhaust valve indicate that the concentration rises to a poak and then fall as the combustion gases exheust {rom the cylinder. This is consistent with the idea that NO is formed In the bulk ‘gases. The first gas exhausted is that near the exhaust valve folowed by the bulk ‘92ses. The last gasos out should be those from near the cylinder wall and should exhibit lower temperatures and lower NO concentation. Hydrocarbons formation: Hydrocarbon exhaust emission may aise from tee sources a te combustion of charge ng in 2-svoke engines In an automotive type 4-stroke cycle engine, wall quenching is the predominant source of exhaust hydrocarbon under mast operating condions. 29, Wall quenching: ‘exhaust gas shows a marked variation in HC emission. ‘he frst gas that ents is fom near the valve and is relatively cool. Due to this itis seh in HC. The next part of gas that comes fs from the hot combustion ‘chamber and hence © low HC concentration. The last part of the gas that exis is seropped off the cool cinder wall and is relatively cool. Therefore i is aso rich ln HC emission, ». Incomplete combustion: ‘Under operating condtions, where mistures are exteely sch of lean, ‘oF exhaust gas dlision 1s excessive, incomplete fame propagation occurs dung ‘combuston end resus in incomplete combustion of the charge. Normally, the carburetor supplies air fuel mitre in the combusible range. from high vacuum operation such as idle or deceleration. © However curing transient operation, especially during warm up ond oceleration it Carbon monoxide Formation: Possible thot sometimes 100 rich or too lean mixture enters the ‘combustion chamber resulting in very high HC emission, Factors wich promote incomplete fame propagation and misfie include: ‘8, Poor condition of the ignition system, using spark plug b. Low charge temperature Poor charge homogenety J. Too rch or lean mtu in the eyinder + Large exhaust residual quontiy . Poor distibution of residuats with cinder CCarburetion end misture preparation, evaporation and miking in the intake manifold, stomization at the intake valve and swit and twulence in the combustion chamber ‘re some factors which influence gaseous mistue ration and degree of charge hhomogenelty Including residual mixing. “The engine and intake system temperature resulting from prior operation of the engine atfect charge tempersture snd can also stlct Valve overtap, engine speed, spark timing, com system back pressure affect te amount and Fuel volatiiy of the fuel is also one of the main reasons. . Seavenging: In 2-stroke engine a third source of HC emission results from scavenging of the ender with fuel air mixture. Due 10 scavenging part of the sir fuel mixture blows through the eyinder directly inlo exhaust pat and escapes combustion process completely. HC emission from 2 2-Swoke potiol engine Is comparatively higher than 4-Suoke petrol engine. ‘Black or hot smoke: Wt consists of unbuint carton paricies (0.5 " 1 microns in diameter) and commer sold products of combustion. This smoke appears after engine is womed UP and Is accelerating of puling under load. Formation of smoke in Diesel engines: “The main cause of smoke formation & known 10 be inadequate mixing of fuel and ai. Smoke Ie formed when the local temperate ie high enough 19 decompose fuel in a region where there Is insufiient exygen to bum the carbon that fs formed. The formaton of ver-rch fuel ar mixtures either generally oF in locatzed regions wil result in smoke. Large amounts of carbons will be formed Priculate matter 1 ood is used with with the exheust gos to the ground while ‘compound Particulates when problems and other Pariculotes when sete on the ground they spoll the nature of the object on ‘which they are setting. Lead, a particulate is @ slow poison and ulimately leads to death. 7 re = &, atte ag — Particulate matter and Pani Oxidation Products Formation: ‘organi ond inorganic compounds of higher molecular weights and lead compounds resulting ffom the use of TEL afe exhausted in the form of very smalt size particles of the order of 0.02 10 0.06 microns. About 75% of the lead ‘bumed in the engine I exhausted into the atmosphere in this form and rest 15 deposited on engine pats ‘Some traces of products of paral oxidation ore also present In the exhaust gos of which formaldehyde and acetaldehyde ere important. Other ‘constivents are phendlic acids, Ketones, ethers etc., These are essentially products of incomplete combustion of the fuel. Greenhouse Effect, The reenhouse effect is = process by which themal radon fom a planetary sufece Is absorbed by atmospheric greenhouse and is re-rodiated in a dvections, Since part of this re-radiation is back towards the surface, energy is trancered wo the ‘surfece and the lower atmosphere. As a resul, the temperaute there is higher then Mt would be i direct heating by solar radiation were the only warning ‘mechanism, Greenhouse gases By their percentage contibution to the greenhouse effect on Earth the four major ‘gases are: + water vapour, 36-70% + carbon dioxide, 9.26% + methane, 49% + ozone, 37% ‘The greenhouse effect is the retention by the Earth's atmosphere in the form of hheat some of the energy that arrives fiom the Sun as light. Certain gases, including carbon dioxide (CO 2) and metnane (CH 4), are tansparent to most ‘of the wavelengths of light amtiving from the Sun but are relatively opaque to infrared or heat radiation; thus, energy passes through the Earth's atmosphere on artval, is converted to heat by absorption at the surface and in the atmosphere, ‘and is not easily re-radiated into space. The same process is used to heat @ ‘solar greenhouse, only with glass, rather than gas, as the heat-trapping material. ‘The greenhouse effects happen to maintain the Earth's surface temperature witin & range comfortable for living things; without ft, the Earth's surface would be much colder. ‘The greenhouse effect is mostly @ natural phenomenon, but ts intensity, according to a majorty of climatologsis, may be increasing because of increasing atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other greenhouse gases. These increased ‘concentrations are occuring because of human actvtis, especialy the buming of fossil fuels ond the clearing of forests (which remove CO 2 fram the atmosphere ‘and store its carbon in cellulose, [C 6 H 10 0 5] n). A probable consequence 52 & ‘ A © PenccteO mosphere 6. suns enetly Srapoed by GH gases di Sun's energy reflected by particulate matter ‘of an intensitcation of Earth's greenhouse effect wil be @ signifeart warming of the ‘amesphere. This in tum would result in important secondary changes, such as 2 rise ns In the patiems of prociptaton. Those, in species ore steady being to extinction by impose profound adustments on human socey. Methods of controlling emissions 1. NOx ts decreased by ‘A. Decreasing the combustion chamber temperature ‘The combustion chamber temperature can be decressed by 1. Decreasing compression ratio - Retarding spark timing 3. Decreasing charge temparature 4. Decreasing engine speed 5. Decreasing inlet charge pressure 6. Exhaust gas recicuation 7. Increasing humisiy , By decreasing oxygen available inthe flame front ‘The emount of oxygen avaliable in the chamber can be convoled by 1. Rich misure 2. Swatified charge engine 3. Divided combustion chomber 2, Hydrocarbon emission can be decreased by 1. Decreasing the compression ratio. 2. Retarding the spark 3. Increasing charge temperature 4 Increasing coolant temperature 5. Insulating exhaust manifold 6. Increasing engine speed 7. Lean mbaure 3.60 can be decreased by 1 Lean alr fuel ratio 2. Adding oxygen in the exhaust 3. Increasing coolant temperature. ‘Three way catalytic converter |A catatic converter is @ vehicle emissions control device which converts toxic by-products of combustion less tore substances by way of catalysed chemical reactions. The specif reactions vary wit the type of catalyst installed. Most present-day vehicles that run on gasoline are fited with a jhree way’ converter, so named because it converts the exhaust of an intemal combustion engine to ‘twee main polltants in automatile exhaust: carbon monoside, unbumed hydrocarbon and oxides of nitogen ‘A three way catalyst is a misture of platinum end rhodium. W acts on al tee of the regulated poltants (HC, CO and NOx) but only when the air-fuel rao is I the engine is operated with the ideal or stoichiometric eit “The three way calahst Is very effective. It stips oxygen away from the NOx to form harmless water, carbon dioxide and nivogen. However the sir-fuel ratio must be precisely controled, othenwse the three way calahst does not work. Figure shows a three way catalytic converter. The front tho direction of 95 flow) handles NOx ond party handles HC and CO. The party tested exhaust ‘985 is mined with secondary air. The mixture of party treated exhaust gos ond Secondary ir fows into the rear section of the chamber. The two way catalyst Present in the rear section takes care of HC and CO. 1. Reduction of nittogen oxides to nitrogen and oxygen: 2NOx + x02 + NZ 2. Oxidation of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide: 260 + 02 + 2co2 3. Oxidation of unburmt hycrocarbons (HC) to carbon dioxide and water: Cxiax+2 + [(3x+1)/2] 02 + xCO2 + (x1) H20. Diesel particuta articulate Trap) A diesel paniculate fiter (or OPF) is a device designed to remove éesel Parculate matter oF soot ffom the exhaust gas of diesel engine. Wallfow close! paticulate fiters usualy remove 85% or more of the soot and under certain Conditions can atin soot removal efficiencies of close to 100%. Some fits ore single-use, intended for disposal and replacement once full of accumulated ash. Others are designed to bum off the accumulated paniculate ether possi of @ catalyst or by active means such as a fuel burmer eaaust =o Wo mpeg 9S ‘@sooT PaRMCLE ‘ASH PARTIC OF NOx to onidize the accumulated sh, oF through other methods. This is known 95 “fiter regeneration”. Cleaning is also required os part of pesiocc maintenance, ‘end Ht must be done caretully to avoid damaging the fier, Faure of 1 ‘oF turbochargers resuting in contamination of the ‘iter with row dese! or engine ‘ll can also necesstate cleaning. Emission (HC, CO, NO and NOX) measuring equipment's infrared sensor (Carbon mone oxide) ‘The msin components are on infrared source (lamp), a sample chamber or light tube, 2 wavelength sample chamber, and gas concentration is measured electo- optically by its absorption of a specife wavelength in the infrared (IR). The IR. light is directed through the sample chamber towards the parallel the is enother char ith an enclosed reference gas, typically niogen. The dé ‘has an optical filer in front of i that eliminates all ight except the wavelengt the selected gas molecules can absorb. Ideally other gas molecules do not absorb light at this wavelength, and do not affect the amount of ight reaching the detector to compensate for interfering components. For instance, COZ end H2O often inate ross sensitivity in the infrared spectrum. As many measurements in the IR area are cross sensiive to H20 itis difficult to analyse for instance SO2 and NOZ in low concentrations using the infrared light principle. The IR signal from the source Is usually chopped or modulated so ermal background signals can be offset from the desired signal hat Flame ionization detector (Hydro Carbon) ‘The operation of the FID is based on the detection of ions formed during combustion of organic compounds in @ hydrogen flame. The generation of these Jons is proportional to the concentration of organic species in the sample gas ‘steam. Hydrocarbons generally have molar response factors that oro equal to number of carbon atoms in their molecule, while oxygenates and other species that ‘contain heteroatoms tend to have a lower response factor. Carbon monoxide and ‘carbon dioxide are not detectable by FID. — In oxdor to detect ese ions, two electrodes are used to provide poten!

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