! " #
  $ %    
 
  &' & ( )
 *
+ %
  ,*- 


 




 
  


     !

"   # $

   % &'

 &

 


. 
 

           


             


  
        




 /
 )#



                 
 
0 

 #

  
 *  )

  
 )   


1  )#


 * 

 
#

 * 
  $& ) 
2 
 ##

  *  )

   
 

 
*

3 4)# 

 * 



 
 
 *

 (   ) 

   %
 #5


 
 

. 4

  *   



  


 
% 

 

  *   )


  



- 
0 '#
 

  *   ) 

* ##6 )
 *   
 




 
    


 6#
 *%

 2
 #
 
       
       



 

       
  

 

  $)# 


 /
 )#

  %



 
         
  

  



 
 
  
 
    


 

 &



1 

 # # 


60
Data of McKeon et al. (2004)
Extension of MLWL, Eq.(19) 13719000
50 Law of the wall, Eq.(16) 7806100
Arctangent law, Eq.(15)

1795000
40

410860
30
Re = 74345
20

10 (5 representative profiles)
shift by 5

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
10 10 10 10 10 10 10
2 

 *  
 80
Data of Osterlund (1999)
Extension of MLWL, Eq.(19)
SW981008A
Law of the wall, Eq.(16)
Arctangent law, Eq.(15) SW981006C
70
SW981006B

SW981006A
60

SW981005F

50 SW981005E

SW981005A

40 SW981005B

SW981005C

30
SW981005D

20
potential flow

shift by 5
10

0
0 1 2 3 4 5
10 10 10 10 10 10
3 

 #- 
 60
SRP2
SRP1

50 P8
P7

P6
P5

40
P4

P3
30

P2

shift by 4
20 P1

10 Data of Nezu and Rodi (1986)

Data of Steffler et al.
Extens ion of MLWL, Eq. (19)
Law of the wall, Eq.(16)
Arctangent law, Eq. (15)
0
0 1 2 3 4
10 10 10 10 10

    

. '#
 
   
          
    
  
 
   

 )  "
 



   "
           
0 $)* 
 

 ) 5 - 
   
          
   
   
     
   
  
   
 

 ) 5  

1 

 
  # #" *   #-
"   #
 
.         
 

0.12
Data of Nikuradse (1933)
0.1 Theoretical bed, Eq.(21)
Asymptotes, Eqs. (22) and (23)
0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02

0
0 1 2 3
10 10 10 10
0 
 *%  
 
   
       
    
   
          
    
 

    
 

 

   
 

          
 
1 7
 #5  
  


   
          
    
  
 
   



2 

 ,  


5.3 11 21 37 67
+
20 R/k = 252 k = 2.5
s s

15

10

5
Data of Nikuradse (1933)
Law of the wall, Eq.(27)
Slipping velocity, Eq.(28)
0
0 1 2 3 4
10 10 10 10 10
   %
0
10
Derived threshold criterion

Data from many sources

-1
10

-2
10
-2 -1 0 1 2 3
10 10 10 10 10 10


  % ##  



  *
 %-

 #5 
 * 

  % ##    


  *



  
 
*
%

#5

 ## 
 ## )  
  %

(   )  * 


8