A Project report

on

Space Vector PWM Algorithm Concept

Implemented To Voltage Source Inverter
submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING
by

Bingi Srivani 11k81A0205

D.L.Sowjanya 11k81A0208
J.Jahnavi 11k81A0215
G.Rithveen Reddy 11k81A0210

Under the guidance of

PROF:BABITA NANDHA

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

ST. MARTIN'S ENGINEERING COLLEGE

( Non-Minority College, Affiliated to JNTUH, Approved By AICTE, NBA Accredited)

DHULAPALLY,NEAR KOMPALLY,SECUNDERABAD-500014,TS.
 ST. MARTIN'S ENGINEERING COLLEGE
( Non-Minority College, Affiliated to JNTUH, Approved By AICTE, NBA Accredited)

DHULAPALLY,NEAR KOMPALLY,SECUNDERABAD-500014,TS.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled “Space Vector PWM Algorithm Concept
Implemented To Voltage Source Inverter” is being submitted by

Bingi Srivani 11k81A0205

D.L.Sowjanya 11k81A0208
J.Jahnavi 11k81A0215
G.Rithveen Reddy 11k81A0210

in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of BACHELOR OF

TECHNOLOGY to JNTU, Hyderabad. This record is a bonafide work carried out by them
under my guidance and supervision. The result embodied in this project report has not been
submitted to any other university or institute for the award of any degree of diploma.

Internal Guide External Guide

H.O.D
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am grateful to The Dept. of Electrical Engineering, ST MARTIN'S

Engineering College for giving me the opportunity to execute this project,
which is an integral part of the curriculum in B. Tech programme of the JNTU
HYDERABAD.

I would like to take this opportunity to express heartfelt gratitude for my

project guide Prof. BABITA NANDHA, who provided me with valuable inputs
at various stages of this project.

I would also like to acknowledge the support of every individual who assisted
me in making this project a success and I would like to thank
MR.K.SHASHIDHAR REDDY, H.O.D Electrical Dept. for his guidance,
support and direction without which project would not have taken shape.

I am also thankful to the staff of Electrical Engineering. Department for

cooperating with me during the course of my project.

Bingi Srivani 11k81A0205

D.L.Sowjanya 11k81A0208
J.Jahnavi 11k81A0215
G.Rithveen Reddy 11k81A0210
 CONTENTS
Topic Page No.

Abstract .............. [I]

Chapter-1
1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 INVERTER

1.1.1.Classifaction Of Inverters

1.2 TYPES OF INVERTER.

1.2.1.Square Wave Inverter

1.2.2.Modified Square Wave.

1.2.3.True Sine Wave Inverter

Chapter-2
2) PULSE WIDTH MODULATION IN INVERTER.

2.1.SINGLE PULSE WIDTH MODULATION

2.2.MULTIPLE PULSE WIDTH MODULATION

2.3.SINUSOIDAL PULSE WIDTH MODULATION

 Principle

 Advantages

 Disadvantages
Chapter-3

3.1) SPACE VECTOR PULSE WIDTH MODULATION

3.2) VOLTAGE SPACE VECTORS

3.3) COMPARISION OF SINUSOIDAL PWM and SPACE VECTOR PWM

Conclusion

References
Abstract

Pulse Width Modulation variable speed drives are increasingly applied in many
new industrial applications that require superior performance. Recently,
developments in power electronics and semiconductor technology have lead
improvements in power electronic systems. Hence, different circuit
configurations namely multilevel inverters have become popular and
considerable interest by researcher are given on them. Variable voltage and
frequency supply to a.c drives is invariably obtained from a three-phase voltage
source inverter. A number of Pulse width modulation (PWM) schemes are used
to obtain variable voltage and frequency supply. The most widely used PWM
schemes for three-phase voltage source inverters are carrier-based sinusoidal
PWM and space vector PWM (SVPWM). There is an increasing trend of using
space vector PWM (SVPWM) because of their easier digital realization and
better dc bus utilization. This project focuses on space vector algorithm
implemented to voltage source inverter. Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation
SVPWM is one of the most used techniques to generate sinusoidal voltage and
current due to its facility and efficiency with low harmonics distortion. This
algorithm is specially used in power electronic applications.

[I]
 CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION

[1]
1.1 INVERTERS
An inverter is basically a device that converts electrical energy of DC form into that of AC.
The purpose of DC-AC inverter is to take DC power from a battery source and converts it to
AC. For example the household inverter receives DC supply from 12V or 24V battery and
then inverter converts it to 240V AC with a desirable frequency of 50Hz or 60Hz. These DC-
AC inverters have been widely used for industrial applications such as uninterruptible power
supply (UPS), AC motor drives. Recently, the inverters are also playing an important role in
various renewable energy applications as these are used for grid connection of Wind Energy
System or Photovoltaic System. In addition to this, the control strategies used in the inverters
are also similar to those in DC-DC converters.
Both current-mode control and voltage-mode control are employed in practical
applications. The DC-AC inverters usually operate on Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)
technique.

1.1.1 classification of inverters

Inverters can be broadly classified into two types:

1.voltage source inverter

2.current source inverter

Voltage source inverter: The type of inverter where the independently controlled ac
output is a voltage waveform. The output waveform is mostly unaffected by the load. It
is used in Adjustable speed drives (ASDS),flexible ac transmission systems (FACTS).

Current source inverter: The type of inverter where the independently controlled ac
output is a current waveform. It is widely used in medium-voltage industrial
applications where high-quality voltage waveforms are required.

 Speed control of ac motors,

 Induction heating,

 Synchronous motor starting.

1.2 INVERTER TYPES
There are generally three types of inverter for general purpose
Square Wave Inverter
Modified Square Wave Inverter
True Sine Wave Inverter

1.2.1 Square Wave Inverter: This is the basic type of inverter. Its output is a alternating
square
wave. The harmonic content in this wave is very large. This inverter is not efficient and can
give serious damage to some of the electronic equipment. But due to low cost, it has some
limited number of applications in household appliances

fig 1:Square Wave Inverter Output

1.2.2 Modified Square Wave Inverter: A modified sine wave inverter actually has a
waveform more like a square wave, but with an extra step or so. Because the modified sine
wave is noisier and rougher than a pure sine wave, clocks and timers may run faster or not
work at all. A modified sine wave inverter will work fine with most equipment, although the
efficiency or power will be reduced with some. But with most of the household appliances it
works well.

1.2.3 True Sine Wave Inverter: This type of inverter provides output voltage
waveform which is very similar to the voltage waveform that is received from the
Grid. The sine wave has very little harmonic distortion resulting in a very „clean‟
supply and makes it ideal for running electronic systems such as computers, digital
fix racks and other sensitive equipment without causing problems or noise. Things
like mains battery chargers also run better on pure sine wave converters.

Fig3: True Sine Wave Inverter

Benefits of using True Sine Wave Inverter:
Most of the electrical and electronic equipments are designed for the sine wave.
Some appliances such as variable motor, refrigerator, microwave will not be able to provide
rated output without sine wave.
Electronic clocks are designed for the sine wave.
Harmonic content is less.
 CHAPTER-2
PULSE WIDTH MODULATION
2.PULSE WIDTH MODULATION (PWM):

The Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) is a technique which is characterized by the

generation of constant amplitude pulse by modulating the pulse duration by modulating the
duty cycle. Analog PWM control requires the generation of both reference and carrier
signals that are feed into the comparator and based on some logical output, the final output is
generated. The reference signal is the desired signal output maybe sinusoidal or square wave,
while the carrier signal is either a sawtooth or triangular wave at a frequency significantly
greater than the reference.
There are various types of PWM techniques and so we get different output and the
choice of the inverter depends on cost, noise and efficiency.

Basic PWM Techniques:

There are three basic PWM techniques
1. Single Pulse Width Modulation
2. Multiple Pulse Width Modulation
3. Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation

2.1 Single Pulse Width Modulation: In this modulation there is an only one output pulse per
half cycle. The output is changed by varying the width of the pulses. The gating signals are
generated by comparing a rectangular reference with a triangular reference. The frequency of
the two signals is nearly equal. Fig3: Single Pulse Width Modulation
 The rms ac output voltage

2ton
Vo = Vs√ =Vs√2𝛿
T

ton
δ = duty cycle= T

modulating index =
𝑉𝑟
𝑉𝑐
Where Vr = Reverence signal voltage
Vc = Carrier signal voltage
By varying the control signal amplitude Vr from 0 to Vc the pulse width ton can be modified
from 0 secs to T/2 secs and the rms output voltage Vo from 0 to Vs.
2.2. Multiple Pulse Width Modulation: In this modulation there are multiple number of
output pulse per half cycle and all pulses are of equal width. The gating signals are generated
by comparing a rectangular reference with a triangular reference. The frequency of the
reference signal sets the output frequency (fo) and carrier frequency.
The number of pulses per half cycle is determined
by p:
𝑓𝑐
p= 2𝑓𝑜

The rms ac output voltage

Vo =Vs √p
Where
tON
duty ratio= T

The variation of modulation index (MI) from 0 to 1 varies the pulse from 0 to π/p and the
output voltage from 0 to Vs.
 fig:4 multiple pulse width modulations

2.3. Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation: In this modulation technique are multiple
numbers of output pulse per half cycle and pulses are of different width. The width of each
pulse is varying in proportion to the amplitude of a sine wave evaluated at the centre of the
same pulse. The gating signals are generated by comparing a sinusoidal reference with a high
frequency triangular signal.
The rms ac output voltage
𝒑𝜹
Vo= Vs √
𝝅
𝟐𝒑
Vo= 𝑽𝒔√∑𝒎=𝟏 𝜹𝒎/𝝅

Where p=number of pulses and δ= pulse width

Fig5: Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation
Features for comparing various PWM Techniques:
Switching Losses
Utilization of Dc power supply that is to deliver a higher output voltage with the same DC
supply.
Linearity in voltage and current control.
Harmonics contents in the voltage and current.

Advantages of SPWM:

Low power consumption.

High energy efficient up to 90%.

High power handling capability.

No temperature variation-and ageing-caused drifting or degradation in linearity.

Easy to implement and control.

Compatible with today's digital microprocessors

Disadvantages of SPWM:
Attenuation of the wanted fundamental component of the waveform.
Drastically increased switching frequencies that leads to greater stresses on associated
switching devices and therefore derating of those devices.
Generation of high-frequency harmonic components.
 CHAPTER-3
SPACE VECTOR PULSE WIDTH
MODULATION
3.SPACE VECTOR PULSE WIDTH MODULATION:

It is an advanced intense computational modulations method with several advantages such as

less harmonic content relative to other PWM modulations, effective utilisation of DC bus,
and complete digital implementation by a single chip microprocessor.

Definition:

x
2
3

x a (t )  axb (t )  a 2 x c (t ) 

a = ej2/3 = cos(2/3) + jsin(2/3)

a2 = ej4/3 = cos(4/3) + jsin(4/3)

x – can be a voltage, current or flux and does not necessarily has to be sinusoidal.

Space vector representation of a three-phase quantities xa(t), xb(t) and xc(t) with space
distribution of 120o apart is given by the above equations.

fig:5 topology of a 3 leg voltage source inverter

 v
2
3

vaN  avbN  a 2 vcN  v Nn (1  a  a 2 ) , here (1+a+a^2 = 0)

vvaN = VdcSa, vbN = VdcSbcN = VdcSc , Sa, Sb, Sc = 1 or 0

2
ῡ =3 Vdc ( Sa +Sb*a +Sb *a^2 )

v
2
3

v a ( t )  av b ( t )  a 2 v c ( t ) 

3.1 PRINCIPLE OF SVPWM :

The topology of a three-leg voltage source inverter is shown in Fig. 6. Because of the
constraint that the input lines must never be shorted and the output current must always be
continuous a voltage source inverter can assume only eight distinct topologies. These topologies
are shown on Fig. 5. Six out of these eight topologies produce a nonzero output voltage and are
known as non-zero switching states or active switching states and the remaining two
topologies produce zero output voltage and are known as zero switching states.

fig:5a switching states of VSI

Space vector voltage Switching states On state switches

Zero state Vo 111 S1,S3,S5

Zero state V7 000 S4,S6,S2

Active state V1 100 S1,S6,S2

Active state V2 110 S1,S3,S2

Active state V3 010 S4,S3,S2

Active state V4 011 S4,S3,S5

Active state V5 001 S4,S6,S5

Active state V6 100 S1,S6,S5

3.2 VOLTAGE SPACE VECTOR:

Space vector modulation (SVM) for three-leg VSI is based on the representation of the three
phase quantities as vectors in a two-dimensional ( 𝛼, 𝛽) plane. This is illustrated here for the sake
of completeness. Considering anyone of the switching states from the above fig the line voltages
Vab, Vbc, and Vca are given by

here we are considering V1 state i.e, S1,S6,S2 switches are in on state then
 Vab = Vdc

Vbc = 0

Vca = - Vdc

This can be represented in the (𝜶, 𝜷) plane as shown in Fig. where voltages Vab, Vbc, and Vca are
three line voltage vectors displaced 120 degrees in space. The effective voltage vector generated by
this topology is represented as V1.

Vbc

-Vca

V1
Vdc
Vca

Consider the phase voltages a, b, c which are displaced by 120 degrees. The active state
(1,0,0) lies on the phase ‘a’. And the active state( 1,1,0) lies in between ‘a’ and ‘b’. Thus
plotting all the states an hexagonal is formed. The zero states (0,0,0) & (1,1,1) lie on the
centre of the hexagon.

The desired three phase voltages at the output of the inverter could be represented by an
equivalent vector V rotating in the counter clock wise direction as shown in below figure. The
magnitude of this vector is related to the magnitude of the output voltage and the time this vector
takes to complete one revolution is the same as the fundamental time period of the output voltage.
The time periods T1,T2,...T7 can be calculated by volt- second intergral of Vref.
 [17]

vref   vref cos  j sin

1  To
v0 dt   v1dt   v2 dt   v7 dt 
1 T T1 T2 T7

T 0
vref dt  
T  0 0 0 0 

vref  T  vo  To  v1  T1  v2  T2  v7  T7

T  T1  T2  T0,7
2 2
vref  T  To  0  Vd  T1  Vd (cos 60o  j sin 60o )T2  T7  0
3 3
 2 2
v ref  T  Vd  T1  Vd (cos60 o  j sin 60 o )T2
3 3

2 1 1
T v ref cos  Vd T1  Vd T2 T v ref sin   Vd T2
3 3 , 3

Solving for T1, T2 and T0,7 gives:

3 T 
T1  m
1
cos   T sin   T2  mT sin 
2  3 3 

𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓
where m = where is the modulating index.
𝑉𝑑/√3

fig for volt-second ingral of Vref

3.3 COMPARISON OF SVPWM WITH SPWM :

Parameters SVPWM SPWM

Amplitude Max possible amplitude of max possible amplitude of

voltage is 90 % of square voltage is 78 % of square
wave. wave.
Phase-central voltage
𝑉
Vmax = V
√3 𝐕𝐦𝐚𝐱 =
𝟐
Complexity increases in
Designing circuit Simple

Higher harmonics Will be reduced to greater Harmonics will be present

extend here

Conclusion and future scope :

 SPWM aims to achieve symmetrical 3-phase sine voltage waveform of adjustable

voltage and frequency.

 SVPWM using eight fundamental voltage vectors to realize variable frequency and
speed adjustment.

 The output voltage is about 15% more in case of SVPWM as compared to SPWM.

 SVPWM method is use for inverters for Adjustable speed Drive Operations , control
of ac induction motors , brushless dc motors etc…

 However despite all the above mentioned advantages that SVPWM enjoys over SPWM,
SVPWM algorithm used in three-level inverters is more complex because of large
number of inverter switching states.
  Hence we see that there is a certain trade off that exists while using SVPWM for inverters
for Adjustable speed Drive Operations. Due to this we have to choose carefully as to
which of the two techniques to use weighing the pros and cons of each method.

REFERENCE :

1.Bimbhra .P.S "Power Electronics" Khanna Publishers, New Delhi, 2003. 4th Edition

2.IEEE journal papers on Space Vector PWM

3.ntpl videos ANI PETU

4.Space Vector PWM nptelhrd videos by K.GOPA KUMAR, centre for electronics
design and technology IISC Bangalore.

5.Wikipedia Theory of Space Vector PWM.