Chapter 1

Introduction

1.1 Background of the study

As the time goes by the earth is getting warmer because of the global warming so

the other kinds of species specially the sea creatures are getting lesser or slowly part of

the endangered species. So our group do a research about the diversity of sea

cucumber (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea). We all know that the Philippines

has an abundant production of seafoods specially the sea cucumber,Sea cucumber has

an elongated body and a leathery skin, Holothuroidea are among the heavily exploited

invertebrates and sea cucumber serve as a useful marine ecosystem as they help

recycle nutrients and an ocean vacuum cleaner squishy sea creatures that helps the

ocean clean, So we conducted a research about the diversity of sea cucumber in the

city of Iligan which is the Barangay of Santa Filomena (riverside) This study was

therefore conducted to generate information in sea cucumber species in the said area.

So we findout that there are only two types of Sea cucumber in the area so we ask the

fisherman which is the uncle of our classmate, that if there’s any changes of the

diversity and population of the sea cucumber in the area.

1.2 Statement of the problem

Our group is doing a brainstorming that is what is the main reason why sea

cucumber in the area reduce of production, because it is the same on production way

back 2010 only in the area of the Barangay Santa Filomena (riverside). Based on the

statement of World fish ( is a member of CGIAR , a global agriculture research

partnership for a food secure future in partnership of the Australian Centre for

International Agricultural Research) The sea cucumber, a member of the sandfish

family, has provided a valuable source of income for communities across the Asia-

Pacific region for decades. However, in recent years, stocks have plummeted due to

overfishing and ecosystem damage. Two WorldFish projects (Sea Ranching and

Restocking Sandfish in Asia Pacific, and Culture of Sandfish in Asia-Pacific) funded by

the Australian Center for International Agricultural Research Center (ACIAR) are

researching ranching, restocking and culturing as means of restoring the sea cucumber

industry and protecting the livelihoods of hundreds of coastal communities. The

projects’ central goals are to collaborate with local communities, government and

national scientific agencies to manage current sea cucumber fisheries more efficiently

and to conserve existing stocks. That is why our group doing a research about the

diversity of the sea cucumber because we want to know how or what is the main reason

why the diversity of the sea cucumber in the particular area of Barangay Santa

Filomena (riverside) are reduced.

1.3 Significance of the study

Sea cucumbers are echinoderms—like starfish and sea urchins. There are some

1,250 known species, and many of these animals are indeed shaped like soft-bodied

cucumbers. All sea cucumbers are ocean dwellers, though some inhabit the shallows

and others live in the deep ocean. They live on or near the ocean floor. They also

contain many powerful substances, including antioxidants, which are good for your

health. Sea cucumbers are high in protein, with most species consisting of 41–63%

protein (4Trusted Source, 5Trusted Source).Adding protein sources to meals and

snacks helps keep you full by slowing down the emptying of your stomach.This can help

you eat less and stabilize your blood sugar levels (6Trusted Source).Foods rich in

protein, such as sea cucumbers, may be especially beneficial for people with diabetes

who are looking to control their blood sugar levels (7Trusted Source).Plus, diets rich in

protein may benefit heart health, help lower blood pressure and improve ( Copyright

2015-2020 National Geographic Partners, LLC All rights reserved).

1.4 Scope and Limitation

Our research is all about the Diversity of the Sea Cucumber (Holothuroidea) our goal is

to identify what are the main reason why is the population of the sea cucumber in the

area are reduced and not the same as the past 20 years of production like before, also

one of our group has a relative who lived near in the riverside of Barangay Santa

Filomena, so we conducted our research there and it will not cost too much because

one of our groupmates is living near the riverside also, and our respondents will be the

resident in the area also the relative of our groupmate, maybe our research may take a

month to end but we assure that our research has concrete evidence and the

respondent will be deciplined and conducted firmly as we conducted our research in the

area.

1.5 Operational Definition

The process on how we measure the existence of sea cucumber past 20 years is by

asking the resident of the area that are 30 years old above so they can answer our

problem, and we assure that our respondent is living in the area of Barangay Santa

Filomena and also we will ask the relative of our groupmate that who can answer our

questions firmly.
 Chapter 2

Review of the related literature and studies

In this Chapter it will presents related litature of our research throughout and in-
depth search done by researchers, this contains facts and information as research
problem at hand it provides explanation and the synthesis of art, theoretical and
conceptual framework to fully understand the research and lastly the definition of frame
for better comprehensive of the study.

Related Literature
The researchers of Airlannga University in Indonesia Prof.Sapto Andriyono,
Prof.Dwi Winarni and Prof. Endang dewi Masithah do a research about the sea
cucumber and posted in the website of researchgate.net
Sea cucumbers Phylloporus sp. obtained from the east coastal waters of
Surabaya. This sea cucumber has potential to develop as a source of the active
ingredient. Exploitation of sea cucumbers is very high today. Local sea cucumber
hatchery activities Phyloporus sp. is important so that the availability of sea cucumbers
need not depend on the nature and this program also has benefit to increasing quality of
the resulting sea cucumbers. This study aims to determine the effect of heat shock on
the seeding process by looking at the histology preparation. By knowing the profile of
the resulting influence gonad development it is expected to be applied in the local sea
cucumber hatchery activities. The results have shown that the temperature shock
treatment did not affect the increase in mass of the gonads and gonad maturity level.
However, the provision of heat shock capable of inducing spawning of sea cucumber
with a marked presence of sperm and egg is released. The resulting larvae have
survival is still very low, this is possible because of the quality of eggs and sperm are
also forced spawning by temperature shock do
 CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Our research is all about the “Diversity of the Sea Cucumber” in the area of the
Barangay Sta. Filomena in a particular area such as the seashore of the Valderama.
We asked the resident of the valderama what is the main reason why the sea
cucumber in their area had lessen the production of the sea cucumber in the market,
also we gather the examples of the sea cucumber and we found out that there is
different kinds of sea cucumber in the area.
Our group uses the alternative way, such as the natural way to find the species
who called “balat” we searched the species under the rock of the sea on the sea shore
but we assure that the tide is low tide also we asked the permission of the fisherman
their to guide us to find a sea cucumber for our research.

Pearsonothuria

graeffei is a roughly cylindrical, thin-walled sea

cucumber that grows to about 30 centimetres
(12 in) in length.[4] Its mouth, at one end, is
surrounded by a ring of up to 24 leaf-like,
paddle-shaped tentacles with black stalks which
are black on the upper side and white beneath.

Holothuria atra
H. (Halodeima) atra is a black sea cucumber
with black tentacles, frequently covered with
sand (H. atra photo). It is a small to very
large species (up to 600 mm), fissiparous,
cylindrical with rounded ends, a
smooth tegument and a pliable body wall
Holothuria scabra

(Metriatyla) scabra is grey/black (above) with

dark transverse wrinkles. It is grey/white
below. It is a medium-
siHolothuriidae zed species (to 400 mm),
somewhat flattened, and firm to
pliable. Spicules are well developed tables and
knobbed buttons

Bohadschiaatra
(Metriatyla) scabra is/black (above) with dark
transverse wrinkles. It is a medium (to 400
mm), somewhat flattened, Bohadschia is
a genus of marine sea cucumbers in
the family Holothuriidae

Furry sea cucumber

Astichopus multifidus
Description:
A large sea cucumber with back covered with
numerous small, 1 cm. long, pointed podia.
Color is a mottled chocolate brown to gray.
Sometimes with white blotches and spots.
Size: up to 40 cm.
Lives on the sandy areas near reefs. Hides
during the day in the sand.
Depth: ranges from 10 m down to 30 m.