PRR - Kom - Saq

KINEMATICS OF MACHINERY
UNIT – I
MECHANISMS AND MACHINES
1. Define ‘degrees of freedom’.
It is defined as the number of input parameters which must be controlled independently in
order to bring the device into a particular position.
The degrees of freedom of a mechanism (n) is given by
n = 3(L – 1) – 2j – h
Where, L = Number of links
j = Number of joints
h = Number of higher pairs.
2. What is meant by spatial mechanism?

Spatial mechanism have special geometric characteristics in that all revolute axes are parallel
and perpendicular to the plane of motion and all prism axes lie in the plane of motion.
3. Classify the constrained motion.

There are three types.
1) Completely constrained motion (eg. Square bar moving in a square hole)
2) In completely constrained motion ( eg. Circular shaft in a hole)
3) Successfully constrained motion (eg. Piston and cylinder)
4. What is meant by number synthesis?

Expressing mobility or degree of freedom of a mechanism in terms of the number of links and
the number of pair connections of a given type is known as number synthesis.
5. What are the some important inversions of four chain mechanism?

1) Crank-rocker mechanism.
2) Crank-crank mechanism.
3) Rocker-rocker mechanism.
6. What is toggle position?

It is the position of a mechanism at which the mechanical advantage is infinite and the sine of
angle between the coupler and driving link is zero.
7. What is pantograph?
Pantograph is a device which is used to reproduce a displacement exactly in an enlarged or
reduced scale. It is used in drawing offices, for duplicating the drawings, maps, plans, etc. It works on
the principle of 4 bar chain mechanism.
SRI VENKATESWARA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Page 1

8. What are the applications of single slider crank mechanism?

1) Rotary or Grome engines.
2) Crank and slotted lever mechanism.
3) Oscillating cylinder engine.
4) Bull engine
5) Hand pump.
9. Give some examples for kinematics pairs.

1) Crank and connecting rod
2) Connecting and piston rod
3) Piston and engine cylinder.
10. Discuss Elliptical trammel

Elliptical trammel is an instrument used for drawing ellipses. It is the best example for first
inversion of double slider crank chain.
11. What is movability?

It includes the 6 degree of freedom of the device as a whole, as though the ground link were not
fixed, and this applies to a kinematic chain.
12. What is mobility?

It neglects these and considers only the internal relative motions, thus applying a mechanism.
13. What is meant by transmission angle?

In a four bar chain mechanism the angle between the coupler and the follower link is called as
the transmission angle.
14. What is meant by Ackermann steering?

Ackermann steering is the one of the mechanism used in vehicles. It is obtained by inversion of
four bar chain.
15. Write down the Grashoff’s Law for a four bar mechanism?
Grashoff’s law states that the sum of the shortest and longest links cannot be greater than the
sum of the remaining two links lengths if there is to be continuous relative motion between two
members.
16. Explain the working principle of bicycle bells.

Bicycle bells are working on the principle of snap action mechanism or toggle mechanism or flip
flop mechanism.

17. What is meant by motion adjustment mechanism?

The mechanism used to adjust or modify the motion of the link is known as motion adjustment
mechanism. Motion adjustment is obtained by wedges, levers and rack and pinion.
18. Whether a cycle chain is kinematic chain or not?

A cycle chain is a combination of several links with turning pair. Hence it is not a kinematic
chain.
19. Define instantaneous centre.

Instantaneous centre of a moving body may be defined as that centre which goes on changing
from one instant to another.
20. What is instantaneous axis?

Instantaneous axis is a line drawn through an instantaneous centre and perpendicular to the
plane of motion.
21. What is resistant body?

A body is said to be resistant if it is capable of transmitting the required force with negligible
deformation. A link need not necessarily be a rigid body, but it must be a resistant body.
22. What is link?

A link or an element is defined as that part of a machine which has motion relative to some
other part. A link needs not to be a single unit, but it may consist of several parts which are
manufactured as separate units.
23. What are the different types of links?

1) Rigid link.
2) Flexible link.
3) Fluid link.
24. What is meant by spatial mechanism?

Spatial mechanism have special geometric characteristics in that all revolute axes are parallel
and perpendicular to the plane of motion and all prism axes lie in the plane of motion.
25. What is the use of Oldham’s coupling?

It is used for transmitting motion between two shafts which are parallel but not coaxial.
26. Define Kinematic link.

It is a resistive body which goes to make a part of a machine having relative motion between
them.

27. Define Kinematic pair.

When two links are in contact with each other it is known as a pair. If the pair makes constrain
motion it is known as kinematic pair.
28. Define Kinematic chain.

When a number of links connected in space make relative motion of any point on a link with
respect to any other point on the other link follow a definite law it is known as kinematic chain.
29. Write the Grubler’s criterion for determining the degrees of freedom of a mechanism having plane
motion.
n=3(L – 1) – 2j
Where,
H - Higher pair joint
L - Number of links
J - Lower pair joint
30. Define degree of freedom, what is meant by mobility.

The mobility of a mechanism is defined as the number of input parameters which must be
independently controlled in order to bring the device into a particular position.
31. Write the Kutzbach’s relation.

Kutzbach’s criterion for determining the number of degrees of freedom or movability (n) of a
plane mechanism is
n=3(L – 1) – 2 J – H
Where,
n-Degree of freedom.
I – Number of links.
H – Higher pair joint
J – Lower pair joint.
32. Define Grashoff’s law and state its significance.

It states that in a planar four bar mechanism, the sum of shortest link length and longest link
length is not greater than the sum of remaining two links length, if there is to be continuous relative
motion between two members.
Significance:
 Grashoff’s law specifies the order in which the links are connected in a kinematic chain.
 Grashoff’s law specifies which link of the four-bar chain is fixed. (S + L) = (p + q) should be
satisfied, if not, no link will make a complete revolution relative to another.

Where,
S = length of the shorter length
L = length of the longest link
p & q are the lengths of the other two links.
33. Define Inversion of mechanism.

The method of obtaining different mechanism by fixing different links in a kinematic chain is
known as inversion of mechanism.
34. What is meant by Mechanical advantage of mechanism?

It is defined as the ratio of output torque to the input torque also defined as the ratio of load to
effort.
Mechanical Advantage ideal = TB / TA
TB =driven (resisting torque)
TA =driving torque
35. Define Transmission angle.

The acute angle between follower and coupler is known as transmission angle.
36. Define Toggle position.

If the driver and coupler lie in the same straight line at this point mechanical advantage is
maximum. Under this condition the mechanism is known as toggle position.
37. List out few types of rocking mechanism.

Pendulum motion is called rocking mechanism.
1. Quick return motion mechanism.
2. Crank and rocker mechanism.
3. Cam and follower mechanism.
38. Define pantograph.

It is device which is used to reproduce a displacement exactly in a enlarged scale. It is used in
drawing offices, for duplicating the drawing maps, plans, etc. It works on the principle of 4 bar chain
mechanism.
Eg. Oscillating-Oscillating converter mechanism
39. Name the application of crank and slotted lever quick return motion mechanism.
1. Shaping machines.
2. Slotting mechanism.
3. Rotary internal combustion engine.

40. Define structure.

It is an assemblage of a number of resistant bodies having no relative motion between them and
meant for carrying loads having straining action.
41. What is simple mechanism?

A mechanism with four links is known as simple mechanism.
42. Define mechanism.

When one of the links of a kinematic chain is fixed, the chain is known as a mechanism.
43. Define equivalent mechanism; and spatial mechanism.

Equivalent mechanism:
The mechanism, that obtained has the same number of the degree of freedom, as the
original mechanism called equivalent mechanism.
Spatial mechanism:
Spatial mechanism have special geometric characteristics in that all revolute axes are
parallel and perpendicular to the plane of motion and all prism axes lie in the plane of motion.
44. Define double slider crank chain mechanism.

A kinematic chain which consists of two turning pair and two sliding pair is known as double
slider crank mechanism.
45. Define single slider crank chain mechanism.
A single slider crank chain is a modification of the basic four bar chain. It consists of one sliding
pair and three turning pair.
Applications:
 Rotary or Gnome engines Crank and slotted lever mechanism
 Oscillating cylinder engine Ball engine
 Hand pump
46. Define Sliding pair.

In a sliding pair minimum number of degree of freedom is only one.
47. Define Turning pair.

In a turning pair also degree of freedom is one. When two links are connected such that one link
revolves around another link it forms a turning pair.
48. Define cylindrical pair.

In a cylindrical pair degree of freedom is two. If one link turns and slides along another link it
forms a cylindrical pair.

49. Define Rolling pair.

In a rolling pair degree of freedom is two. The object moves both linearly and angularly.
50. Define Spherical pair.

In a spherical pair degree of freedom is three. It can both move left and right,up and down, and
rotate along the same point.
51. Define Lower pair.

If contact between two links is surface contact also having degree of freedom one, then the pair
is known as lower pair.
Example: Sliding pair.
52. Define higher pair.

If contact between two links is either point contact or line contact then the pair is known as
higher pair.
Example:
Point contact – Rolling pair
Line contact – Cylindrical pair.
53. Define Mechanical pair.

(a) Open pair.
In this pair everything is open to the atmosphere.
(b) Closed pair.
In this pair everything is closed from the atmosphere
54. Give any two example of Snap action mechanism.

It is used in calling bells, bicycle bells etc.
55. What is meant by motion adjustment mechanism?

The mechanism used to adjust or modify any one of the links in a mechanism is known as
motion adjustment mechanism. Differential screw used in bench vice, pipe wrench, Lathe chuck and
screw jack are some of the examples of motion adjustment mechanism.
56. What is meant by Scott Russel mechanism?

This is one of the mechanisms to produce straight line motion mechanism. The mechanism in
which the straight line is copied from a existing straight line constrain is known as Scott Russel
mechanism.

57. What are the types of quick return motion mechanism?

Quick return motion mechanisms are of two types. They are,
1) Crank and slotted lever quick return motion mechanism.
2) Whitworth quick return motion mechanism
58. What are the different types of joints?

a. Binary Joint
b. Ternary Joint
c. Quaternary Joint
59. What is meant by binary Joint?

If two links are connected at the same junction it is called binary joint.
Illustration:
In the figure (kinetic Chain)
Number of binary joints j = 4
L = 2/3 (j+2)
Where, No. of Links L = 4, then
4=2/3 (6)
4=4
L.H.S. = R.H.S.
It is a kinetic chain based on Kline’s equation.
60. What is meant by Ternary Joint?

If three links are connected to the same junction, then is known ternary joint.
One ternary joint is equivalent to two binary joints.
Illustration:
In the fig:
No of binary joints = A+B+C = 3
Number of Ternary joints = C+E
Equivalent binary joints = 2+2 = 4
Hence total number of binary joints = 3 + 4 = 7
Based on Kline’s Equation
L = 2/3 (J+2)
6 = 2/3 (9)
6=6
Hence is a Kinematic Chain.

61. What is meant by Quaternary Joint?

If four links are connected to the same joint then it is a Quaternary joint.
One quaternary joint = Three binary joints
Number of ternary joints = A + B + E + F
Equivalent binary joints = 8
Number of quaternary joints = D, G
Equivalent binary joints = 6,
Total Number of Equivalent binary joints J = 15
Based on Kline’s equation
L = 2/3 (I+2)
11 = 2/3 (17)
L.H.S ≠ R.H.S
Hence it is not a kinematics chain. The chain is represented as locked chain. In the figure if the
link (DG) is deleted then it would be a kinematic chain.
62. Compare Movability and Mobility

Movability includes the six degrees of freedom of the device as a whole, as though the ground
link was not fixed and thus applies to a kinematic chain.
Mobility neglects these and considers only the internal relative motions, thus applying to a
mechanism.
63. What is meant by number synthesis?

Expressing mobility or degree of freedom of a mechanism in terms of the number of links and
the number of pair connections of a given type is known as number synthesis.
64. What are the types of inversion of four Bar Kinematic Chain?
The inversions of four bar kinematic chain are as follows
 Beam engine,
 Coupling rod of a locomotive,
 Watt’s indicator mechanism.
65. What is higher pair?

When the two elements of the pair have a line or point contact when relative motion takes place
and the motion between the two elements is partly turning and partly sliding, then the pair is known
as higher pair. Ex: pair of friction discs, toothed gearing, belt and rope drives, ball and roller bearings,
cam and follower.

66. Differentiate a kinematic chain from a mechanism.

Sl. No. Kinematic Chain Mechanism
1 It is a combination of kinematic pairs If any one of the link in the kinematic chain is fixed
then the kinematic chain is said to be a mechanism.
The relative motion between the links is The relative motion between the links is completely
2 completely or successfully constrained or or successfully constrained.
locked.
3 Types: Four chain, Slider crank chain, Types: Simple mechanism, Compound mechanism.
Double slider crank chain, etc.
67.. Compare machine and structure.

Sl. No. Machine Structure
1 Relative motion exists between its
No relative motion exists between its members
parts.
It transforms available energy into It does not convert the available energy into
2 work
useful work
3 Links are meant to transmit motion Members are meant for carrying loads having
and force. action.
4 Examples: Scooter, Car, Bus.
Examples: Roof trusses, bridges.

UNIT – II :: part – b
Belt, Rope and Chain Drives
1. What are the belt materials?
1. Leather.
2. Cotton or fabric.
3. Rubber.
4. Balata.
5. Nylon.
2. Explain velocity ratio.

It is defined as the ratio between velocity of the driver and follower or driven.
3. State the law of belting.

Law of belting states that the centre line of the belt as it approaches the pulley must lie in a
plane perpendicular to the axis of the pulley or must lie in the plane of the pulley, otherwise, the belt
will runoff the pulley.
4. What is slip?
The relative motion between belt and pulley due to insufficient friction is called slip.
5. What is creep?
The phenomenon of sudden contraction and expansions of belt when it passes from slack side
to tight side is called as creep.
6. What is centrifugal effect on belts?

During operation, as the belt passes over a pulley the centrifugal effect due to its self weight to
lift the belt from the pulley surface. This reduces the normal reaction and hence the frictional
resistance.
7. What is the cross belt used instead of open belt?

1. Cross belt is used where the direction of rotation of driven pulley is opposite to driving
pulley.
2. Where we need more power transmission there we can use cross belt drive.
8. What is wipping?
If the centre distances between two pulleys are too long then the belt begins to vibrate in a
direction perpendicular to the direction of motion of belt. This phenomenon is called wipping. It can be
avoided by idler pulleys.

9. Why lubrication reduces friction?

In practical all the mating surfaces are having roughness with it. It causes friction. If the
surfaces are smooth then friction is very less. Lubrication smoothens the mating surface by
introducing oil film between it. The fluids are having high smoothness than solids and thus lubrication
reduces friction.
10. What you meant by crowning in pulley?

The process of increasing the frictional resistance on the pulley surface is known as crowning. It
is done in order to avoid slipping of the belt.
11. What is brake?

Brake is a device by means of which motion of a body is retarded for slowing down or to bring it
to rest which works on the principle of frictional force, it acts against the driving force.
12. Explain self energizing.

When moments of efforts applied on the break drum and frictional force are in the same
direction, the breaking torque becomes maximum. In such a case the brake is said to be partially self
actuating or self energizing.
13. What are the types of flat drives?

The types of flat drives are:
1. Compound belt drive.
2. Stepped or cone pulley drive.
3. Fast and loose pulley.
14. Advantages of V-belt.

1. Power transmitted is more due to wedging action in the grooved pulleys.
2. V-belt is more compact, quite and shock absorbing.
3. The V-belt drive is positive because of negligible slip between the belt and the groove.
4. High velocity ratio may be obtained.
15. Disadvantages of V-belt.

1. It cannot be used with large center distances.
2. It is not as durable as flat belt.
3. It is a costlier system.
16. Circular belts or ropes.

1. Ropes are circular in cross section.
2. It is used to transmit more power.

3. Distance between two pulleys is more than 8metres.
17. Rope drive: Utility.

The rope drives are widely used when large power is to be transmitted continuously from one
pulley to another over a considerable distance. One advantage of rope drives is that a number of
separate drivers may be from the driving pulley.
18. Belt drive: Utility.

Belt drive is commonly used for transmission of power when exact velocity ratio is not
required. Generally, belt drives are used to transmit power from one pulley to another, when the two
pulleys are not more than 10 meters apart.
19. What are the types of ropes?

The types of ropes are:
1. Fiber ropes.
2. Wire ropes.
20. Quarter turn left drive.

The quarter turn left drive is used with shafts arranged at right angles and rotating in one
definite direction.
21. What are the effects of centrifugal tension in belt drives?

1. Centrifugal tension will increase the tension on both tight and slack sides.
2. Centrifugal tension has no effect on the power transmitted by the belt drive.

UNIT – III
KINEMATICS
1. What is kinematic analysis?
The objective of the kinematics analysis is to determine the kinematic quantities such as
displacements, velocities and accelerations of the elements in a mechanism.
2. What is displacement?
It is defined as the distance moved by a body with respect to a certain fixed point.
3. What is vector?
A vector is a straight line of a certain length possessing a starting point and a terminal point at
which it carries an arrow head.
4. Write down the different types of motion.

1) Rectilinear motion.
2) Curvilinear motion.
3) Circular motion.
5. What is rectilinear motion?

In this motion, the particles of a body move in straight parallel paths. Such a motion is also
known as translatory motion or straight line motion.
6. What is curvilinear motion?

In this motion, the particles of a body move along parallel circular arcs or curved paths.
7. What is Circular motion?

When all the particles of a body travel in concentric circles then the motion is said to be circular
motion.
8. What is the difference between velocity and speed?

Velocity is defined as the rate of change of displacement of a body with respect to the time.
Speed is defined as the rate of change of linear displacement of a body with respect to the time.
9. What are the different methods are used for finding the velocity?
1) Graphical method.
2) Analytical method.
10. Write the different types of graphical method.

1) Relative velocity method.
2) Instantaneous centre method.

11. What is configuration diagram?

It is a skeleton or a line diagram which represents a machine or a mechanism. To study the
velocity and acceleration of any mechanisms, first we have to draw the configuration diagram. It is also
known as space diagram.
12. What is acceleration?

The rate of change of velocity with respect to time is known as acceleration.
13. What is deceleration?

The negative acceleration is known as deceleration or retardation.
14. What is meant by coincident points?

When a point on one link is sliding along another rotating link, then the point is known as
coincident point.
15. What is centrode?

The locus of all instantaneous centres is known as centrode.
16. What is space centrode?

The locus of the instantaneous centre in space during a definite motion of the body is called the space
centrode.
17. What is Body centrode?

The locus of all instantaneous centre relative to the body itself is called the body centrode.
18. What is Instantaneous axis?

A line drawn through an instantaneous centre and perpendicular to the plane of motion is
called instantaneous axis.
19. What is axode?

The locus of Instantaneous axis is known as axode.
20. Write down the different types of Instantaneous centers.

1) Fixed Instantaneous centers.
2) Permanent Instantaneous centers.
3) Neither fixed nor permanent Instantaneous centers.
21. Define Kennedy’s theorem.

The Kennedy’s theorem states that if three bodies move relatively to each other, they have
three instantaneous centers and lie on a straight line.

22. What are properties of instantaneous centre?

1) A rigid link rotates instantaneously relative to another link at the instantaneous centre for
the configurations of the mechanism.
2) The two rigid links have no linear velocity relative to each other at the instantaneous centre.
At this point the two rigid links have the same linear velocity relative to the rigid link.
23. What is angular velocity ratio theorem?

The angular velocity ratio theorem states that the angular velocity ratio of any two bodies in
planar relative to a third body is inversely proportional to the segments into which the common
instantaneous centre cuts the line of centers.
24. Explain any two methods of reducing interference in gears.

1. The height of the teeth may be reduced.
2. The pressure angle may be increased.
3. The face of gear tooth may be relieved.
25. What are the components of acceleration?

Radial component of acceleration
Tangential component of acceleration
26. Write an expression for find number of instantaneous centers in a mechanism.

N = n (n-1)/2,
Where, n – number of links.
27. What is expression for Coriolis component of acceleration?

BC =2r𝜔
Where
𝜔 =Angular velocity of ‘OA’
V=Linear velocity of ‘B’
28. How can we represent the direction of linear velocity of any point on a link with respect to another
point on the same link?
The direction of linear velocity of any point on a link with respect to another point on the same
link the direction is perpendicular to the line joining the points.
29. What is the expression for radial and tangential component of acceleration?
Radial component
Arc OB= 𝜔 OB*OB
Tangential component

Arc OB= 𝛼 OB*OB

Where 𝜔 OB=Angular velocity of link OB
𝛼 OB=Angular acceleration of link OB
OB=Length of link OB.
(Radial component of acceleration is perpendicular to the velocity of the component and
tangential component is perpendicular to link position).
30. Define instantaneous center and instantaneous axis?

Instantaneous center of a moving body may be defined as that center which goes on changing
from one instant to another.
Instantaneous axis is a line drawn through an instantaneous center and perpendicular to the
plane of motion.
31. What are the names of instantaneous center?

Virtual center Centro
Rotopole.
32. How can we apply instantaneous center method to determine velocity?

Consider three points A, B, C on a rigid link. I am being instantaneous Center. Let VA, VB, VC be
the points A, B & C.
Then we have
VA/IA=VB/IB=VC/IC
33. What is the objective of Kinematic analysis?

The objective of Kinematic analysis is to determine the Kinematic quantities such as
displacement, velocity and acceleration of the element in a mechanism.
34. Write any two rules to locate Instantaneous center.

When two links are connected by a pin joint the instantaneous center lies on the center of the
pin.
When two links have a sliding contact, the instantaneous center lies at infinity in a direction
perpendicular to the path of motion of slide.
35. Define Kennedy’s theorem.

The Kennedy’s theorem states that if three bodies move relatively to each other, they have
three instantaneous centers and lie on a straight line.

36. What is meant by efficiency of a mechanism?

Efficiency of a mechanism is defined as the ratio of the product of force and velocity in driven
link to the product of force and velocity in driving link.
37. A pin joins two links A & B. A rotates with A angular velocity and B rotates with B angular velocity
in opposite direction. What is the rubbing velocity of that point?
Rubbing velocity of pin = (𝜔 A + 𝜔 B) * r
Where ‘r’ is the radius of pin.
38. What is the magnitude of linear velocity of a point B on a link AB relative to A?

The magnitude of linear velocity of a point B on a link AB, which rotates with ‘𝜔’ angular
velocity with respect to A is:
VB/A = 𝜔 A/B *AB

UNIT – IV
GEARS & GEAR TRAINS
1. What is an angle of obliquity in gear?
It is the angle between the common normal to two gear teeth at the point of contact and the
common tangent at the pitch point. It is also called as pressure angle.
2. What is bevel gearing? Mention its types.

When the non-parallel or intersecting but coplanar shafts connected by gears, they are called
bevel gears and the arrangement is bevel gearing.
Types:
1) Skew bevel gearing
2) Spiral gearing.
3. What is meant by arc of approach?

It is the portion of the path of contact from the beginning of the engagement to the pitch point.
4. What is meant by arc of recess?

It is the position of the path of contact from pitch point to the end of the engagement to the
pitch point.
5. What is meant by Arc of contact?

It is the path traced by a point on the pitch circle from the beginning to the end of engagement
of a pair of teeth.
6. State law of gearing.

The law of gearing states that for obtaining a constant velocity ratio, at any instant of teeth the
common normal at each point of contact should always pass through a pitch point, situated on the line
joining the centre of rotation of the pair of mating gears.
7. Define normal and axial pitch in helical gears.

Normal pitch is the distance between similar faces of adjacent teeth, along a helix on the pitch
cylinder normal to the teeth.
Axial pitch is the distance measured parallel to the axis between similar faces of a adjacent
teeth.
8. What are the methods to avoid interference?

1. The height of the teeth may be reduced.
2. The pressure angle may be increased.
3. The radial flank of the pinion may be cut back.

9. What is the advantage when arc of recess is equal to arc of approach in a meshing gears?
When arc of recess equal to arc of approach, the work wasted by friction is minimum and
efficiency of drive is maximum.
10. What do you know about tumbler gear?

Tumbler gears are those which are used in lathes for reversing the direction of rotation of
driven gears.
11. Define contact ratio.

It is the ratio of the length of arc of contact to the circular pitch is known as contact ratio. The
value gives the number of pairs of teeth in contact.
12. Where will the interference occur in an involutes pinion and gear are in mesh having same size of
addendum?
There will be interference between the tip of pinion and flank of gear.
13. Define interference.

The phenomenon when the tip of tooth undercuts the roots on its mating gear is known as
interference.
14. What you meant by non standard gear teeth?

The gear teeth obtained by modifying the standard proportions of gear teeth parameters are
known as non standard gear teeth.
15. Define cycloid tooth profile and involutes tooth profile.

A cycloid is the curve traced by a point on the circumference of a circle which rolls without
slipping on a fixed straight line.
Involute profile is defined as the locus of a point on a straight line which rolls without slipping
on the circumference of a circle.
16. Define Backlash.

It is the difference between the tooth space and the tooth thickness along the pitch circle.
Backlash = Tooth space – Tooth thickness.
17. What is gear train?

Two or more gears re made to mesh with each other to transmit power from one shaft to
another. Such a combination is called a gear train.
18. What are the types of gear trains?

1. Simple gear train.
2. Compound gear train.

3. Reverted gear train.

4. Epicyclic gear train.
19. Write velocity ratio in compound train of wheels?

Speed of last follower- Product of teeth on drives.
Speed of first driver- Product of teeth on followers.
20. Define simple gear train.

When there is only one gear on each shaft, it is called as simple gear train.
21. What is meant compound gear train?

When there is more than one gear on shaft, it is called a compound gear train.
22. What is the advantage of a compound gear train over a simple gear train?
The advantage of a compound gear train over a simple gear train is that a much larger speed
reduction from the first shaft to the last shaft can be obtained with small gears.
23. What is reverted gear train?

When the axes of the first and last wheels are co-axial the train is known as reverted gear train.
24. What is the externally applied torques used to keep the gear train in equilibrium?
1. Impart torque on the driving member.
2. Resisting or holding torque on the driven member.
3. Holding or braking torque on the fixed member.
25. Where the Epicyclic gear trains are used?

The Epicyclic gear trains are used in the back gear of lathe, differential gears of the automobiles,
pulley blocks, wrist watches, etc.

UNIT – V
CAMS
1. What is a cam?
A cam is a rotating machine element which gives reciprocating or oscillating motion to another
element known as follower.
2. Give some examples of cam.

1) Radial or disc cams.
2) Cylindrical or barrel cams.
3) End or face cams.
4) Wedge cams.
3. Define tangent cam.

When the flanks of the cam are straight and tangential to the base circle and nose circle the cam
is known as tangent cam.
4. What ate the different motions of the follower?

1) Uniform motion.
2) Simple harmonic motion.
3) Uniform acceleration and retardation.
4) Cycloidal motion.
5. How can high surface stress in flat faced follower be minimized?

High surface stress in the follower is minimized by machining the flat end of the follower to a
spherical shape.
6. Where are the roller follower extensively used?

Roller followers are extensively used where more space is available such as in stationary gas oil
engines, and aircraft engines.
7. Define dwell period?

The period during which the follower remains at rest is called dwell period.
8. Explain offset follower.

When the motion of the follower is along an axis away from the axis of the cam centre, it is
called offset follower.

9. Define trace point.

It is a reference point on the follower and is used to generate the pitch curve. In case of knife
edge follower the knife edge represents the trace point and the pitch curve corresponds to the cam
profile.
10. Define pressure angle with respect to cams.

It is the angle between the direction of the follower motion and a normal to the pitch curve. This
angle is very important in designing a cam profile. If the pressure angle is too large, a reciprocating
follower will jam in its bearings.
11. Define lift or stroke in cam.

It is the maximum travel of the follower from its lowest position to the topmost position.
12. Define undercutting in cam. How it occurs?

The cam profile must be continuous curve without any loop. If the curvature of the pitch curve
is too sharp, then the part of the cam shape would be lost and thereafter the intended cam motion
would not be achieved. Such a cam is said to be undercut.
Undercutting occurs in the cam because of attempting to achieve too great a follower lift with
very small cam rotation with a smaller cam.
13. What do you know about nomogram?

In nomogram, by knowing the values of total lift of the follower and the cam rotation angle for
each segment of the displacement diagram, we can read directly the maximum pressure angle
occurring in the segment for a particular choice of prime circle radius.
14. How can you prevent undercutting in cam?

1) By decreasing the follower lift.
2) By increasing cam rotation angle.
3) By increasing the cam size.
15. What do you know about gravity cam?

In this type, the rise of the cam is achieved by the rising surface of the cam and the return by the
force of gravity or due to the weight of the cam.
16. Write the different types of follower.

1) Knife edge follower
2) Roller follower
3) Mushroom or flat faced follower
4) Spherical faced or curved shoe follower.

17. What is cam profile?

The surface of cam which comes into contact with follower is known as cam profile.
18. What is base circle?

It is the smallest circle that can be drawn to the cam profile. The radius of the base circle is
called the least radius of the cam.
19. What is trace point?

It is a reference point on the follower to trace the cam profile. In case of a knife edge follower,
the knife edge itself is a tracing point and in roller follower, the centre of the roller is the tracing point.
20. What is pitch curve?

The locus or path of the tracing point is known as the pitch curve. For the purpose of laying out
the cam profiles, it is assumed that the cam is fixed and the follower rotates around it.
21. What is prime circle?

The smallest circle drawn tangent to the pitch curve is known as prime circle.
22. What is pressure angle?

angle is very important in cam design as it represents steepness of the cam profile.
23. What is pitch point?

It is the point on the pitch curve at which the pressure angle is maximum.
24. What is pitch circle?

It is the circle passing through the pitch point and concentric with the base circle.
25. What is cam angle?

It is the angle of rotation of the cam for a definite displacement of the follower.
26. What is the Classification of cams?

 According to cam shape
 According to follower movement
 According to manner of constraint of the follower
27. What is the classification of followers?

(i) According to follower shape
(ii) According to motion of follower

28. Classify cams based on their shape.

 Wedge cam
 Radial cams
 Spiral cams
 Drum cams
 Spherical cams
29. What is a roller follower?

In place of a knife edge roller is provided at the contacting end of the follower
30. What is a Spherical follower?

In the contacting end of the follower is of spherical shape.
31. What is meant by angle of ascend?

The angle of rotation of the cam from the position when the follower begins to rise till it reaches
its highest points. It is denoted by θ
32. What is meant by angle of descend?

The angle through which the cam rotates during the time the follower returns to the initial
position. It is denoted by θr.
33. What is angle of dwell?

It is the angle through which the cam rotates while the follower remains stationary at the
highest or the lowest.
34. What is meant by angle of action?

The total angle moved by the cam during its rotation between the beginning of rise and the end of
return of the follower.
35. What is radial or disc cams?

In radial cams the follower reciprocates or oscillates in a direction perpendicular to the cam
axis. The cams are all radial rams. In actual practice, radial cams are widely used due to their simplicity
and compactness.
36. What is dwell?

The zero displacement or the absence of motion of the follower during the motion of the cam is
called dwell.

37. What are the classifications of follower according to follower shape?

 Knife edge follower
 Roller follower
 Mushroom or flat faced follower and
 Spherical faced or curved shoe follower
38. What are the classifications of follower according to the motion of the follower?
 Reciprocating or translating follower
 Oscillating or rotating follower
39. What are the classifications of followers according to the path of motion?
 Radial follower
 Offset follower
40. What is the motion of the follower?

The follower can have any of the following four types of motions
 Uniform velocity
 Simple harmonic motion
 Uniform acceleration and retardation
 Cycloidal motion.
41. What is the application of cam?

Closing and opening of inlet and exit valve operating in IC engine.
42. What are the necessary elements of a cam mechanism?

Cam-The driving member is known as the cam
Follower-The driven member is known as the follower.
Frame-It supports the cam and guider the follower.
42. Where are the roller follower extensively used? (Ap/May-2008)

Roller followers are extensively used where more space is available such as in stationary gas oil
engines and aircraft engines.
43. Write the formula for maximum velocity.

Vo (max) = 2ωs
Vr (max) = 2ωs

44. Define trace point in the study of cams.

It is a reference point on the follower and is used to generate the pitch curve. In case of knife-
edge follower the knife edge represents the trace point and the pitch curve corresponds to the cam
profile. In a roller follower the center of the roller represents the trace point.
45. Define pressure angle with respect to cams.

angle is very important in designing a cam profile. If the pressure angle is too large, a reciprocating
follower will jam in its bearings.
46. Define undercutting in cam. How it occurs.

The cam profile must be a continuous curve without any loop. If the curvature of the pitch curve
is too sharp, then a part of the cam shape would be lost and thereafter the intended cam motion would
not be achieved. Such a cam is called an undercut cam.
Undercutting occurs in the cam because of attempting to achieve too great a follower lift with
very small cam rotation, with a smaller cam.
47. How can you prevent undercutting in cam?

 By decreasing the follower lift
 By increasing cam rotation angle
 By increasing the cam size
48. What do you know about gravity cam?

In this type, the rise of the cam is achieved by the rising surface of the cam and the return by the
force of gravity or due to the weight of the cam.
49. Define pitch curve of the cam.

It is the curve generated by the trace point as the follower moves relative to the cam. For a knife
edge follower the pitch curve and the cam profile are the same, whereas for the roller follower ,they
are separated by the radius of the roller.

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KINEMATICS OF MACHINERY

2. What is meant by spatial mechanism?

3. Classify the constrained motion.

4. What is meant by number synthesis?

5. What are the some important inversions of four chain mechanism?

6. What is toggle position?

SRI VENKATESWARA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Page 1

8. What are the applications of single slider crank mechanism?

9. Give some examples for kinematics pairs.

10. Discuss Elliptical trammel

11. What is movability?

12. What is mobility?

13. What is meant by transmission angle?

14. What is meant by Ackermann steering?

16. Explain the working principle of bicycle bells.

SRI VENKATESWARA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Page 2

17. What is meant by motion adjustment mechanism?

18. Whether a cycle chain is kinematic chain or not?

19. Define instantaneous centre.

20. What is instantaneous axis?

21. What is resistant body?

22. What is link?

23. What are the different types of links?

24. What is meant by spatial mechanism?

25. What is the use of Oldham’s coupling?

26. Define Kinematic link.

SRI VENKATESWARA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Page 3

27. Define Kinematic pair.

28. Define Kinematic chain.

30. Define degree of freedom, what is meant by mobility.

31. Write the Kutzbach’s relation.

32. Define Grashoff’s law and state its significance.

SRI VENKATESWARA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Page 4

33. Define Inversion of mechanism.

34. What is meant by Mechanical advantage of mechanism?

35. Define Transmission angle.

36. Define Toggle position.

37. List out few types of rocking mechanism.

38. Define pantograph.

SRI VENKATESWARA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Page 5

40. Define structure.

41. What is simple mechanism?

42. Define mechanism.

43. Define equivalent mechanism; and spatial mechanism.

44. Define double slider crank chain mechanism.

46. Define Sliding pair.

47. Define Turning pair.

48. Define cylindrical pair.

SRI VENKATESWARA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Page 6

49. Define Rolling pair.

50. Define Spherical pair.

51. Define Lower pair.

52. Define higher pair.

53. Define Mechanical pair.

54. Give any two example of Snap action mechanism.

55. What is meant by motion adjustment mechanism?

56. What is meant by Scott Russel mechanism?

SRI VENKATESWARA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Page 7

57. What are the types of quick return motion mechanism?

58. What are the different types of joints?

59. What is meant by binary Joint?

60. What is meant by Ternary Joint?

SRI VENKATESWARA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Page 8