A

Dissertation
on
NUMERICAL SIMULATION AND EVALUATION OF PRECAST
BEAM COLUMN JOINTS UNDER SEISMIC CONDITIONS
Submitted by
Miss. MANASI MAHESH HARKARE

(2017MSE005)

Under the guidance of

Dr. L. G. PATIL
Guide
Mr. C. N. Kurhe
Co-Guide

Department of Civil Engineering

Shri Guru Gobind Singhji institute of Engineering and Technology,
Vishnupuri Nanded-431606(M.S) India.
2018-2019
 A DISSERTATION REPORT

ON

NUMERICAL SIMULATION AND EVALUATION OF PRECAST

BEAM COLUMN JOINTS UNDER SEISMIC CONDITIONS

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements

of the degree of

Master of Technology in Structural Engineering

by

Miss. Manasi Mahesh Harkare

Under supervision of

Dr. L. G. PATIL

Mr. C. N. Kurhe

Department of Civil Engineering

Shri Guru Gobind Singhji institute of Engineering and Technology,
Vishnupuri Nanded- 431606(M.S) India.
2018-2019
 Certificate

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “Numerical Simulation And Evaluation Of
Precast Beam-Column Joints Under Seismic Conditions” is a bonafide record of research
work carried out by Miss. Manasi Mahesh Harkare, Reg. No. (2017MSE005) under my
supervision and guidance for the partial fulfilment of award for the degree of Master of
Technology in Structural Engineering during the academic session 2018-19 in the Department of
Civil Engineering, Shri Guru Gobind Singhji Institute of Engineering and Technology,
Vishnupuri, Nanded (Affiliated to Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University,Nanded-
431606(M.S) India.

Date: 18/07 /2019

Place: Nanded

L.G. PATIL L.G.PATIL

(Dissertation Guide) (Head, Civil Engg.)

 Candidates Declaration

I declare that this written submission represents my ideas in my own words and where others
ideas or words have been included; I have adequately cited and referenced the original sources.

I also declare that I have adhered to all principles of academic honesty and integrity and have not
misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any idea/data/fact/source in my submission.

I understand that any violation of the above will be cause for disciplinary action by the Institute
and can also evoke penal action from the sources which have thus not been properly cited or
from whom proper permission has not been taken when needed.

MISS. MANASI MAHESH HARKARE

(2017MSE005)

Date:18/07/2019
 Department of Civil Engineering
Shri Guru Gobind Singhji Institute of Engineering and Technology,
Vishnupuri, Nanded- 431606(M.S) India.

DISSERTATION APPROVAL SHEET

Dissertation entitled “Numerical Simulation And Evaluation Of Precast Beam Column Joint
Under Seismic Conditions” prepared by Miss. Manasi Mahesh Harkare (2017MSE005) is
approved for the degree of Master of Technology in Structural Engineering during the academic
session 2018-19 from the Department of Civil Engineering, Shri Guru Gobind Singhji institute of
Engineering and Technology, Vishnupuri Nanded (Affiliated to Swami RamanandTeerth
Marathwada University,Nanded-431606(M.S) India.

Dr. L. G. PATIL Dr. L.G. PATIL

Dissertation Guide Head, Civil Engg.

-------------------------------------

External Examiner
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
At the very outset I would like to express my deep sense of gratitude and sincere thanks to my
dissertation guide Dr.L.G.PATIL, Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, under whose
supervision, inspiration and valuable guidance I have completed this work. His guidance proved
most valuable in my difficulties.

This is my privilege to extend my deep and sincere regards to Dr. N.H. Kulkarni (M.Tech.
Coordinator) and Dr. L.G.PATIL, Head, Department of Civil Engineering, for their significant
and helpful guidance during the completion of this dissertation work.

I am very thankful to our director, Dr. Y.V.JOSHI and also the staff of Department of Civil
Engineering, SGGSIE&T Vishnupuri, Nanded, for providing their co-operation without which it
would not have possible the work successfully.

I am also very thankful to my classmates of structural engineering for being with me throughout
the year and encouraging me to move ahead.

Finally I would like thank my parents from the bottom of my heart for their unconditional love,
constant help, moral support and inspirations all throughout my life. Without their support
nothing would have been possible. I am greatly indebted to them.

With Sincere Regards

Miss. Manasi Mahesh Harkare

(2017MSE005)
 ABSTRACT

Connection design is one of the most important consideration for successful construction of
precast concrete structures. The configuration details of the connection affects the strength,
stability, ductility as well as load redistribution of structures under loading.

This study focuses on the behavior under inelastic cyclic loading of the connections of precast
frames developed by Servicios y Elementos Presforzados S.A.(SEPSA) and the National Center
for Disaster Prevention (CENAPRED). In this work, a detailed 3D nonlinear finite element
model is developed to study the response and predict the behavior of precast hybrid beam-
column connection subjected to unidirectional cyclic loading that was tested at CENAPRED
laboratory. The precast joint is modelled using 3D solid elements and surface-to-surface contact
elements between beam/column faces. Variables are the position of loading in the form of
displacement. In the joint, continuity was achieved by placing hoops around extensions of 90-
deg hooks of beam bottom reinforcement that protruded from the beam ends into joint. The
loading in the form of displacements is applied at the top of column and at the joint.

It is found that the displacement at the top column of joint have higher load carrying capacity
than the displacement at joint and severe joint strength degradation is due to yielding of top
reinforcement bars of beam.

i
 CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 General ............................................................................................................................. 1
1.2 The role and types of structural connections in prefabricated concrete structures .......... 2
1.3 Details of precast beam column connection ..................................................................... 3
1.3.1 Dry connections ........................................................................................................ 3
1.3.2 Wet connections ........................................................................................................ 3
1.3.3 Hybrid/emulative type connections .......................................................................... 3
1.3.4 Type-1 joint ............................................................................................................... 3
1.3.5 Type-2 joint ............................................................................................................... 3
These joints are designed to have sustained strength under deformation reversal into
inelastic range. Joints in framed structures designed to resist lateral loads due to earthquake,
blast, cyclonic, winds fall into Type 2 category. ..................................................................... 3
1.4 Strong column weak beam design (SCWB) ..................................................................... 5
1.5 Objectives ......................................................................................................................... 6
1.6 Aim of the study ............................................................................................................... 6
2. LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................................................ 7
2.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 7
2.2 Literature review of experimentally tested joints ............................................................. 7
2.3 Literature review of numerically analyzed joints ............................................................. 8
2.4 Concluding remarks ......................................................................................................... 9
3. METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................. 10
3.1 Study of Abaqus/CAE 6.14. ........................................................................................... 10
3.2 Details of the beam-column joint specimen ................................................................... 17
3.3 Modeling approach:........................................................................................................ 20
3.3.1 Properties of created parts ....................................................................................... 20
3.3.2 Material properties used .......................................................................................... 20
3.4 Assembly ........................................................................................................................ 24
3.4.1 Steps created ........................................................................................................... 25

ii
 3.4.2 Meshing................................................................................................................... 26
3.4.3 Loading ................................................................................................................... 26
3.4.4 Boundry conditions ................................................................................................. 27
3.4.5 Constrains used in modelling .................................................................................. 28
4. VALIDATION......................................................................................................................... 29
4.1 Software Validation........................................................................................................ 29
4.2 Model validation ............................................................................................................ 30
5. ANALYSIS .............................................................................................................................. 33
5.1 parametric study ............................................................................................................. 33
6. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ........................................................................................... 40
7. CONCLUSIONS ..................................................................................................................... 49
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................ 50

iii
 INTRODUCTION
1.1 General
In a relatively short period of time, precast concrete has become a very important material of
framing structures. The growth of precast and pre-stressed concrete has become rapid when the
people with the great vision got the new ideas and they used their potential by modifying and
improving the existing methods, conceiving new methods and inventing new devices, all with a
focus on mass production. The wide application of this technique is based on the advantages of
prefabrication such as the reduction in construction time, quantities of materials and manpower
and improvement of quality of products. Construction with precast concrete can proceed almost
independently on weather conditions. All these eventually results in reduction of costs and better
working conditions for building operatives.

Despite many advantages of precast concrete, it is not widely used throughout the world,
especially in regions of high seismic risk. The reason behind this is a lack of confidence and
knowledge base about their performance in seismic regions as well as the absence of rational
seismic design provisions in major model building codes. Since the 1980’s, extensive laboratory
testing and research work has been conducted to study the seismic behavior of beam column
connections in cast-in-plane reinforced concrete building frames. However, only a limited
number of studies have been conducted on the performance of precast connections, and into a
lesser extent on moment resistant precast beam-column connections even though precast
concrete construction have been in use all over the world since the 1950’s. Therefore it is
desirable to perform tests on more precast beam-column subassemblies. In recent years more and
more attention has been focused on the connections of precast concrete structures, since the
design of the connection is one of the most critical engineering phases in the design of precast
concrete structures. The most common criterion for the design of precast concrete lateral force
resisting systems is the emulation of monolithic reinforced concrete construction (Ghosh et al.
1997).Satisfactory performance and economy of precast concrete structures depends to a great
extent on the proper selection and design of each connection. The function of the connection is to
transfer load from one precast member to another and to provide stability. A good connection
must not only have enough strength to resist the force to which it will be subjected during its
lifetime, but also enough ductility to undergo large deformations prior to failure. Also, a good
connection must be required to meet other criteria such as volume change accommodation,
durability, fire resistance, fabrication, simplicity and erection swiftness. It is desirable for precast
reinforced concrete ductile frames to possess more reliable connection types to match the
structural requirements. Therefore, performing tests on more precast beam-column connections
is essential to establish the necessary requirement for adequate design of precast reinforced
concrete connections. But, it is very tedious and time consuming to conduct test of connection by
changing the various parameters such as percentage steel ratio, detailing of bars, tendons, post-
tensioned wires at the connection. So it is desirable to find other method for the efficient and
quick results. This can be done by non-linear finite element analysis of connections by the use of
recently developed software like ANSYS and SIMULIA ABAQUS.

1
1.2 The role and types of structural connections in prefabricated concrete
structures
Precast connection detail’s selection for a particular situation requires consideration of strength
requirements and load transfer paths. It should also include consideration of production, erection,
serviceability and durability.

There are many connections in building as shown in fig.

o Column to Foundation Connections (CF)
o Column to Column Connections (CC)
o Girder to Column Connections (GC)
o Beam to Girder Connections (BG)
o Beam to Beam Connections (BB)
o Slab to Beam Connections (SB)
o Slab to Slab Connections (SS)
o Slab to Wall Connections (SW)
o Beam to Wall Connections (BW)
o Wall to Wall Connections (WW)
o Stairs to Landings (S L)
o Wall to Foundation Connections (WF)
o Beam to column connection (BC)

Figure 1.1 Types of connections

2
 In this work BEAM TO COLUMN Connection behavior is studied in details. The structural
systems are composed of precast concrete elements that are joined together in a mechanical
way, for example using bolts, welds, reinforcing steel, and grout and concrete in the joints.
However, connecting the elements together is not just a question of fixing the elements to
each other, but it is to ensure the structural integrity of the whole structure. In building, the
structural connections will form an essential part of the structural system. The structural
response will depend on the behaviour and the characteristics of the connections. Within a
single connection there may be several load transmitting joints, and so it is first necessary to
distinguish between a ‘joint’ and a ‘connection’. A ‘joint’ is the interface between two or
more structural elements, where the action of forces and or moments may take place. A
‘connection’ is an assembly, comprising one or more interfaces and parts of adjoining
elements, designed to resist the action of forces or moments. The design of the connection is
therefore a function of both the structural elements and of the joints between them.

1.3 Details of precast beam column connection

The connection of precast beam-column joint can be done by various techniques depending upon
the method of joining they are classified as :

1.3.1 Dry connections

In this type the joint is accomplished by simple placing of two members by means of welding or
fastening.

1.3.2 Wet connections

This requires not only casting with cement but also concreting and grouting material.

1.3.3 Hybrid/emulative type connections

These are the dry connections which combines both unbounded post tensioned tendons and
longitudinal reinforcing bars (tension/compression yield) or other energy dissipating devices.(friction
devices). The behavior of these connections is almost like monolithic connections hence the name
emulative connections.

1.3.4 Type-1 joint

These joints are designed on the basis of strength without considering special ductility
requirement. Joint in the structural frame designed to resist gravity and normal wind loads.

1.3.5 Type-2 joint

These joints are designed to have sustained strength under deformation reversal into inelastic
range. Joints in framed structures designed to resist lateral loads due to earthquake, blast,
cyclonic, winds fall into Type 2 category.

3
 Figure 1.2 Types of precast beam column joint detailing
Depending upon the position of joints in the frame they are classified as follows:

a) Interior joint- When four beams frame into the vertical faces of a column, the joint is called
as an interior joint.

b) Exterior joint- When one beam frames into a vertical face of the column and two other
beams frame from perpendicular directions into the joint, then the joint is called as an exterior
joint.

c) Corner joint- When a beam each frames into two adjacent vertical faces of a column, then the
joint is called as a corner joint

4
 Figure 1.3 Types of joints in frame

1.4 Strong column weak beam design (SCWB)

A plastic hinge formed on a beam is less critical than a plastic hinge on a column or sshear wall,
because vertical members may lose their stability under gravity loads when plastic hinges form.
Accordingly, plastic hinge hierarchy requires formation of plastic hinges first on beams, then at
the base of first story columns. A plastic hinging hierarchy can be imposed in design by
proportioning the flexural capacities of beam and column ends joining at a connection. This is
called the strong column-weak beam principle.

The reasons for adopting this SCWB design are discussed below:

• Failure of column will lead to global failure of the structure but if there is flexure failure in
beam ends still it can carry gravity loads because its shear capacity is not hampered.

• The beam has to support the floor but column has to take the weight of entire building above it.
So failure of the column is more critical than the beam failure.

5
• Beam with lesser compression loads on them can be designed to be more ductile than columns
and absorb large amount of energy through inelastic actions. As the maximum level of
displacement loading that may come during an earthquake loading is not known beforehand so
the building should be designed such that the ductile that is the under reinforced flexure failure
mode precedes the brittle (shear) or non-ductile mode of failure.

• At a particular beam-column-joint if beam is designed to be the weakest then failure of joint

(like shear failure of joint core, spalling of concrete, anchorage failure) can also be avoided.

1.5 Objectives
Based on discussions above the main objective for the present work is defined as follows:

• To study the behaviour of beam-column connections.

• Comparison between performance of precast beam-column connections using two types

of configuration.

• Comparison between performance of connections under static and repeated loading.

• To check the force-time, displacement-time and hysteresis behaviour of beam-column

connection.

1.6 Aim of the study

The main aim this work is as follows:

• Development of Low-cost and speedy Construction.

• Development of connection whose behaviour would be nearly similar to the
monolithically constructed connections.
• Development of connection which can sustain ground vibration

6
 Literature review
2.1 Introduction
In the present study literature review is discussed in two parts, out of which first part includes
review of seismic behavior of precast reinforced concrete beam column joints under cyclic
loading tested experimentally and second part include study of seismic behavior of precast beam
column joint under cyclic loading tested analytically using different finite element analysis
softwares like ANSYS and SIMULIA ABAQUS.

2.2 Literature review of experimentally tested joints

Sergio M Alcocer, et.al. (2000), presents the review of the behaviour of two precast beam-
column joints that were constructed and tested under unidirectional and bi-directional cyclic
loading that simulated earthquake-type motions. In this the two types of detailing used at the
joint to achieve structural continuity of the beam reinforcement. The conclusion made in this
study is, the Specimen failure is controlled by joint shear, beam yielding occurs prior to joint
failure so that the criteria of strong column weak beam is followed. Joint strength achieved is 90
percentage that expected for monolithic reinforced concrete construction. Specimen behavior is
ductile, while strength is maintained at a nearly constant value up to drift angles to 3.5 percent.

Saim A. Aziz, et.al. (2006) presents the investigation of the moment of resistance and the
behaviour of simple beam-to-column connections in precast concrete frames. The experimental
test is carried out by considering total of four specimens, which were limited to simple beam-to-
column connections in precast concrete frames. The behaviour of load-displacement
relationships, moment-rotation relationships and types of failure in connections are also
investigated. The conclusion made in this study is Simple connection with single dowel and
grouted beam-to-column connection provides very minimum moment resistance, the stiffness of
such connection is negligible. The single dowel grouted connection can be employed in precast
concrete construction and in order to maintain the frame stability, the stiffness of the global
frame is provided by other lateral stability systems such as bracing, core or shear wall.

Pampanin Stefano, et.al. (2018) discussed the results of experimental as well as numerical
campaign presented for the development and validation of a hybrid material configuration of a
Post-Tensioned beam-column connection: steel column and timber beam. Quasi-static cyclic

7
tests were carried out on Steel column and Timber beam post-tensioned connection. The study
conclude that, the new configuration of Steel-Timber post-tensioned connection showed a very
satisfactory performance with minor stiffness degradations, negligible losses of post-tensioned
force and residual deformation after removing the lateral force. Improvements of the corbel/shear
keys configuration are required

2.3 Literature review of numerically analyzed joints

Rahman A., et.al. (2010) reviewed a detailed three dimentional (3D) nonlinear finite element
model which is developed to study the response and predict the behaviour of precast hybrid
beam-column connection subjected to cyclic load that was tested at National Institute of
Standards and Technology (NIST) laboratory. The model takes into account the pre-tension
effect in the post tensioning strand and also the property of nonlinear material behaviour of
concrete. The results concluded after analysis is that the fracture of mild-steel bars resulted in the
failure of connections. The magnitude of force developed in the post-tensioning steel tendon was
also monitored but it did not yield during entire loading history. The major aim of the study was
developing a successful finite element model which will provide a practical and economical tool
to investigate the behaviour of connection.

Gopinathan M.J. and Subramanian K. (2013) presented the results of a two dimensional 3-
bay G+5 storeyed prefabricated frame subjected to lateral loading. The joints in beam column
junction was strengthened by specially designed steel bolts and L-angles by welding and bolting
and the frame was subjected to lateral cyclic load until failure. The results are compared with
ANSYS model as well as conventional model. Conclusion made from the results is that the
prefabricated model performs somewhat efficiently compared to the conventional models.

Shaaban Ibrahim G. and Mohamed Said(2018) studied the seismic performance of exterior
beam column joints in building frames strengthened by ferrocement using nonlinear finite
element analysis. The conclusion made by changing the orientation angle of expanded wire mesh

8
from 60° per ferrocement layer to 45° has a minor effect on the ultimate load but it has a
significant effect on the ductility of studied specimens.

2.4 Concluding remarks

Since 1960, large experimental tests and analytical studies have been conducted to investigate
the performance of precast beam-column connections subjected to lateral earthquake loading.
Post-earthquake analysis of structures, accidental loading or laboratory tests show that the
distress in the joint region is the most frequent cause of failure, rather than the failure of
connected elements so that there is necessity of strong column-weak beam. And this can be
achieved by connecting the precast elements with hybrid joint consists of pre-tensioned tendons
and rebars which can ensure better strength and ductility than other joints.

9
 3. Methodology

3.1 Study of Abaqus/CAE 6.14.

Abaqus/CAE 6.14 has 3 sections to create model database :

1. with Standard /Explicit model

2. with CFD model

3. with Electromagnetic model

ABAQUS/CAE is a complete ABAQUS environment that covers modeling, managing

simulations, and viewing results, provides a simple, consistent interface for creating, submitting,
monitoring and evaluating results from ABAQUS/Standard and ABAQUS/Explicit simulations.

ABAQUS/Standard and ABAQUS/Explicit covers nonlinear applications, such as large

deformation, plasticity, contact, and dynamics.
ABAQUS/CAE,ABAQUS/Standard: For static and dynamic stress analysis simulations, for
performing structural analyses with ABAQUS.

ABAQUS/Explicit: for performing explicit dynamic analyses, such as drop tests and metal
forming simulations.

Moving down from module to module, each module contributes keywords, parameters, and data
to form an input file that you submit to the ABAQUS/Standard or ABAQUS/Explicit solver. The
solver reads the input file generated by ABAQUS/CAE, performs the analysis, sends information
to ABAQUS/CAE to allow user to monitor the progress of the job, and generates an output
database. Finally, one can use ABAQUS/CAE to read the output database and view the results of
analysis.

ABAQUS/CAE modelling process include basics of creating and analyzing a model and
viewing the results of analysis with the Visualization module. Enter a module by selecting it
from the module list under the toolbar, as shown in Figure 3.1 Although the module list under
the toolbar, lists the modules in a logical sequence, one can move back and forth between
modules at will.

10
 Figure 3.1 Modeling process basic steps

following procedure is adopted for modeling:

ABAQUS/CAE often displays a short messages and instructions in the prompt area indicating
what it expects to do.

. Creating a part
The Part module is used to create each of the parts for its analysis. Parts that are native to
ABAQUS/CAE are created or can be imported from other applications either as a geometric
representation or as a finite element mesh. Click Part to enter the Part module. From the main
menu bar, select Part->Create to create a new part. Name the part; to choose its modeling space,
type, and base feature; and to set the approximate size. Part can be edited and renamed even after
it is created, but it’s modeling space, type, or base feature cannot be changed.

From the main menu bar, select File->Save. The Save Model Database. ABAQUS/CAE
automatically appends .cae to the file name.

11
 Figure 3.2 Creating parts

Property defines the material properties and other section properties.

. Creating a material
The Property module used to create a material and define its properties or from the main menu
bar, select Material->Create , Name the material , and click Continue. Submenus are also
available under the edit material dialog box

Figure 3.3 Creating a material

12
. Defining and assigning section properties
Property module is used to create section. By selecting the region from the part, the section is
assigned to the selected region or use the Set toolset to create a homogeneous set containing the
region and assign the section to the set.

Figure 3.4: Creating Section

. Assembling the model

Assemble the model and create sets.

In this, each part that is created is oriented in its own co-ordinate system and is independent of
the other parts in the model. The Assembly module used to define the geometry of the finished
model, the assembly is composed of instances of parts positioned in a global co-ordinate system.

In the Module list located under the toolbar, click Assembly to enter the Assembly module.
From the main menu bar, select Instance->Create. In the dialog box, select parts and click OK.
Although a model may contain many parts, it contains only one assembly.

13
 Figure 3.5: Assembling the model

. Configuring your analysis

Step module to configure analysis procedure and output requests. An ABAQUS/CAE model
analysis will consist of two types of steps:

1. The initial step

2. Analysis steps

The items from the Step menu are used to create a step, to select and configure the analysis
procedure used during the step, and to manage existing steps. Alternatively, one can select Step-
>Manager from the main menu bar to display the Step Manager.
Sections for creating and editing steps: The Step Manager, Creating a step, Editing a step, The
step editor, The Incrmentation tab.

Visualization: Used to view the results of the analysis.

. Requesting data output

When job is submitted for analysis, ABAQUS/CAE writes the results of the analysis to the
output database. When step is created, ABAQUS/CAE generates a default output request for the
step. Use the Output Database Request Manager to examine which categories of data will be
output. Invoke the field and history output editors from the Output Database Request Manager to
select the variables that ABAQUS/CAE will write to the output database during the analysis, as
well as the frequency at which they are written and the regions and section points from which
they are written.

14
. Meshing the model
The Mesh module is used to generate the finite element mesh. One can choose the meshing
technique that ABAQUS/CAE will use to create the mesh, the element shape, and the element
type.

Creating the mesh

Basic meshing is two-stage operation:
1. Seed the edges of the part instance, and
2. Mesh the part instance.

Select the number of seeds based on the desired element size or on the number of elements
required along an edge.

. Applying a Load/BC/IC boundary condition and a load to the model

The Load/BC/IC module allows to define and manage the following prescribed conditions: _
Loads _ Boundary conditions _ Initial conditions. Loads and boundary conditions in
ABAQUS/CAE are step-dependent objects, which means that specify the step or steps in which
they become active. Initial conditions are not step-dependent because they are always applied at
the beginning of the analysis and cannot change from step to step.

In the category list, accept category selection. In the type for selected step list, accept desired
type selection, and click Continue.

Figure 3.6: Apply interaction conditions, boundary condition, load

15
. Creating and submitting an analysis job
To create and submit an analysis job: select Job->Create to create a job, Name the job. From the
main menu bar, select Job->Manager to start the Job Manager. The Job Manager appears and
displays a list of your jobs. Submit your job for analysis. When the job completes successfully,
the results of the analysis are ready to view with the Visualization module.

Figure 3.7: create and analyse job

. To view the results of analysis

Click Results in the Job module's Job Manager, ABAQUS/CAE loads the Visualization
module, opens Deform.odb, and displays a fast plot of the model.

The title block indicates the following:

_The job description. _ The output database from which ABAQUS/CAE read the data. _ The
version of ABAQUS/Standard or ABAQUS/Explicit that was used to generate the output
database. _ The date the output database was generated.

The state block indicates the following:

_ The step name and the step description.
_ The increment within the step. _ The step time.

From the main menu bar, select Plot->Undeformed Shape /Deformed Shape/ Contours to view
an un-deformed shape / deformed shape / contour plot of the von Mises stress. One can control
the appearance of the display in each mode, independent of other modes.
The ABAQUS/CAE postprocessor is called the Visualization module.

16
3.2 Details of the beam-column joint specimen

The full scale beam-column specimen used in this study were designed according to the Mexico
City Building Code, MCBC(Departamento, 1987), which has similar requirements for special
moment-resisting frames to those for monolithic construction in Chapter 21 of ACI 318-95.
Specimen represented an interior joint of a lower story of a multistory building. The specimen,
J1, consisted of two beams framing into the joint on opposite sides (2D construction); bottom
longitudinal steel reinforcement of the beams was terminated with 90-deg hooks at the joint.
Continuity of this reinforcement was achieved with hoops placed around the extensions of the
90-deg hooks that protruded from the beam ends. Hoops had a 90-deg bend with a six-diameter
extension. The hoops used here plays very important role in the behaviour of joint to check the
influence of these hoops the various parameters such as force, displacement, stress, strain etc. are
checked. Column longitudinal reinforcement was continuous and provided in bundles at the
corners to leave ample free space for beam erection and placement as shown in fig below. The
geometry and beam-column reinforcement detailing of specimen J1 is presented in the fig..
Specimen consisted of beams 5660-mm long framing into a column 4140 mm high at mid-
height. Column was square with 500-mm sides. J1 had beams with a final 500-mm square
section.

(A) (B)

17
 (C)

(D) (E)
Figure 3.8 Details of reinforcement in beam and column

The column of J1 is reinforced with 8 No. 10 continuous longitudinal bars and with No.4 hoops
at 100-mm spacing. The height of the gap in the column for beam placement and casting of the
joint was 1000 mm. Precast beams had an inverted T-shape and were reinforced with 2 No.8
bottom longitudinal bars and with No.3 stirrups at 100-mm spacing
Here the No. represented the bar size according to ACI code, its conversion in ‘mm’ can be made
by multiplying them by 3.12. So the following table represent the corresponding sizes of bars in
‘mm’.
Table 3.1

Bar No. Size in mm

3 10
4 12
5 16
8 25
10 32

18
Now, the corresponding reinforcement detailing of beam-column joint is as shown in fig 3.9

(A)

(B) (C)
Figure 3.9 Reinforcement of specimen J1

19
The modelling of this beam column joint is done in the ABAQUS to check it’s behaviour under
displacement controlled cyclic loading.

3.3 Modeling approach:

In this section the successful finite element modeling of interior precast beam-column joint of
lower story of multistory building is done to investigate the influence of boundary frame
interaction and beam-column joint detailing. The details of FE models with different structural
parameters are listed below.

3.3.1 Properties of created parts

In this study 21 different parts have been created, which includes precast beam column
parts, parts of rebars, hoops and the filler concrete part at joint.

Following properties are used for the concrete (solid) part and steel (wire parts)

Table 3.2. Properties of parts of model

category Beam and column Rebars and hoops

Modeling space 3D 3D
Type deformable Deformable
Shape solid Wire
type extrusion extrusion

3.3.2 Material properties used

To analyse and obtain an accurate prediction of the response of the beam column joint, accurate
material properties and relevant coefficients should be defined properly in the FE model. The
various properties used are as follows:

Table 3.3. Material properties assigned to section

properties Precast concrete Cast-in-situ concrete Steel
(Grade=60)
Density 2.4E^-9 2.4E^-9 7.85E^-9
Elastic properties
1. Young’s 27838 32787 210000
modulus
2. Poisson’s ratio 0.2 0.2 0.3
Plastic properties
1.Yield stress - - 420
2.Plastic strain 0

20
During the cyclic loading that is applied on the beam-column joint the non-linear behaviour of
the concrete should also be considered. The general uniaxial tensile and compressive stress strain
relationship of concrete can be shown in the fig 3.8 below.

f’c= ultimate concrete compressive strength; in (Mpa)

fr = modulus of rupture of concrete assumed equal to 0.62√f’c(Mpa)

E = modulus of elasticity, in (MPa).

Fig.3.8 shows a typical stress–strain curve for normal weight concrete. The uniaxial stress–strain
relationship for concrete in compression is simulated with multi-linear isotropic hardening
material. To construct the uniaxial compressive stress–strain curve for concrete the following
numerical equations are used.

Figure 3.10. Uniaxial compressive and tensile stress-strain curve for concrete.

21
where,
f = stress at any strain e, in ksi (MPa), 1 ksi = 6.895MPa.
e = strain at stress f,
e0 = strain at the ultimate compressive strength f’c

The idealised stress strain curve for precast concrete, cast-in-situ concrete and the grade 60 steel
used in this study is also shown in fig3.9, 3.10 and 3.11 below.

stress strain model for concrete of

fck=31Mpa
35
30
25
stress (Mpa)

20
15
Series1
10
5
0
0 0.0005 0.001 0.0015 0.002 0.0025
strain

Figure 3.11. Idealised stress-strain curve for precast concrete

22
 stress strain model for concrete of
fck= 43Mpa
50
sress in Mpa

40
30
20
Series1
10
0
0 0.0005 0.001 0.0015 0.002 0.0025 0.003
strain

Figure 3.12. Idealised stress-strain curve for fill concrete at joint

Stress-strain model for Grade 60 steel

Stress (Mpa)

Strain
Figure 3.13 Stress strain curve for Grade 60 steel

Number of sections were created for different parts and these properties were assigned to them.

23
 3.4 Assembly
This is very important module of analysis in his the beam-column joints detailing is done as per
design requirement given in section 3.2. The 21 parts that created are assembled together and a
single beam column joint assembly is created.
Sets of nodes, surfaces, elements or partition of faces are also created according to requirement
of model.
The created assembly is as shown in fig. below

Figure 3.14. Solid model

Figure 3.15 Wireframe model

24
 3.4.1 Steps created
Following are the two steps that were created in this analysis

1. Initial step
2. Static, General

The initial step is the special step created by ABAQUS used for applying boundary condition or
interaction throughout the analysis. In this step all the four sides i.e. beam ends and column ends
are pinned.

In the second static general step is generated in which consist of both beam ends and column
bottom constrained.

Static general takes the load and breaks it into increment applying each one on the result of the
previous increment whereas, Static Riks computes the difference between the increments and
then adds this to the previous increment.

Static riks step is used to create load to apply lateral load on top corner of beam column joint for
pushover analysis. Configuring a static, Riks procedure Geometrically nonlinear static problems
sometimes involve buckling or collapse behavior, where the load-displacement response shows a
negative stiffness, and the structure must release strain energy to remain in equilibrium. The
modified Riks method allow to find static equilibrium states during the unstable phase of the
response. So this method can be used for cases where the load magnitudes are governed by
single scalar parameter. It is also useful for solving ill-conditioned problems such as limit load
problems or almost unstable problems that exhibit softening.

Turn Nlgeom On is used to indicate that ABAQUS/Standard should account for geometric
nonlinearity during the step. Once you have turned Nlgeom on, it will be active during all
subsequent steps in the analysis. Since the loading magnitude is part of the solution, you need a
method to specify when the step is completed. Choose one or both of the following options: .
Toggle on Maximum load proportionality factor to enter a maximum value for the load
proportionality factor, . ABAQUS/Standard uses this value to terminate the step when the load
exceeds a certain magnitude. . Toggle on Maximum displacement to enter a maximum
displacement value at a specific degree of freedom (DOF). You must also specify the Node
Region that ABAQUS/Standard will monitor for finishing displacement. If this maximum
displacement is exceeded, ABAQUS/Standard terminates the step. If you leave both of these
finishing conditions unspecified, the analysis continues for the number of increments that you
specify on the Incrementation tabbed page. The step ends when the solutions at all constitutive
calculation points in the element set are fully plastic (defined by the equivalent strain being 10
times the offset yield strain). Once you have finished configuring settings for the static, Riks
step, click OK to close the Edit Step dialog box.
25
Pushover is a static-nonlinear analysis method where a structure is subjected to gravity loading
and a monotonic displacement-controlled lateral load pattern which continuously increases
through elastic and inelastic behavior until an ultimate condition is reached. Lateral load may
represent the range of base shear induced by earthquake loading, and its configuration may be
proportional to the distribution of mass along building height, mode shapes, or another practical
means. Output generates a static pushover curve which plots a strength-based parameter against
deflection. For example, performance may relate the strength level achieved in certain members
to the lateral displacement at the top of the structure, or bending moment may be plotted against
plastic rotation. Results provide insight into the ductile capacity of the structural system, and
indicate the mechanism, load level, and deflection at which failure occurs. When analyzing
frame objects, material nonlinearity is assigned to discrete hinge locations where plastic rotation
occurs according to FEMA-356 or another set of code-based or user-defined criteria. Strength
drop, displacement control, and all other nonlinear software features, including link assignment,
P-Delta effect, and staged construction, are available during static-pushover analysis.

3.4.2 Meshing

All the parts are modeled using four-node shell elements S4R with reduced integration. This
element has six degrees of freedom per node. As the rotational degrees of freedom are described
independently from the translational degrees of freedom, transverse shear deformation of the
cross section is automatically taken into account.

In addition, the FE models with mesh refinement made for rebars and joint 50*50 and for beams
and columns 75*75mm have a reasonable agreement with the test result.

3.4.3 Loading

The lateral loading is applied at the joint as shown in fig. below. The loading applied is the
displacement control cyclic loading. Here the displacement of 10mm was applies to the joint in
the cycles upto 3.5% drift angle as shown in fig.

26
 4

0 Series1
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
-1

-2

-3

-4

Figure 3.16 Loading pattern

3.4.4 Boundry conditions

The boundry conditions given to the model are as shown in fig. both the ends of beam coumn
joints are constrained i.e. pinned connection is given to all the four corners.

Figure 3.17 Boundary conditions

27
 3.4.5 Constrains used in modelling

Two types of constrains are given in this model i.e.

1) Tie constrain = Given between same element i.e. concrete surface to concrete surface

2) Embedded regions = For all the bars that are embedded into the concrete.

Analysis is done by changing the various boundary conditions and loads

28
 4. Validation
4.1 Software Validation
In this the simply supported steel beam having following dimensions L= 80mm, B= 40mm, D=
10mm is subjected to concentrated laod of 1000 N at the midpoint. The steel having

Modulus of elasticity( E) = 210Gpa, and

Poisson's ratio=0.3

Deflection at midpoint of simply supported beam is

= 0.015238 mm (manually) and,

= 0.0154617 mm (by software).

Figure 4.1 Displacement(U2) Contour pattern of Beam

29
 Figure 4.1 Displacement v/s distance along path

4.2 Model validation

The uniformly distributed live load of 1KN/m is applied on the beam surface of the model as
shown in fig.

The BMD of the same model is drawn manually the hogging moment obtained at the centre is
1.41 KN-m as shown below.

The stress at the joint is calculated manually by using the pure bending equation as

M/I = σ/y

Where ,

M= bending moment in N-mm

30
I= moment of inertia of square section in mm^4

σ = stress in N/mm^2

y= centroid distance of section.

The stress obtained using this equation is = 6.768*10^-2 N/mm^2

Figure 4.2 Manual BMD calculation

The same loading is applied in ABAQUS software in the form of pressure as shown in fig. 4.4

And the stress at the joint obtained is in the range of 5.56*10^-2 to 7.414*10^-2 as shown in
fig4.5.

The results obtained manually and in ABAQUS are same therefore the created model is validated
for the analysis

31
Figure 4.3 Live loading in the form of pressure

Figure 4.4 stress at the centre

32
 5. Analysis

5.1 parametric study

Analysis part includes the different parameters such as by changing the boundary conditions, by
changing the position of displacement applied and by changing the amount of displacement
applied to the joint. The displacement is applied at the joint part in the cyclic loading. During the
analysis the nonlinear behaviour of the materials is also considered.

Two types of models are developed by using two boundary conditions applied at the beam and
column ends.

1) Model 1

In this the all the four ends are pinned i.e the displacement at all the four ends is not allowed
so displacement at the both ends of beam and column is zero.

In this case the loading is applied on the joint in the form of the displacement applied at the
joint. The increasing displacement from 5 mm to 50mm is applied at the joint as shown in
fig.5.1 below.

2) Model 2
In this beam ends are pinned i.e only rotation is allowed to the beam ends and displacement
is restricted. Bottom end of the column is fixed and the displacement is applied at the top of
the column from this results are calculated. Fig5.2 shows the same

The following parameters are checked for various displacements

• force v/s time

• displacement v/s time
• force v/s displacement reaction

33
 Figure 5.1 Model 1 Boundary conditions and displacement at joint

Figure 5.2 Model 2-Boundary conditions and displacement at top

34
The force and displacement values at the joint nodes for the various displacements i.e.

5mm,8mm,10mm,15mm,20mm is shown below .

5mm 8mm 10mm
Rf1 U1 Rf1 U1 Rf1 U1
0 0 0 0 0 0
99.82535 3.354706 159.7206 4.967531 199.6507 6.709413
199.6507 6.709413 318.6812 9.928892 397.4927 13.40439
348.1852 11.73265 554.6725 17.34873 691.2764 23.42551
348.1852 11.73265 554.6725 17.34873 691.2764 23.42551
-323.599 -10.8962 -515.59 -16.1124 -642.521 -21.7555
335.8918 11.31442 535.1163 16.73065 666.8949 22.59045
-144.493 -4.82981 -554.673 -17.3487 -691.276 -23.4255
448.3488 15.12775 574.1967 17.96692 715.6568 24.26041
-882.751 -29.997 -593.718 -18.5851 136.1083 4.768336
951.6892 32.36901 1302.176 41.11537 -1562.24 -53.4129
-1945.46 -66.6373 -1253.82 -39.5736 -847.413 -29.3204
-1084.11 -34.2956 1367.262 46.67654
-281.493 -9.20089 1704.926 58.33772
900.5768 28.31705 438 15.44671
448.8672 14.26825 -805.495 -27.3058
-913.416 -28.7359 -1854.03 -63.4817
36.18074 0.922644 -1374.35 -47.3612
1457.248 46.05879 -665.268 -23.2663
-2079.53 -65.9211 385.1399 12.81632
-562.723 -18.3152 1945.372 66.63435
925.4477 29.08798 1339.472 46.24694
2257.614 71.62195 445.5556 15.76657
1682.608 53.72542 -880.094 -29.8625
834.4669 26.98485 -814.635 -27.6627
-423.222 -13.0472 2863.717 98.63115
-2287.19 -72.5699 1720.592 59.9776
-1643.76 -52.521 598.7731 21.44522
-572.962 -18.6915 -1066.52 -36.0016
1012.794 31.85687 -2264.25 -77.5592
1287.937 40.63163 -1297.62 -44.9303
-1125.99 -35.5289 122.9177 3.836979
-958.468 -30.3187 2225.476 76.43585
1841.226 58.29268 2780.205 95.71567
2525.055 80.21427 1560.591 54.44417

35
 2942.914 93.80307 363.5836 13.30449
2127.161 68.34319 -822.426 -27.6102
1324.63 42.97467 -2581.37 -88.6673
131.9601 4.990031 -2553.32 -87.7248
-1635.94 -51.48 -1522.44 -52.8933
-3077.46 -98.233 -7.1115 -0.82376
2233.813 76.62325
2723.234 93.69938
1421.962 49.63237
144.7046 5.708687
-1119.78 -37.9216
-2777.97 -95.5988
-2203.57 -76.2812
-1637.32 -57.0299
-796.871 -28.1862
454.1225 14.94198
2308.776 79.15244
2992.26 103.1951
3595.818 125.0418
2359.786 83.20827
1146.648 41.50898
-55.1439 0.048345
-1837.38 -61.8385
-3801.18 -132.659

15mm 20mm
Rf1 U1 Rf1 U1
0 0 0 0
299.0119 10.05972 982.7375 33.43747
593.7184 20.08508 1945.456 66.63727
1031.189 35.10503 3352.356 116.1305
1031.189 35.10503 3689.874 128.5216
-958.515 -32.6037 4022.906 140.9411
-1239.91 -42.2943 4354.22 153.374
-111.95 -4.15998 4436.945 156.4825
1387.238 47.371 4457.624 157.2596
749.165 25.88904 4478.3 158.0367
-191.892 -6.21797 4483.47 158.231
-1345.25 -45.9255 4487.346 158.3766
-805.911 -27.7935 4491.223 158.5224

36
-273.792 -9.72364 4497.037 158.7409
253.3411 8.331659 4505.759 159.0688
1039.258 35.37916 4518.842 159.5605
707.0523 24.21513 4538.463 160.2981
-1078.67 -36.7433 4545.822 160.5748
1949.247 66.76815 4556.858 160.9896
2854.569 98.3073 4573.411 161.612
1502.81 52.51111 4579.618 161.8454
175.9102 6.865503 4588.928 162.1955
-1789.4 -61.0372 4602.894 162.7206
-2517.76 -86.4343 4623.838 163.5082
-2164.64 -74.5675 4655.25 164.6897
-469.297 -16.7031 4649.486 164.4959
2025.343 69.41177 4489.408 159.1163
2837.878 97.72159 4249.292 151.0469
1395.551 48.82362 3892.352 138.9678
-20.2315 0.098917 3361.734 120.888
-1419.71 -48.2321 2572.98 93.79463
-2297.62 -78.732 1398.148 53.28528
-1480.95 -51.1885 -345.062 -7.04606
-278.898 -10.0245 -2862.44 -97.4781
1501.792 51.3839 -3772.73 -131.525
1644.491 56.31075 -3829.44 -133.654
-1070.27 -36.3753 -3886.14 -135.783
-1874.31 -64.123 -3942.83 -137.912
1506.861 51.56291 -3957 -138.445
3699.822 128.8907 -3962.31 -138.644
2668.369 94.0552 -3970.28 -138.944
1656.209 59.32661 -3982.24 -139.393
152.5485 7.474672 -3986.72 -139.561
-2067.56 -69.7863 -3993.45 -139.814
-3257.85 -112.597 -4003.53 -140.193
-2386.16 -83.1888 -4018.66 -140.761
-1529.43 -53.8782 -4041.36 -141.614
-256.034 -10.0081 -4075.4 -142.893
1630.918 55.25341 -4126.46 -144.812
4141.1 145.3716 -4203.04 -147.689
3956.273 139.1603 -4231.76 -148.768
3771.446 132.9489 -4274.83 -150.387
3495.842 123.645 -4339.43 -152.815
3085.873 109.724 -4363.65 -153.726
2476.76 88.85555 -4387.88 -154.636
1568.797 57.59545 -4387.88 -154.636

37
218.7341 11.01073
-1775 -58.5837
-3870.95 -135.247
-3673.58 -128.614
-3476.21 -121.981
-3182.44 -112.049
-2745.12 -97.1852
-2095.32 -74.9044
-1126.24 -41.5292
312.8867 8.154705
2430.261 82.45547
4038.04 141.516
3476.504 122.6334
2922.764 103.8155
2101.025 75.62043
877.61 33.44909
-936.563 -29.3233
-3553.76 -123.409
-4185.08 -147.022
-4121.59 -144.888
-3914.12 -137.916
-3603.62 -127.465
-3143.34 -111.835
-2459.8 -88.4111
-1441 -53.3262
71.45961 -1.10417
2291.844 76.99683
3094.692 106.3169
3391.43 117.3342
3834.458 133.8768
4275.913 150.4323
4386.101 154.5719
4413.641 155.6068
4441.18 156.6416
4451.506 157.0297
4466.995 157.6118
4472.804 157.8301
4474.982 157.9119
4478.249 158.0347
4483.149 158.2189
4486.824 158.357
4490.499 158.4952
4494.174 158.6333

38
 4499.687 158.8405
4507.955 159.1513
4520.358 159.6175
4525.008 159.7923
4531.984 160.0546
4534.6 160.1529
4534.6 160.1529

From the above values it is clear that when the displacement applied at joint is beyond 10mm
there is yield in bars near the joints.

39
 Results and Discussions
Model 1
The behaviour of beam column joint by applying various displacement at the joint

1) 5 mm Displacement at joint.

(a) Stresses at joint due to 5mm

(b)

40
 (c)

Figure 6.1. Displacement at joint

2) 8 mm Displacement at joint= Max stress= 4.2*10^2 N/mm^2

Figure 6.2 Stresses at joint due to 8mm

41
3) 10 mm Displacement at joint= Max stress= 4.67*10^2 N/mm^2

(a) stress at jont for 10mm displacement

(b) Force (N) v/s time (second)

42
The stresses in the rebars for 10mm displacements can be shown as shown below.

Figure 6.3 Stresses in rebars

From the above figure it can be concluded that the rebars at the top of beams have yielded firstly
and the significant strength degradation of joint is occurred.

43
The hysteresis curve drawn for the various displacements like 5mm, 8mm,10mm, 15mm, 20mm
applied at the joint is obtained as below.

The area under the force-displacement curve gives the energy dissipation capacity of joints.

Hysteresis curve
60000000

50000000

40000000

30000000
force (N)

20000000

10000000

0
-200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200
-10000000

-20000000
5mm
-30000000
8mm
-40000000 10mm
15mm
-50000000
Displacement (mm) 20mm

Figure 6.4 Hysteresis loop

44
Model 2

The behaviour of beam column joint by applying various displacement as below at the top of
column.

1) 15mm displacement at the top

2) 20mm displacement at the top
3) 30mm displacement at the top

1) 15 mm displacement at Top

Max stress in the rebars = 3.132*10^2 N/mm^2

(a)

45
 (b) Force (N) v/s Time (second)

(c) Displacement (mm) ,Time (second)

Figure 6.5

46
2) 20 mm displacement at Top

Max. stress = 4.185*10^2 N/mm^2

(a)

(b) Displacement contours for 20 mm displacements

Figure 6.6

47
3) 30mm , Max. stress= 4.2*10^2 N/mm^2

(a)

• Rebar stresses for 30mm displacement can be shown as below :

(b)

Figure 6.7

48
 7. Conclusions
1) The connection analysed numerically is proved to be efficient and reliable system that
simplify and speed up the construction of precast concrete frame structures.

2) The inside and outside rotation of beam occurred at the joint during both the loading
conditions. The beam rotation inside joint is not observed in monolithic construction.

3) The configuration having displacement applied at top has higher load carrying capacity.

4) Severe joint strength degradation occurs due to beam top steel reinforcement yielding in
tension.

FUTURE SCOPE:

1) To minimise the internal rotation of the beam by providing higher joint shear capacity.

2) To check the behaviour by curtailing top bottom bars of the beam.

49
 REFERENCES

[1] Sergio M Alcocer, Rene Carranza, David Perez-Navarrete, (2000), “Behaviour of a precast
th
concrete beam-column connection”, 12 World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, ISBN:
0958215448, Paper no. 1543
[2] Hawileh R.A, A.Rahman, H.Tabatabai,(2010)“Nonlinear Fnite Element Analysis and
Modeling of a Precast Hybrid Beam–Column Connection Subjected to Cyclic Loads”, Applied
Mathematical Modelling Volume 34, Issue 9, September 2010, Pages 2562-2583.
[3] Vidjeapriya R and K.P. Jaya, (2012) “Behaviour of Precast Beam-Column Mechanical
Connections under cyclic loading”, Asian Journal of Civil Engineering (Building and Housing)
Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 233-245.
[4] Kataoka M.A., M. A. Ferreira, A. L. H. C. El Debs , (2012) “A Study on the Behavior of
Beam-Column Connections in Precast Concrete Structures: Experimental Analysis”, Ibracon
Structures and Materials Journal, Volume 5, Number 5, pp. 848-873.
[5] Patrick Tiong Liq Yee, Azlan Bin Adnan, Abdul Karim Mirasa and Ahmad Baharuddin Abdul
Rahman, (2011) “Performance of IBS Precast Concrete Beam-Column Connections Under
Earthquake Effects: A Literature Review”, American J. of Engineering and Applied Sciences
Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 93-101.
[6] Sarakot Asaad Hasan, (2011) “Behaviour of discontiuous precast concrete Beam-column
connections”, PhD Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nottingham.
[7] M.J.Gopinathan, K.Subramanian, (2013) “High Performance and Efficiency of Joints in
Precast Members”, International Journal of Engineering and Technology (IJET), Vol.5 No.5,
pp.4002 4009
[8] R. Vidjeapriya and K.P. Jaya, (2012) “Behaviour of Precast Beam-Column Mechanical
Connections under cyclic loading”, Asian Journal of Civil Engineering (Building and Housing)
Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 233-245

50
[9] M. N. Kataoka, M. A. Ferreira, A. L. H. C. El Debs , (2012) “A Study on the Behavior of
Beam-Column Connections in Precast Concrete Structures: Experimental Analysis”, Ibracon
Structures and Materials Journal, Volume 5, Number 5, pp. 848-873.
[10] Patrick Tiong Liq Yee, Azlan Bin Adnan, Abdul Karim Mirasa and Ahmad Baharuddin
Abdul Rahman, (2011) “Performance of IBS Precast Concrete Beam-Column Connections
Under Earthquake Effects: A Literature Review”, American J. of Engineering and Applied
Sciences Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 93-101.
[11] ABAQUS 6.14 manual.

51