PRESSURE CONTROL APPARATUS

1. OBJECTIVE:
 To observe the pressure control characteristics.
 To determine the characteristics of pressure transducer
 To observe the relation between pressure and voltage

2. ABSTRACT:
The main objective of this experiment is to observe the pressure control
characteristics and to find the relation between pressure and the voltage. For this
pressure control system is connected with the voltmeter. By regulating the needle
valve of the pressure control system, there is a change in the pressure. As the pressure
changes there is a change in the voltmeter reading. From this at the end it is concluded
that the pressure is directly proportional to voltage. As the pressure decreases voltage
also decreases. There is a linear relation between pressure and voltage.

3. INTRODUCTION:
In Pressure Control systems both the inlet and the outlet are gas or vapor. Therefore
in a typical pressure control system if the control valve is shut then the pressure in the
tank will rise and vice versa. Gas systems are more likely to be downstream because
raising the pressure of a gas requires energy, and some mechanical devices, such as a
compressor, usually impart this energy. Compressors are very expensive, so only one
compressor is used at the front of the process, and performs any subsequent
manipulations to obtain the required pressure by downstream valves. The energy used
in compression is costly and this energy is thrown away by throttling through a
control valve. Hence in processes where compressor costs are very high, these valves
are sometimes avoided and the compressor speed is controlled to keep the system at
the necessary pressure [1].

Fig: 1 (Pressure Control System Loop) [1]

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The Pressure Process Control Training System is a single loop pneumatic control
system. It enables the study of the principles of both pressure regulation of a process
and the control of flow in a pressurized system. The System comprises a low pressure
air circuit supported on a panel for use on a bench top, making it suitable for
individual student work or for group demonstration. This model is equipped with a
range of sensors and controls including level transmitters [2].

CONTROLLERS IN PRESSURE CONTROL SYSTEM:

Pressure loop can be controlled by using three basic feedback control modes which
are given below:

 Proportional(P) controller
 Proportional and Integrative(PI) controller
 Proportional, Integral and Derivative(PID) controller

Proportional Controller:
Proportional Controller tries to stabilize the system by adjusting to the magnitude
as well as the direction of the error and preventing fluctuations. In calculating the
amount of error between the measurement and the set point, Proportional
Controller helps enhance it and position the final control factor to reduce the error
[3].

Proportional and Integrative Controller:

Integral control has a negative effect on the speed of the response and overall
system stability. However, it is basically never used alone. It is instead combined
with Proportional Controller. When a process disturbance happens, the
Proportional Controller will record and address an error. While, in proportional
mode, the Integral Control system can sense the offset error and attempt to
eradicate the error [3].

Proportional, Integral and Derivative Controller:

For many decades PID Control has been the dominant control method over
process control but it has some limitations. It is difficult to tune. Therefore, the
controlled process that is balanced using the Derivative Control helps to reduce
the oscillation and offset resulting in the same response rate as with proportional
action but without offsetting [3].

Fig: 2 (Block Diagram) [4]

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 PRESSURE TRANSDUCERS:
Pressure transducer produces a voltage output which is proportional to the pressure
applied. Pressure transducers are available in configurations of gage, absolute, and
differential. A pressure sensitive diaphragm with strain gages attached to it is found in
the pressure transducers. The diaphragm deflection is converted to a true voltage by
the strain gage. Temperature changes influence the performance of the strain gage,
and the zero value (no pressure applied) will usually differ between sensor and sensor.
Pressure transducers include circuits to compensate for temperature and to zero the
output correctly [5].

Tank
Needle
Valve

Solenoid Valve

Drain Valve

Voltmeter
Pump

Fig: 3 (Pressure Control Process)

APPLICATIONS:
Pressure control is very common in industrial power plant steam generation, chemical
industry reaction control, heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems,
and hydraulic mobile applications [6]. Pressure control is also very important in
pressure vessels. Pressure vessels have played an important role in the chemical and
mechanical industries as storage vessels for gas phase materials, reaction vessels to
conduct a gas phase reaction, because it will exert pressure equally in all directions of
the walls and ends of pressure vessels [7]. Pressure control systems also use in many
other applications such as:

 Steam Boiler
 Heat Exchanger
 Small Jacketed Pans.
 Tracer Lines.
 Ironers.
 Acid Baths

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 4. PROCEDURE:
 First through the leads connect bush 8 of the water pump driver to the bush of
set point 1, bush 9 to bush 9 and bush 10 to 10.
 Now connect bush 1 and 2 of the pressure sensor to bushes 1 and 2 of the
relevant interface.
 Connect one terminal of the digital voltmeter with bush 3 and the other one
with the earth bush.
 After all the setup, switch on the button.
 Now regulate the trimmer OFFSET to read the value 0V on the multimeter.
 Start the pump and set the value of voltage on set point 1 at 10V.
 Now note the value of pressure from the pressure gauge.
 When the pressure reaches to 1 bar, stop the pump and note down the value of
voltage.
 Now regulate the needle valve. By regulating the needle value, pressure value
decreases.
 Note down the value of the voltage as the pressure decreases.
 Stop taking the when the pressure is 0.1 bar.
 After that, put off the main switch and remove all the connections.
 At the end, draw the graph between voltage and pressure.

5. RESULT AND CALCULATIONS:

Pressure 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1
(bar)
Voltage 6 5.4 4.7 4.1 3.49 2.83 2.16 1.4 0.8 0.12
(mV)
Voltage 0.006 0.0054 0.0047 0.0041 0.00349 0.00283 0.00216 0.0014 0.0008 0.00012
(V)

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 Pressure VS Voltage
0.007
0.006

Voltage (V) 0.005

0.004
0.003
Voltage (V)
0.002
0.001
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
Pressure (bar)

Graph: 1

6. DISCUSSION:
From the data given it is concluded that the pressure and voltage has a linear relation.
From the graph it is concluded that, as the pressure decreases voltage also decreases.
Pressure transducer produces a voltage output which is proportional to the pressure
applied. Due to the pressure applied, the resistance of the strain gauge can change.
The resistance change is very low. This resistance change causes the wheat stone
bridge to be unbalanced. That gives output voltage. This output voltage is directly
proportional with the resistance change. The resistance change is directly proportional
with the pressure applied. The output voltage is therefore proportional to the applied
pressure.

7. REFRENCES:

[1] “ECOSSE Control Book.” [Online]. Available:

http://homepages.ed.ac.uk/jwp/control06/controlcourse/restricted/course/secon
d/course/lecture3.html#seven. [Accessed: 15-Feb-2020].
[2] “Process Control.”
[3] G. Members, “CCB 3072 Process Instrumentation & Control Lab September
2013 Group Project,” no. September, 2013.
[4] “Ei6612 - ei6612 -.”
[5] N. Hall, “Static Pressure Measurement,” Natl. Aeronaut. Sp. Adm., p. 1, 2015.
[6] D. S. Bhandare and N. R. Kulkarni, “Design of an Intelligent Pressure Control
System Based on the Fuzzy Self-tuning PID Controller,” pp. 16–20, 2016.
[7] “CPB30004- Process Dynamics and Control Experiment 4: Gas Pressure
Process Control Page | 1,” pp. 1–18.

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