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    Solucionario de Ecuaciones Diferenciales Dennis G Zill PDF

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    Neyder Avila

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    COMPLETE SOLUTIONS MANUAL FOR | | ZILL’s | A FIRST COURSE IN | DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS WITH MODELING APPLICATIONS 77H EDITION AND | ZILL & CULLEN’S DIFFERENTIAL | EQUATIONS WITH BOUNDARY-VALUE PROBLEMS STH EDITIon BROOKS/COLE THOMSON LEARNING Australia + Canada + Mexico + Singapore * Spain + United Kingdom + United States Table of Contents 1 10 n R B u 6 Appendix I Appendix II Introduction to Differential Equations First-Order Differential Equations Modeling with First-Order Differential Equations Higher-Order Differential Equations Modeling with Higher-Order Differential Equations Series Solutions of Linear Equations ‘The Laplace Transform Systems of Linesr First-Order Differential Equations Numerical Solutions of Ordinary Differential Equations Plane Autonomous Systems and Stability Orthogonal Functions and Fourier Series Partial Differential Equations and Boundary-Value Problems in Rectangular Coordinates Boundaty-Value Problems in Other Coordinate Systems Integral Transform Method Numerical Solutions of Partial Differential Equations Gamma funetion Introduction to Matrices 194 240 308 370 430 491 1 Introduction to Differential Equations Exercises 1.1 1. Second-order; linear 2. Third-order; nonlinear because of (dy/dz¢ 3. The differential equation is first-order. Writing it in the form 2(dy/da) + y? = 1, we see that it is nonlinear in y because of y?, However, writing it in the form (y — 1)(da/dy) + x = 0, we see that i linear in a 4, The differential equation is first-order. Writing it in the form u(du/du) + (1+ u)v = that it is linear in vy. However, writing it in the form (v + wv — ue")(du/dv) +u = 0, we see that it 6. Second-order; nonlinear because of cos(r +1) 7. Second-order; nonlinesr because of /T = (d 8. Second-order; nonlinear because of 1/R? 9. Third-order; linear 10. Second-order; nonlinear because of #2 =n 11. From y= #72. Then 2y +y we obtain y! = —} ¢ 12. From y = § ~ $e- we obtain dy/dt = 24e"™*, so that dy 6 5 20y = 24072" at 13, From y = e* cos 2x we obtain n Se cos 2x — 2e% sin 2x and y" = Se cos 2x — 12e% si that y" — 6y + 13y = 0 14, From y= —cosin(secx + tanz) we obtain y’ = —1+sinzIn(sece + tan) and y! = tanz + cose in(secx + tanz). Then y" +y = tan Exercises 1.1 415. Writing In(2X ~ 1) — In(X ~ 1) = ¢ and differentiating implicitly * : we obtain 2 Exponentiating both sides of the implicit solution we obtain 2x - ae eh me WX a Xela = [ae X SX Solving ef ~2 = 0 we get t = In2. Thus, the solution is defined on (90,122) or on (In2, 00) ‘The graph of the solution defined on (—co, !n.2} is dashed, and the graph of the solution defined on (tn 2,00) is solid, 16. Implicitly differentiating the solution we obtain a dy ty a Ue =e -2Pdy— Pryde + ydy =0 => Qaydz + (2? — y)dy 0 Using the quadratic formula to solve y?—22%y—1 = 0 for y, we get y= (20? + VETFS)/2 = 22 + VeTET. Thus, two explicit solutions are yy = 2? + Vz041 and y = 2?- Vz? F1. Both solutions are defined on (oo, c0). The graph of yx() is solid and the graph of ya is dashed. 17. Differentiating P = cre*/ (1 + exe") we obtain ap _ (tae) ae ~ae-cet a Gseey 1+ae) ~ ce! a A 7 Jaa = Pil). Tra trae 18. Differentiating y =e" ["2Pdt + ee" we obtain * ef dt — 26 weet [Pat — 20,20 v ff de — dove 1220" [ede — 20126 2 Exercises 1.1 Substituting into the differential equation, we have 1 Ye tey—1— 290? [oes ance 4200 * [fae ase a 2 ang & 19. From y = cie™*-+cxee™ we obtain ¢ = (2ey-+ep)e™ +2come™* and z = (Aer-+den)e* +depre™, so that dy Fe + AY (der + den — Ber ~ don + Aer)e™ + (Men — Ben + 4en)ze 20. From y = c127! + cx + ca inz + 42” we obtain and so that 5 . ay og ty Pars (Bey + 4ey + cy + cy)? + (—c3 + Deg — cp — 3 + co) + (-c5 t+es)zInz + (16-8 + 4)2? = 122? 21. (a) From 41 = 2? we obtain ¢ 2x, 80 6) — 26) = 2(22) ~ 22? = 0, From ¢2 = —z? we obtain gf, = —2z, so 2G) — 2 = 2(-22) - 2(-2") = 0. Thus, ¢1 and 2 are solutions of the differential equation on (~o0, 00). a 22, 2<0 (6) Bom y= {3 2, 20 The function y(2) is not continuous at x = Osince lim y( 2) -s, 2<0 we obtain v={ so thet zy — 2y = 0 22, Sand im, y(s) = —8, Thus, ¥(2) does not exist at x = 0. 23. (a) The domain of the function, found by solving 2 +3 2 0, is [-3, 0) 3 Exercises 1.1 (b) From y! = 14 (2+3)-"? we have | (y-a)y -y+2-2= [et 2vre9 — al + 4 @—3)] [e+ 2VEFS] 42-2 VEFS+2-2-WetSt+2-2=0. Since y(z) is not differentiable at x = —3, y is a solution of the differential equation on (~3, 00) 24. (a) An interval on which tan5t is continuous is —r/2 < St < m/2, so 5 tanSt will be a solution on (=n /20, 1/10). (b) For (1 sin t)“!/? to be continuous we must have 1—sin¢ > Oor sing <1. Thus, (1—sint)-1/? will be a solution on (1/2, 57/2) 25. (a) From y =e we obtain y’ = me™, Then y/ +2y = 0 implies me™ +22" = (m+ 2e™ = 0. Since ¢™ > 0 for all t, m = -2, Thus y = e~* is a solution, (b) From y = e™ we obtain y’ = me™ and y’ = me™, Then y/’ — 5y/ + 6y = 0 implies me — 5me™ + Ge™! = (m — 2)(m — 3)e™ = 0. Since e™ > Q for all t, m =2and m= 3. Thus y =e and y = e* are solutions 26. (a) From y = t™ we obtain y! = mt! and yf! = mlm —1}t™-*, Then ty’ + 2y' = 0 implies fen(mm = 1)? + Amt™— = [yma ~ 1) + 2me™—t = (m? + maje™—t (m+ 10"! = 0, Since #1 > 0 for f > 0, m=O and m=~1. Thus 1 are solutions. (b) From y = 9" we obtain yf = mi"! end y = mim — 1)e™-2, Then fy” — Tey’ + iby = 0 implies Emn(m ~ 10? — Teme! + 150" = [mm — 1) — Tm + Is]e™ = (m2 — 8m + 15)E™ = (m—3)(m — 5)e” Since ¢" > 0 for t> 0, m-=3 and m= 5. Thus y= #9 and y = ¢° are solutions, 27. From x =~ + 3e and y + Sel we obtain oe ee and Ya 20 4 ape Gm nto + eel and FE = 267% + 206 Then zt By = (e+ de) + 3(—e™ + 5e) 4 Bef = and Exercises 1.1 Bx + By = 5(e7* + 3c) + 3(-e-™ + Se) ay = 22° 4 9066 = +30 = = cos 21 ~ sin2t ~ fet we obtain le T= ~2sin2t + 2cos2t+ ze and sin2t — 2eos2t — 5 and @r 1 1 aecaee — Asin 2¢+ ce" an cos ot cet Bo sents tanat te ane SE kent tana be Then syed aa cott aint = Bee 1, @r ton snes he = and 1 (c052¢ + sin 2t + Ze!) ~ Ly _ ay BT ae = 4cos2t + 4sin2¢ — 29. (y? +1 =0 has no real solution 30. The only solution of (y’)? + y? = 0 is y =0, since if y #0, y? > O and (y')? +7? > y? > 0. 31. The first derivative of f(t) = et is et. The first derivative of f(t) = eM is ke. The differential equations are y= y and y/ = hy, respectively. 82. Any function of the form y = cet or y = ce" is its own second derivative. ‘The carresponding differential equation is y" ~ y = 0. Functions of the form y = esint or y = ceost have second Gerivatives that are the negetives of themselves. The differential equation is y+ y = 0, 83. Since the nth derivative of #() must exist if 4() is «solution of the nth order differential equation all lower-order derivatives of (2) must exist and be continuous, {Recall that a differentiable function is continuous] 84. Solving the system eryr(0) + caye(0) = 2 ery} (0) + e2ya(0) = 0 for cy and cp we get 2yA(0) 2y,(0) 8 TOA) — AOD 2 ~~ HATO) = vial) 35. 36. av. 38. 39. 40. a. 42, Exercises 1.1 ‘Thos, a particular solution is 2y4(0) ne 2y4(0) . F* pAOWAT) = Oval) ~ COAL) ~ vi (OVua0) where we assume that yi(0)x4(0) — y4(O)y2(0) # 0. For the first-order differential equation integrate /(z). For the second-order differential equation integrate twice. In the latter case we get y = J(f f{t)dt)dt + et + en Solving for y/ using the quadratic formula we obtain the two differential equations (+2/t5) andy so the differential equation cannot be put in the form dy/dt = (t,y) ‘The differential equation yy! — ty = 0 has normal form dy/dt = t, These are not equivalent because y= (is a solution of the frst differential equation but not a solution of the second, Differentiating we get y/ = c, + Sent and y” = Gegt. Then o = y/6t and cr = y' ~ty"/2, 80 ve) (B)eow and the differential equation is ¢y"— 3ty' + 3y = 9. When g(t) = 0, y = 0 is a solution of e linear equation, (a) Solving (10 ~ 5y)/32 = 0 we see that y is a constant solution, 3 and y = I are constant solutions. (b) Solving y? + 2y—3 = (y+3)(y— 1) =0 we see that y (©) Since 1/(y— 1) = hhas no solutions, the differential equation has wo constant solutions. (d) Setting y’ = 0 we have y” = 0 and 6y = 10. Thus y = 5/3 is constant solution. ‘One solution is given by the upper portion of the graph with domain approximately (0,2.6). The other solution is given by the lower portion of the graph, also with domain approximately (0, 2.6). One solution, with domain epproximately (—o0,1.6) is the portion of the graph in the second quadrant together with the lower pact of the graph in the first quadrant. A second solution, with domain approximately (0,1.6) is the upper part of the graph in the first quadrant, ‘The third sofution, with domain (0,00), is the part of the graph in the fourth quadrant. 6 Exercises 1.1 43. Differentiating (2° + y*)/xy = Se v obtain . zy(de? + ayy) - ‘28+ New +9) # i Byam y P— a8 — ayy! = 30° tay +! yin 2aty _ yl? — 208) Day = at ~ 2(2y— 2) 44. A tangent line will be vertical where y’ is undefined, or in this case, where 2(2y* — 24) ives 2 = 0 and 2y? = 2°. Substituting y* = 23/2 into a? + y? = ary we get Padsoae(ee) 0. This z DR ®, 33_ 3 2 3 > OR 2a 2/8? B2— PP) = 0, ‘Thus, there are vertical tangent lines at c = 0 and z= 2%, or at (0,0) and (22/°,2M°), Since 29/8 = 1.59, the estimates of the domains in Problem 42 were close. 45, Since # (2) > 0 for all x in J, (2) is an increasing function on J. Hence, it can have no relative extrema on I 46. (a) When y (b) When y > 5, y/ <0, and the solution must be decreasing, When y < 5, y! > 0, and the solution must be increasing, Thus, none of the curves in color can be solutions, is a solution of y/ = 5—y, sy =0, 804 (ce) 47. (a) y=Oand y= a/b. (b) Since dy/de = y(a~ by) > 0 for 0 < y < a/b, y = Oz) is increasing on this interval. Since dy/dx <0 for y <0 or y > a/b. y = O(c) is decreasing on these intervals. 7 Exercises 1.1 (c) Using implicit differentiation we compute £y ym) + lao) =y(o - 2by) a/2b. Since d?y/dz? > 0 for 0 < y < a/2b and d’y/dz? < 0 (2) has a point of inflection at y = 4/2. Solving *y/dz? = 0 we obtain. for a/2 1 v3 -la+Y=0 Solving we find cy 6. Using 2 Fat fanwi Solving we find ¢ = —1 and c = 3, The solution is x = ~cost + 3sint. v2. va 2 7. From the initial conditions we obtain the system atest aa 22 Solving we get c; } and cp = —}. A solution of the initial-value problem is 8. From the initial conditions we obtain the system cet oe =O ce-ae =e. ‘Solving we get c1 = 4 and cp = —Je”. A solution of the initial-value problem is y = }e* - ge?-* 9. From the initial conditions we obtain cet ox Solving we get ¢ = 0 and cy = 5e~. A solution of the ini value problers is y= 5e"#~? 9 10. u 12, 13. 14. 15. 16. at. 18. 19, 20. 2. 22, 23, Exercises 1.2 From the initial conditions we obtain ata= era =0. Solving we get cy = ¢2 = 0. A solution of the initial-value problem is y = 0. ‘Twa solutions are y = 0 and y = 2° ‘Two solutions are y = end y = 22, (Also, any constant multiple of x? isa solution.) For f(z,y) = y2 we have g = Fy, Thus the differenti! equation will havea unique solution im any rectangular region of the plane where y + 0. Foc f(2,y) = 29 we have 2 iz ‘Thus the differential equation will have @ unique solution ey in any region where x > 0 and y > 0 or where x <0 and y <0. For f(y) = % we have a = i ‘Thus the differential equation will have a unique solution in any region where £ #0 For f(2,y) = 2 +y we have x = 1. Thus the differential equation will have @ unique solution in vy the entive plane, Por f(e,u) we have 21 = 2279. Thus the diferential equation will have a unique UTR ay Gv solution in any region where y < -2, -2 2 2 ot ay? For fla) = Tyas we have Gy = Ty gape Ths the ciferential equation will have a unive solution in any region where y # —1 2 2, ¥ of 2n?y For f(x,y) = ——5 we have = = ‘Thus the differential equation will have a unique Non ae by ~ yt) solution in aay region not containing (0, 0) For fey) = YES we nave SF = 224 phus the differential equation will have a unique yor dy (yz) solution in any region where y =. ‘The differential equation has a unique solution at (1,4) ‘The differential equation is not guaranteed to have @ unique solution at (5,3) ‘The differential equation is not guaranteed to have a unique solution at (2, ~3) 10 24. 25. 26. 27, 28. Exercises 1.2 The differential equation is not guaranteed to have a unique solution at (~1,1) (a) A one-parameter family of solutions is y = cr. Since y! vay = (>). Writing the equation in the form y/ = y/z we see that R cannot contain any point on the y-axis. ‘Tiras, any rectangular region disjoint from the y-axis and containing (20, yp) will determine an interval around zp and @ unique solution through (zo, yo). Since xo = 0 in part (a) we are not guaranteed a unique solution through (0,0). (©) The piecewise-defined function which satisfies y(0) = 0 is not a solution since it is not differ- entiable at x= 0 a {a) Since 7 tan(e +e) = sect(r +c) = 1+ tan?(x +c), we see that y = tan(x +e) satisfies the differential equation. (b) Solving y(0) = tanc = 0 we obtain c = 0 and y = tanz. Since tanz is discontinuous at = 1/2, the solution is not defined on (—2,2) because it contains +r /2. (c) The largest interval on which the solution can exist is (~*/2,/2). 4d 1 : 1 (a) Since © Tae ~ #7 WE 8 that y = — FF Is a solution of the diferentil equation, (b) Solving (0 wwe obtain ¢ 1 we ebtein c= 1 and y = 1/(1- 2). Solving 9(0) = -1/e = —1 -1/(1 +t). Being sure to include ¢ = 0, we see that the interval of existence of y = 1/(1 — #) is (—00,1), while the interval of existence of y = -1/(1 + #) is {-1, 00), (c) Solving y(0) = —-1/e= y we obtain c= ~1/yo and 1 ~Vwtt Since we must heve ~1/yo +t x 0, the largest interval of existence (which must contain 0) is either (—00, 1/yo) when yo > 0 oF (1/yn.00) when uo < 0, (A) By inspection we see that y = 0 is @ solution on (—00, 90) (a) Differentiating 32? — y? = c we get 62 ~ 2yy/ = 0 or yy! uw Exercises 1.2 (b) Solving 32? — y? = 8 for y we get 8 y= d2)= 8-1, 1 0, for y > 2—1, we see that solutions above the line y = 2-1 are increasing. From y’ < 0, for y < x— 1, we see that solutions are decreasing below the line y= 2-1. From y" = 0, for y = 2, we see thet solutions have possible inflection points on the line y = x. Actually, y = 2’ easily seen to be a solution of the differential equation, s0 the solutions do not have inflection points. From y/' > 0 for y > z we see that solutions above the line y = 7 are concave up, From y/" < 0 for y < # we see thet solutions below the line y= + are concave down, Exercises 1.3 Paws Pours 2. Let bbe the rate of births and d the rate of deaths. Then b= kyPand d = haP. Since dP/dt = 0d, the differential equation is dP/dt = ky P~ hpP 3. Letdbethe rate of births and dthe rate of deaths, Then b~ kyP and d = kyP?, Since dP/dt = bd, che diferenial equation is dP/dt = ky P ~ hP® Let P(t) be the number of owls present at time & Then dP/dt = k(P — 200 + 10) 5. From the graph we estimate T= 180° and Tm = 76°. We observe that when T = 85, aT /dt = From the differential equation we then have afd = Pom eee 6, By inspecting the graph we take Th to be T(t) = 80 30cosmt/12, Then the temperature of the body at tine tis determined by the differential equation Fan[r-(s0-s0c0H:)], t>0. 7. The number of students with the flu is x and the numher not infected is 1000 - 2, so dr/d¢ = ex(2000 ~ 2). 8. By analogy with differential equation modeling the spread of a disease we assume that the rate at which the technological innovation is adopted is proportional to the number of people who have adopted the innovation and also to the number of people, y(t), who have not yet adopted it. If one person who has adopted the innovation is introduced into the population then 2 +y =n-+1 and Fetenti-z), 2-1 13 Exercises 1.3 9. The rate at which sal is leaving the tank is ; A (3 gal/mnin), & tb/aal) tb/min 106 Thus dA/dt = 4/100. 10, The rate st which salt is entering the tank is Ry = (3 gal/min) (2 Ib/gal) = 6 Ib/min Since the solution is pumped out at a slower rate, it is accurnulating at the rate of (3~ 2)gal/min = 1 gal/min. After t minutes there are 300 + gallons of brine in the tank. The rate at which salt is leaving is a= (gal/min): (se to/enl) = sae to/min ‘The differential equation is eae dt BOO +t 11. The volume of water in the tank at time t is V = Ah. The differential equation is then dhotwWvioa cdo aaa ae (ete igh) = ~38 aah ay?_ 4 Using-Ao = = () Fp Ae = 10? = 100, and g = 52, this becomes dh whe a Bik = ~ Vi 12, The volume of water in the tank at time t is V = Jar*h = {Ayh. Using the formula from Problem 11 for the volume of water a the tank we see that the differential equation is ah eo 3cAy E z ve Fy tAny2ah) = Fy aah. Using A, = (2/12)? = 7/36, g = 32, and ¢ = 0.6, this becomes ah IO8)R/36 aE _ Oana a Au ie To find Ay we let r be the radius of the top of the water. Then r/h = 8/20, so r = 2h/5 and Ay = x(2h/5)? = dh? /25. Thos dh | _O4r ya a ~~ R/S asart?. dg a 13. Sant — Gan gh + AG = 0 wn + Alt) 14. By Kirchofs second law we obtain RSE + Ly = Blt 14 15. 16. 17. 18. 19, 20. Exercises 1.3 sku? + mg, Fw Neve’ snd i we an mt We have from Archimedes” principle ‘upward force of water on barrel = weight of water displaced = (62.4) x (value of water displaced) = (62.4) (s/2)?y = 15.6rs%y, @y | 15.6rs?g ew Xethen fellows fiom Newtons second aw that BY = 15.6564 0: 0 where ¥ g = 32 and w is the weight of the barrel in pounds. The net force acting on the mass is ar F = ma=m&q = -K(s+2) + mg = ke + mg~ hs & Since the condition of equilibrium is mg = ks, te differential equation is ar "ae s From Problem 17, without a damping force, the differential equation is md°x/dt? = —kx. With a damping force proportional to velocity the differential equation becomes @y dx Pa ade Gari mag tar tke Let x(t) denote the height of the top of the chaia at time t with the positive direction upward. The ‘Weight of the portion of chain off the ground is W = (x ft) -(1 lb/ft) =z. The mass of the chain is mm = W/g = 1/32. The net force is P = ~ =. By Newton’s second law, Se) or 2G + 0G = 160— 2s ‘Thus, the differential equation is Pe | dey? 2Et(G) +:32x = 1060. ‘The force is the weight of the chain, 2, s0 by Newton's second law Sim 2L. Since the mass of the portion of chain off the ground is m = 2(L — r)/g, we have aL al yj=2L oe 9 ‘Thus, the differential equation is 21. 22. 23, 24. 25. 26. 27. 28, 29. Exercises 1.3 From = /R? we find & = gR?. Using a = d’r/dt? and the fact that the positive direction is. upward we get ae ar oh? e at ye =° ‘The gravitational force on 1 is F = —kM,m/r?. Since M, = 4nér3/3 and M = 4r6R3/3 we have M, = r3M/R and Myr mM Fon Be" Now from F = ma = dr/dt? we have dA The differential equation is = k(M ~ A). ‘The differential equation is 4 ky(M- A) ~ kA ‘The differential equation is 2/(¢ a(t) where k > 0 By the Pythagoreat Theorem the slope of the tangent line is y! We see from the figure that 20+ a = x. Thus Y y 2tand tana = tan(s — 28) = ~tan20=—7— Sg Since the slope of the tangent line is yf = tan we have y/z = 2y/{i-(y'\?] or y—y(y/)? = 2ay, which s the quadratic equation y(y/"+20y—y=0 in y/. Using the quadratic formula we get % | we feria? re (PtP 7 eee 2y y Since dy/dr > 0, the differential equation is dy _ tr year ae ¥ ‘The differential equation is dP/dt = KP, so from Problem 31 in Exercises 1.1, P = eM, and a one-parameter family of solutions is P = ce ‘The differential equation in (3) is dT/dt = k(T — Ty). When the body is cooling, T > Tn, 80 T Tp > 0. Since T is decreasing, dT/dt <0 and k < 0. When the body is warming, T < Tn, 80 T -Tm <0. Since T is increasing, dT/dt > 0 and k <0. 16 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. Exercises 1.3 ‘The differential equation in (8) is dA/dt = 6 - 4/100. If A(t) attains a maximum, then dA/dt = 0 at this time and A = 600. If A(t) continues to increase without reaching s maximum then '(t) > 0 fort > 0 and A cannot exceed 600. In this case, if A'(t) approaches 0 as t increases to infinity, we see that A(t) approaches 600 as t increases to infinity. ‘The input rate of brine is 7; gal/min and the concentration of salt in the inflow is c; Ib/gal, so the input rate of salt is rjc;lb/min. ‘The output rate of brine is r, gal/min and the concentration of salt in the outflow is cylb/gal, so the output rate of salt is rocolb/min. The solution in the tank js accumulating at a rate of (r;— rq) gal/min (or decreasing if r < ro). After t minutes there are Vo + (ri—ro)t gallons of brine in the tank, and the output rate of salt is roA/[Vo-+(r;—ro)f{lb/min. ‘The differential equation is a toe a “Sehr This differential equation could describe a population that undergoes periodic Suctuations. aP aA cy: Fear istinear 2: Baka is near a_i, = a @: Ge=hP—T) is linear (8): = ke(n+ 12) is nonlinear dX dA (6: G=Ma-X\G-X) isnonlinesr — (8): F 3p 8 linear dh_ Ay @q dg 1 (o: ang /2gh is nonlinear (ny: LEE + REE + Geax Blt) is linear i lv (9): p= 9 is tnear (04); ft = mg— ko is near és ds @r 64 mS 4 bE = mg is linear Ee linear (18): moe + RE = mg isi (9: Sy Fe = 0 is nea From Problem 21, d2r/dt? = —gR?/r?. Since Ris a constant, ifr = R+s, then dr /dt? = d?s/dt? and, using @ Taylor series, we get @&s és 298 a? 0+ + ‘Thus, for R much larger than s, the differential equation is approximated by ds/dt? = ~ Hf pis the mass density of the raindrop, then m = pV and am_ av aa a Hf dr/dt is a constant, then dm/dt = kS where pdr/dt = k or dr/dt = k/p. Since the radius is decreasing, k < 0. Solving dr/dt = k/p we get r = (k/p)t-+ eo. Since r(0) = ro, c t/o +0. F(R +s)? = —gR?[R? — 25R9 + ro and 7 36. Exercises 1.3 From Newton's second law, ma = mg, where vis the velocity of the raindrop. Then dv dm ay du 2 3 rte amg or o(dar) SE + o(bane®) = o(4er4)a Dividing by 4mr®/3 we get du | 3k dv 3k/p Freon ye Pele iuns, bee We assume that the plow clears snow at a constant rate of & cubic miles per hour. Let ¢ be the time in hours after noon, x(¢) the depth in miles of the snow at time ¢, and y(t) the distance the plow has moved in t hours. Then dy/d¢ is the velocity of the plow and the assurnption gives, dy uzG where w is the width of the plow. Each side of this equation simply represents the volume of snow plowed in one hour, Now let to be the number of hours before noon when it started snowing and k Jet s be the constant rate in miles per hour at which x increases. Then for t > tp, = = s(¢ + to) ‘The differential equation then becomes ana Husise Integrating we obtain ‘ y= yllat+t) +e] where c is a constant. Now when ¢ = 0, y=0s0¢=—Inty and y= Emit Finally, from the fact that when t = 1, y= 2 and when t 2? 1) 142) = (142 (+3) -0+a) Expanding and simplifying gives ¢} +t. - 1 =0. Since to > 0, we find to © 0.618 hours = 37 minutes. Thus it started snowing at about 11:23 in the morning 18 Chapter 1 Review Exercises Chapter 1 Review Exercises act =ctet, Bony dz dz d ate, 22 016 4 ee = Way ae geo t ae) = ~20¢ As+qe—5) Lm —y-5) or B= -2y +10 3. Ltcrcoskx + casinks) = key sink + hen cos kes — Kc} cos ka = Key sin ke = —K?(cy cos ker + cp sin kz); eplercos ke + ep sin ke 2 ms &y a d 2, Hy or be ity elev cosh kz + casi kz) = hey sink kr + hep cosh ke " (er cosh ka + og sinh kx) = ke; cosh ka + key sinh ke = £"(c) cosh kx + cp sinh kx’); eet teat? tenet; yf! = eye + cate +2exe%s = oye? + cate) + Doge* = Acre + cote™ + one*) = Wi y"— Dy +y=0 mere sine + c1e* cos + ope cos. + cae sin 2: = -c1€ cose — eye sina — eye? sin t + c1e* cosa — ene? Sinz + exe cosz + cxe® cost +e2e* sine = —2oye? sin # + Lene cose; yf — 2yf = ~2cye* cos ~ Dope sing = By, y” — 2y + 2y=0 Tad Bc eb 10. ac 1b 12, abd 48, A few solutions are y= 0, y = ¢, and y = e* 14. Easy solutions to see are y = 0 and y = 3. 15. The slope of the tangent line at (x5) is y/, so the differential equation is y! = 2? + y2 16. The rate at which the slope changes is dy'/dz = y/", +0 the differential equation is y” = —y' or vty =0. VL (a) The domain is all real numbers. (b) Since y! = 2/321/8, the solution y = 2/3 is undefined at z = 0. This function is a solution of the differential equation on (90,0) and also on (0, 00) 18. (a) Differentiating y? ~ 2y = 27 -2-+¢ we obtain Quy’ — 2y' = 2x ~ 1 or (2y — 2)y’ = 2x — 1. 19 Chapter 1 Review Exercises (b) Setting z = 0 and y = 1 in the solution we have 1—2=0~0-+e r= —1. Thus, a solution of the initial-value problem is y* — 2y = x? — 2-1. (c) Solving y?—2y—(x2—2—1) = Oby the quadratic formula we get y = (2/44 4(a* —2—1))/2 = 14 Vee = 14 Ya(e—1). Since 2(z — 1) > 0 for x <0 or x > 1, we see that neither y= 1+ yx(2~1) nor y=1- (z= 1) is differentiable at 2 = 0. Thus, both functions are solutions of the differential equation, but neither is a solution of the initial-value problem, 19. (a) verte yas (b) When y = 2? +1, y/ = 2x and (y’)? = 4x2, When y = —2 +9, y = -2r and (y')? = 42? ee (c) Pasting together 22, 2 >0, and -22, 2 <0, we get y -{ eae eee 20. ‘The slope of the tangent line is y y= 8V2-+ 6(-1)? = 7. 21. Differentiating y = sin(In2) we obtain y/ = cos(In-z)/x and y’ = —[sin(In2) + cos(In2)]/22. Then ay_sin(inz) + cos(in 2) (nna gees ay! ry ty = cos(ln 2} _ ) ae +sin(Inz) = 0. 22, Differentiating y = cos(In 2) ln(cos(In-z)) + (In) sin(In-x) we obtain y B, we see that X(t) increases in an unbounded manner, but more specific behavior of X(t) 25 t + 00 is not known (b) When a = @ the phase portrait is as shown. >} If Xo a, then X(t) increases in an unbounded manner. ‘This could happen in a finite amount of time. That is, the phase portrait does not indicate ‘that X becomes unbounded as t + co. (c) When k = 1 and a = 6 the differential equation is dX/dt = (a — X)?. Separating variables and integrating we have ax want g =tte a-x a-xe Tee Fe For X(0) = a/2 we obtain For X(0) = 2a we obtain | | For Xp > a, X(¢) increases without bound up to t = 1/a. Fort > 1/a, X(t) increases but X ast +00. 26 Exercises 2.1 27. Critical points are y= 0 and y =e. es 28. Critical points are y = -22, y yal. 05, and a 29, At each point on the circle of radjus ¢ the lineal element has slope c” 30. (a) When z dy/dx = x — 2, so the linea) elements at (2,3) or (1,5) bave slopes + — ory=4, dy/dr 2 so the lineal elements have slope ~2. When y = 3 or (b) At (0,40) the solution curve is headed down. As 2 increases, it will eventually turn around and ‘head up, but it can never cross y= 4 where a tangent line to @ solution curve mist have slope 0. Thus, y cannot approach oo as 2 approaches oo. 51. When y < $22, yf = 22 — 2y is positive and the portions of solution curves “inside” the nl v= “outside” the mulleline parabola are decreesing. e parabola are increasing. When y > 22, * — Zy is negative and the portions of the solution curves 32, For dz/dt = 0 every real number is a critical point, and hence all critical points are nonisolated. 33. Recall that for dy/dx = f(y) we ere assuming thet f and f' are continuous functions of y on some interval J. Now suppose that the graph of a noncenstant solution of the differential equation 27 34. Exercises 2.1 crosses the line y = c. Ifthe point of intersection is taken as an initial condition we have two distinct solutions of the initial-value problem, This violates uniqueness, so the graph of any nonconstant solution must lie entirely on one side of any equilibrium solution. Since f is continuous it can only change signs around @ point where it is 0. But this is @ critical point. Thus, f(y) is completely positive ot completely negative in each region Fi. If y(c) is oscillatory ot has a relative extrem, then it must have a horizontal tangent line at some point (zo, yo). In this case yp would be a critical point of the differential equation, but we saw above that the graph of » nonconstant solution cannot intersect the graph of the equilibrium solution y = ao. By Problem 33, a solution u(x) of dy/de = f(y) cannot have relative extrema and hence must be monotone. Since y/(r) = f(y) > 0, v(z) is monotone increasing, and since y(c) is bounded above by 2, lite ooy(z) = L, where £ < ca. We want to show that L = cp. Since L is a horizontal asymptote of y(z), limsoo y/(z) = 0. Using the fact that f(y) is continuous we have (0) = Fi, 2) = im, Hoe) = i, 2) = 0 But then L is a eritical point of f. Since cr < L < cp, and f has no critical points between cr and 2, b= 09. . (a) Assuming the existence of the second derivative, points of inflection of y(z) occur where v'(2) = 0. From dy/de = g(y) we have dy/da® = g/{y) dy/dz. Thus, the y-coordinate of a point of infection can be located by solving g'(y) = 0. (Points where dy/dz = 0 correspond to constant solutions of the differential equation.) (b) Solving y?—y~6 = (y-3)(y+2) = Owe see that 3 and ~2 are critical points. Now dy/dz? = (2y — 1)dy/de = (2y ~ 1(y -3)(y + 2), so the only possible point of inflection is at y = 4, although the concavity of solutions can be different on either side of y = —2 and y=. Since y"(z) <0 for y < -2and } 0 for -2 < y < } and y > 3, we see that solution curves are concave down ory < ~2and } 3. Points of inflection of solutions of autonomous differential ‘equations will have the same y-coordinates because between critical points they are horizontal translates of each other. 28 Exercises 2.2 Exercises 2.2 In many of the following problems we will encounter an expression of the form In lg(y)| = f(2) +. To solve for g(y) we exponentiate both sides of the equation. This yields |g(y)| = e/)*¢ = ete!" which implies g(y) = te%e/*). Letting cy = tet we obtain g(y) = cel 1. From dy = sin Sz dz we obtain y= —} cos +c. (2+ 1)?de we obtain y = Ha+1)? +e = der we obtain y ar we obtao ny = Ain] + ¢0F y = ex24 6. From 54 = ~2x dz we obtain In y| = —2? + or y= ce" 7. From e~"¥dy = edz we obtain 3e~ + 22 8. From yetdy = (e-# + e-%) dr we obtain ye ~ e+ e-* thee Al A v Ze Lis From (u+2+ 5) dy=2"inzdr we obtain 5 +2y+in\yl= yp nlel— gr +0 10. : 1 an. 7g 42 oF sinydy = ~ cos? edz = —H(\ + cos.22) dr we obtain sin2r+e or Acosy = 22+ sin 2x +e 2. eae =} sec? 3x +. 13. ow “epee ee d(e+) Ys dy = 2 dz we obtain (1492)? 14. From mare = pig wean (1+) 15. From 3 dS = ker we obtain $= ce. 16, dQ = kat we obtain In|Q -70| = kt+ cor Q—70= cre 29 a7. 18. 19. 21. 22, 23. 24, 25. 26. 27. 14 (B+ pop) P= dé we obtain In| P|—In|1- P| = t+eso that In tO a eyet, Solving for P we have P= 212 ot Ep = exe, Solving for P we have P= OE, 1 42 Jf tel? — ott? From 5, aN = (te! = 1) dt we obtain In|NV| = fe'*? — eft? — p+. tn LB « Baba oe (1 283) ey (02h) ewan yra aed =Sinjr+4)+e or Es) =ae# = 5inly +3] . From wth ay= Ee ot (+a )a=( 3) dt we obtain y+2inly-l=2+5inle-3}te or ex Dee From 2 dz dy we obtain fa? = sin"! ye oF y Room dy = oa de = Ga de we obtain =} ten tee or y= From airy dr = dt we obtain tan“lz = dt + 6. Using 2(x/4) = 1 we find ¢ = ~34/4. The solution of the initial-value problem is tan“! = dt — °F. or 2 = tan («- =) 1 L - a= ret y=1_oe-1) Ly) de we obtain 1 rom ty dy = wae AG -1-hn =Inf[z-1j-Inje+ 1 +in, Using y(2) = 2 we find Inly t= iny #1] = Info] —Inje+tL+Ine or EEF = SED. sing (2) c= L. The solution of value probl yrotie 1. The solution of che initial-value problem ig Y= = EP oe y -2 1 Gia =(4 3) dx we obtain In|y| = -2—Injz| = cor zy = yer. Using =I we find ci = e-!, The sointion of the initial-value problem is 2y = e~!-1/=, From 7, dy = dé we obtain ~} In|1—2y| = t+ cor 1—2y = eye. Using y(0) = 5/2 we find cy = —4. The solution of the initial-value problem is 1 — 2y = —4e~ or y= 2e~™* + } Separating variables and integrating we obtain dr ay wee and sine —sin“ty = 6, 30 Exercises 2.2 Setting 2 = 0 and y = V3/2 we obtain c= —1/3, Thus, an implicit solution of the initisl-value problem is sin”! x —sin~y = #/3. Solving for y and using & trigonometric identity we get A er eens yesin(sin-t2 + 28, From ey dy = 8dr we obtain ° +i T+ @y ° Manley Lean hate or tan" 2yptar ts? =a Using y(1) = 0 we find cy /4, The scintion of the initial-value problem is aa! nigra tan 2y + tanta? = 5 29. (a) The equilibrium solutions y(2) = 2 and y(x) = —2 satisfy the initial conditions y(0) = 2 and (0) = 2, reapectively, Setting x=} and y= 1 in y = 2(1 + ce¥)/(1 ~ cx4*) we obtain see, and ca ltce ce = 24 dee, Tae" 3e ‘The solution of the corresponiding initial-value problem is ya deet gett y=2 Te Ty jeet “9+ eT (b) Separating variables and integrating yields 1 1 qin 21- Finly+2|+ing <2 Iny~2|—Inly +2) + Ine = 4x 1a| 222 Solving for y we get y = 2(c+e**)/(c— e%). The initial condition y(0) = -2 can be solved for, yielding ¢ = 0 and y(z) = -2. The initial condition y(0) = 2 does not correspond to value ofc, and it must simply be recognized that y(z) = 2 is a solution of the initial-value problem, Setting x = } and y=1iny =2(c + e4*)/(c- e*) leads to ¢ = —3e. Thus, a solution of the initial-value problem is nate 3-8? Tae~ ~ 3 eT 31 Exercises 2.2 20. Fon : 2a Another solution i8 y (a) 1fy(0) =1 then y= (b) Te y(0) =0 shen y =0. (a) Setting = 2 and y 1 2 Ths YT Ee Beas 31. Singular solutions of dy/dz = 2y/1=y? are y = -1 and y = 1. A singular solution of (ef +e? )dy/de = y? is y =0. 32. Differentiating ln(z? + 10) + escy =e we get dy seeyy ~ ont coos 2 _ cosy 1 dy HHO Siny ny de or 2rsin® y dx — (x? +10) cosy dy = 0. Writing the differential equation in the form dy ___2zsinty dz ~ (a? +10) cosy ‘we see that singular solutions occur when sin? y =0, ot y = kx, where & is an integer. 32 33. The singular solution y= 1 satisfies the initial-value problem. 34, Separating variables we obtain wor = dz. Then tHe and y= ere Setting z= 0 and y = 1.01 we obtain ¢ = —100, The solution is z= 101 -100 dy 35. Separating variables we obtain SSP yay = da. Then an Li orte tan (y—1)=2+e and y=1+s5tan=F Setting © = 0 and y = 1 we obtain c= 0. The solution is uv tan dy 36. Separting variables we obtain. ——oP 5 = de. Then sn[2¥= 1 5in[— 2 Ty=9|" 77% Setting ¢ = 0 and y = 1 we obtain c= 5In1= 0. The solution is {10y — 11) Sino 33 - Exercises 2.2 Sarr rr * Exercises 2.2 . Sepatating variables, we have 4 dy y-¥ y(i-y) Integrating, we got 1 1 Infyl- ZI znlltylaete When y > 1, this becomes Iny = Finty YF in+1) =n ve Letting 2 =O end y = 2 we find ¢ = In(2/V3). Solving for y we get yn(z) = 2e/Vie=—T, where > In(v3/2). When 0 < y <1 we have BO =) - fiat +y) = 9h mate vi-¥ mmy- Letting z = 0 and y = } we find c = In(1/V3). Solving for y we get ya(x) = e*/Ve=+TS, where ~o <<. When -1 < y <0 we have la(—y) ~ flay) ~ fln(+y) = In ate Letting z = 0 and y = —} we find c = In(1/¥v3). Solving for y we get ys(z) = -e*/Ve=+3, where -00 < x < 00 When y < 1 we have Letting = 0 and y = where x > In(/3/2). 2 we Sind o = In(2/V3). Solving for y we got y4(z) = -2e/VEE=3, 34 Exercises 2.2 38. (a) The second derivative of y is @y ddr y-3)_ a G-1P y-3? uP The solution curve is concave up when dy/da? > 0 or y > 3, and concave down when d?y/dc? <0 or y < 3. From the phase portrait we see that the solution curve is decreasing when y < 3 and increasing when y > 3. (b) Separating variables and integrating we obtain (y-3)dy= dr 6+9=2r+0, w-3)? ye 2oer £VEFG ‘The initial condition dictates whether to use the plus or minus sign, When (0) =4 we have cy = 1 and yi(2) = 3+ v2E41. ‘When yo(0) = 2 we have ¢; = 1 and yp(z) =3- V2n+1 1 and yg(2) =3- VIET. When ys(—1) = 4 we have cy = 3 and ya(z) =3 + VETS When ys(1) = 2 we have ex 39. (a) Separating variables we have 2ydy = (27 + L)dz. Integrating gives y? = 2? + 2+ When Y(-2) = =1 we find ¢ = ~1, $0 y? = a? +.2—Land y= —V27+2—1. The negative square root is chosen because of the initial condition, 35 Exercises 2.2 (b) (e) 40. (a) (b) (©) Al. (a) (b) (b) (©) ‘The interval of definition appears to be approximately (co, —1.65). q Solving 2? + 2-1 = 0 we get z = -} 4 V5, so the exact interval of definition is (00, ~~ 58). From Problem 7 the general solution is 3e“” + 2e% = c. When y(0) = 0 we find ¢ = 5, so 3e~% + 2e* = 5. Solving for y we get y = —} ln }(5 ~ 2), ‘The interval of definition appears to be approximately (~oo, 0.3). | | Solving 4(5 ~2e%) =0-we get x = Jin(G), so the exact interval of definition is (co, }n(§)). While yz(z) = —V25~ 2? is defined at x = ~5 and =, y}(z) is not defined at these values, and so the interval of definition is the open interval (~5, 5). At any point on the z-axis the derivative of y(z) is undefined, go no solution curve can cross the z-axis. Since —2/y is not defined when y = 0, the initial-value problem has no solution. Yo =e. For e# 4 the graph is a square hyperbola centered at the origin. All four initial conditions imply ¢ = 0 and y = r. Since the differential equation is not defined for y = 0, solutions are y = x, x 0 Separating variables and integrating we obtain 22 ‘The solution for y(a) = a is y = x, £ > 0; for yla) = ~a is y = 2; for y(—a) = <0; and for y(—a) = ~aisy=2,2<0. isy=-z, Since 7/y is not defined when y = 0, the initial-value problem has no solution, Setting x = L and y = 2 in 2? - y? = c we get ¢ = —3, soy? = 27 +3 and y(z) = Ve +5, where the positive square root is chosen because of the initial condition, The domain is all real numbers since 2? +3 > 0 for all x 36 Exercises 2.2 43. Separating variables we have dy/(\/1+ y? sin?y) = dx which is not readily integrated (even by @ CAS). We note that dy/dr > 0 for all values of and y and that dy/dx = 0 when y = 0 and y = 1, which are equilibrium 5 solutions. 44, Separating variables we have dy/(V/J+y) = dz/(yZ+ 2). To integrate J dt/(V/E+4) we substitute ul st and get Qu 2 ‘a =f ppqaes inl tule zim + v8) +e Integrating the separated differential equation we have Qn. + V9) = 2+ VE)+e or In + y¥) Solving for y we get y = ex(1+ VE) — 1], 45. We are looking for a function y() such that (a) (1+ vz)+ing Using the positive square root gives ay ar ‘Thus a solution is y = sin(x + c). If we use the negative square root we obtain =sin(x +4) sin(x— 6 yesin(e~2) = Note also that y= 1 and y= —1 are solutions. 46. (a) (b) For j2} > 1 and [yj > 1 the differential equation is dy/dx = fy? —1/Vvz™—1. Separating variables and integrating, we obtain i and cosh!y = cosh“ +e 37 Exercises 2.2 Setting x = 2 and y = 2 we find c = cosh~!2—cosh~'2 = 0 and cosh"! y = cosh”! x. An explicit solution is y = 47, (a) Separating variables and integrating, we have (3y? + Idy =-(Br+5)de and PP +y=—42-Srte. Using a CAS we show various contours of f(z,y) = ytyt4z"+ 52. The plots shown on {-5, 5] x [5,5] correspond to c-values of 0, +5, +20, £40, +80, and £126. (b) ‘The value of c corresponding to y(0) = ~1is f(0,—1) to y(0) = 2 is (0,2) = 10; to y(—1) = 4 is f(-1,4) and to y(-1) = -3 is ~31. 48. (a) Separating variables and integrating, we have (-2y +9? ldy = (2 2%)de and 1 La pte Using a CAS we show some contours of f(z,y) = 2y$ — &y? + 2x4 — 32? The plots shown on [-7, 7] x {-5,5] correspond to c-values of —450, -300, —200, 120, —60, —20, -10, -8.1, -5, -0.8, 20, 60, and 120, 1 Pipe vt ay 38 Exercises 2.3 ((b) The value of ¢ corresponding to y(0) = § is (0,8) » —%. The portion of the graph between the dots cor responds to the solution curve satisfying the intial con- —_ dition, To determine the interval of definition we find a . yds: for 2y° — Gy? +229 - 32? = -2. Using implicit differentiation we get yf = (x — 22)/(y? — 2y), which Js infinite when y = 0 and y = 2. Letting y = 0 in 7 ra 2y8 — 6y? + 203 ~ 32? = —22 and using a CAS to solve for x we get 2 = ~1.18232. Similarly, letting y = 2, we find x = 1.71299. The largest interval of definition is approximately (1.13232, 1.71299) (c) The value of ¢ corresponding to y(0) = —2 is f(0,-2) = 40. ‘The portion of the graph to the right of the dot ‘corresponds to the solution curve satisfying the initial condition. To determine the interval of definition we find dy/dx for 2y — 6y? + 223 ~ 32? = —40, Using implicit eifferentiation we get yf = (x — 2°)/(y? — 2y), which is infinite when y = 0 and y = 2. Letting y = 0 in 29 — 6y? + 22 — 32 = —40 and using a CAS to solve for x we get. = ~2.20551. The largest interval of definition is approximately (~-2.29551, 00) Exercises 2.3 a se an so that 1, For y! ~ 5y = 0 an integrating factor is e~/ $4" = =00 <2 <0 a 2. For y/ + 2y = 0 an integrating factor is ef ?4* = e”* so that ae [e**y] = 0 and y = ce-* for 00 <2 < co. The transient term is ce, 3. For y!+y et an integrating factor is e! ® = e* so that dieu OF +087 for 00 <2 < oo, The transient term is ce~*. fade ts eso tha [ety] = fet and y= free ® 4. For y/ + 4y = ¢ an integrating factor is ¢- z= for co ford <2 that gre] - (4t —2)e~" and P = 2+ ce" for -00 < ¢ < 00. The transient term is ce" an integrating factor is e/1®+(0/#1i€* = ze go that é ize**y] = 1 end for 0 <2 = Ty and T= Tm + (To — Tre at 29. 30. 31. 32, 33. Exercises 2.3 nl Ing Fev tay ge = Syne StS tr = 10 then ¢ = 2 = and y = Sy lnz gavin ® Q 3. If y(0) = 0 then c= —1/2 and for continuity we must have ——f ca= fe — j so that ge), OSes TV ata, 233. For +y = f(e) an integrating factor is e* so that o_ [eta OS7S1; wo fneee a 4 If y(0) = 1 then ¢, = 0 and for continuity we must have c= 2e _, so that 14 Ostsh Y= Vaca, ao Por y! + 2cy = f(z) an integrating factor is e*” so that je ta, OSes]; ye = » 2, BD If y(0) = 2 then ¢) = 3/2 and for continuity we must have oy = fe +} s0 that 4 .

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