भारतीय प्रौद्योगिकी संस्थान (भारतीय खनन विद्यापीठ), धनबाद

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (ISM), DHANBAD

पेट्रोलियम अलभयांत्रिकी विभाि

Department of Petroleum Engineering

Term Presentation on;

‘Petrophysics of Organics, Clay, Sand and Shale’

PRITISH BARMAN
1ST Year, M.Tech (2016-18)
Content
 OBJECTIVE
 INTRODUCTION
 Petrophysics of ORGANICS
 CARBONATES
 COAL
 Petrophysics of CLAY
 Petrophysics of SANDS
 Petrophysics of SHALES
 Data Acquisition
 Case Study
 CONCLUSION
 REFERENCES
Objective

PETROPHYSICS Definition
Petrophysical Properties
Φ, k, Sw, F, Pc, Wettability
Measurement Techniques
W/Log, Core, Well Test, MWD/LWD
Rock Types
Clastic / Non-Clastic
Introduction to Petrophysics

 (rock physics) - branch of applied geology relating to the

study of reservoir and cap rock properties and their
interactions with fluids (gases, hydrocarbon, and
aqueous solutions)
 based on fundamental methods of physics, chemistry
and mathematics
 mineralogy and geology
 Rock Classification
 Sedimentary, Igneous and Metamorphic
 Clastic / Non-Clastic
Petrophysical Properties
 Porosity, Φ : Absolute & Effective

 Permeability, k : Absolute & Relative

 Water Saturation: Initial, Connate.

 Formation Factor, F : Archie’s Equation

 Capillary Pressure, Pc : Fluid Displacement

 Wettability : Drainage and Imbibition

Organics

 Organic Matter Origin

Carbonate: lime (Cao)-secreting animals, plants, and
bacteria live in the shallow water.
 Precipitation of Calcite

Coal: thermal maturity of plant matter.

 Overburden Pressure and Time
 Methane is generated, Adsorbed in Cleat.
Carbonate Rock
 Carbonate rocks are a class of sedimentary rocks
 composed primarily of carbonate minerals.
 major types are
 Limestone: calcite or aragonite (different crystal forms of CaCO3)
 Dolostone: composed of the mineral dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2)

PROCESS FAVORABLE EFFECTS UNFAVORABLE EFFECTS

Leaching Increase ¢ & K -

Dolomitization Increase K Can also Decrease ¢ & K

Fracturing Joints Breccia Increase K Increase Channeling

May Increase
Recrystallization Decrease ¢ & K
Decrease ¢ & K

Cementation By Calcite
Decrease Pore Size & K
Anhydrite -
Pyro-bitumen Silica
Coal
 Coal is a chemically complex organic aggregate
of Carbon
 Combustible solid consisting of a mixture of
altered plant remains.
 Organic matter constitutes more than 50% of coal
by weight and more than 70% by volume.
 Coals are described and classified by differences
in composition (type), purity (grade), and maturity
(rank).
 Main Interest of Coal to the Hydro-Carbon
Industry is Coal Seam Gas/ or CBM.
 Natural dual porosity system – Face and Butt
Cleat
 Permeability 0.1–50 Md.
Fig. Coal Cleat System
Clay
 Claystone is a sedimentary rock made of more than 67
percent clay-size (<1/256 millimeter) particles
 Types of Clay: Swelling and Non-Swelling
 Swelling Clay: Smectite
 Non-Swelling Clay: Keolonite, Illite type.

Fig. SEM images of a

smectite-rich sandstone.
Sand
 Particles are relatively larger with grains between 1 to 1/16 mm.
 Average Porosity in between 10-30 %
 Permeability between 15-300 mD
 With continued diagenesis, large amounts of cement would develop,
reducing the pore volume.

Fig . Common sandstone textures include point

Fig. Microscopic view contacts, cements, and micro-fractures. These
microstructures determine the properties of the
of a sand face rock on a whole.
Shale
 Shales exhibit low very low permeability in the range of 1µD to
1mD. The porosity however can be as high as 20%.
 Organic Content of the Shale is characteristic of the
environment of deposition.
 Quality of the organic matter, Kerogen is essential in the
generation of hydrocarbon.

Fig. . Thin-section image of an organic-rich siltstone

DATA ACQUISITION
CASE STUDY: Bombay Offshore

 It came into existence during Upper Cretaceous time

 Predominantly Carbonate Reservoir Rock
 Main producing zone, L-III, consisting of many sedimentary
cycles.
 Capped by a post-middle Miocene shale
 Heterogeneity is high
 85% Wells on Gas Lift
 Average Water Cut 65 %

Petrophysical Property Value Range

Porosity 15-35 %

Permeability 10mD to 1D
Conclusion
 The Petrophysics - function of the environmental conditions
prevalent during the time of deposition.
 Rocks are classified primarily with respect to their average grain
size, Clay <Shale < Sand
 Carbonate rocks are formed by the secretion of marine animals and
plants, and often by precipitation of calcite.
 The main Petrophysical properties of importance to the
hydrocarbon exploration include
 porosity,
 permeability,
 water saturation,
 formation resistivity factor,
 capillary pressure, and
 wettability.
References
 [1] Leonid Buryakovsky, George V. Chilingar, Herman H. Rieke, and
Sanghee Shin, 2012 –Fundamentals of the Petrophysics of Oil and Gas
Reservoirs.

 [2] Djebbar Tiab & Erle C. Donaldson, Third Edition 2012 –Petrophysics,
Theory and Practice of Measuring Reservoir Rock and Fluid Transport
Properties

 [3] Daniel Jardine and John William Wilshart, Esso Resources Canada
Limited, SPE 10010 Society of Petroleum Engineers, -Carbonate
Reservoir Description

 [4] By C. Jenkins, DeGolyer and MacNaughton, D. Freyder, Freyder

Enterprises Inc., J. Smith, Great Plains Energy, and G. Starley, Devon
Energy Corp. Vol6_Page_247 –Petroleum Engineering Handbook.

 [5] Meng Lu, SPE and Luke D. Connell, SPE, Division of Earth Science and
Resource Engineering, CSIRO, Australia, SPE 133100 - Dual Porosity
Processes In Coal Seam Reservoirs