8-72 A 10-m-long and [0-mm-inner-diameter pipe made of commercial steel is used to heat a liquid in an industrial pre cess. The liquid enters the pipe with 7; = 25°C, V = 0.8 m/s A uniform heat flux is maintained by an electric resistance heater wrapped around the outer surface of the pipe, so that the fluid exits at 75°C. Assuming fully developed flow and tak- ing the average fluid properties to be p = 1000 kg/m, c, = 4000 J/kg-K, w = 2 X 1073 kg/m+s, k = 0.48 W/m‘K, and Pr = 10, determine: (a) The required surface heat flux q,, produced by the heater (b) The surface temperature at the exit, 7, (c) The pressure loss through the pipe and the minimum power required to overcome the resistance to flow. 8-73 Water is to be heated from 10°C to 80°C as it flows through a 2-cm-internal-diameter, 13-m-long tube. The tube is equipped with an electric resistance heater, which pro- vides uniform heating throughout the surface of the tube. The outer surface of the heater is well insulated, so that in steady operation all the heat generated in the heater is trans- ferred to the water in the tube. If the system is to provide hot water at a rate of 5 L/min, determine the power rating of the resistance heater. Also, estimate the inner surface tempera- ture of the pipe at the exit.8-75° The hot water needs of a household are to be met by heating water at 15°C to 85°C by a parabolic solar collector at a rate of 2.2 kg/s. Water flows through a 3-cm-diameter thin aluminum tube whose outer surf is blac jized in order to maximize its solar absor f tube coincides with the focal line of the coll sleeve is placed outside the tube to minimize the heat loss solar energy is transferred to water at a net rate of 350 W per m length of the tube, determine the required length of the para- bolic collector to meet the hot water requirements of this house. Also, determine the surface temperature of the tube at the exit. Parabolic solar collector Glass tube Water tube FIGURE P8-758-78 In a food processing plant, hot liquid water is being transported in a pipe (k = 15 W/m-K, D; = 2.5 cm, D, = 3 cm, and L = 10 m). The hot water flowing with a mass flow rate of 0.15 kg/s enters the pipe at 100°C and exits at 60°C. The plant supervisor thinks that since the hot water exits the pipe at 60°C, the pipe’s outer surface temperature should be safe from thermal burn hazards. In order to prevent thermal burn upon accidental contact with skin tissue for individuals working in the vicinity of the pipe, the pipe’s outer surface temperature should be kept below 45°C. Determine whether or not there is a risk of thermal burn on the pipe’s outer surface. Assume the pipe outer surface temperature remains constant.A metal pipe Kite 15 Wim. 5 cm, Dip a 6 cm, and L= 10 m) ‘Dine 8-80 Po in an engine room is used for transporting hot Saturated Mt vapor at a flow rate of 0.03 kg/s. The water vapor e exits the pipe at 325°C and 290°C, Tespectively, Oil je aka can occur in the engine room, and when leaked Oil comes : contact with hot spots above the oil’s autoignition temperature it can ignite spontaneously. To prevent any fire hazard cause by oil leakage on the hot surface of the Pipe, determine th needed insulation (k;,, = 0.95 W/m-K) layer thickness over tie pipe for keeping the outer surface temperature below 180°C. KO Alers ayas Hot air at atmospheric pressure and §5°C s enters oi yninsulated square duct of crogs Section 0.15 m ¢ roars that passes through the attic of a house at a rate of “fs, The duct is observed to be nearly isothermal at 70°C. ol Deion the exit temperature of the air and the rate of heat from the duct to the air space in the attic. Evaluate air vertes at 2 bulk mean temperature of 75°C. Is this a good assumption? Attic FIGURE P8-859-82 Consider a 3-m-high rectangular enclosure consisting of two surfaces separated by a 0,1-m air gap at | atm. If the surface temperatures across the air gap are 30°C and —10°C, determine the ratio of the heat transfer rate for the horizontal orientation (with hotter surface at the bottom) to that for verti- cal orientation. oes ft 0.1m aor | Pseearcayyics 2 1i< bili 1s (ewer FIGURE P9-829-83 Flat-plate solar collecters are ofien tilted up toward the sun in order to intercept a greater amount of direct solar radiation. The tilt angle from the horizontal also affects the rate of heat loss from the collector. Consider a 1,5-m-high and 3-m-wide solar collector that is tilted at an angle @ from the horizontal. The back side of the absorber is heavily insulated. The absorber plate and the glass cover, which are spaced 2.5 cm from each other, are maintained at tempera- tures of 80°C and 40°C, respectively. Determine the rate of heat loss from the absorber plate by natural convection for 4 = 0°, 30°, and 90°. wa otA vertical 1.5-m-high and 1.8-m-wide double-pane win- dow consists of two sheets of glass separated by a 2-cm air gap at atmospheric pressure. If the glass surface temperatures across the air gap are measured to be 18°C and 4°C, determine the rate of heat transfer through the window by (a) natural convection and (b) radiation. Also, determine the R-value of insulation of this window such that multiplying the inverse of the R-value by the surface area and the temperature difference gives the total rate of heat transfer through the window. The effective emissivity for use in radiation calculations between two large parallel glass plates can be taken to be 0.82.g-g8 A simple solar collector is built by Placing as. diameter clear plastic tube around a garden hose whose a diameter is 1.6 cm. The hose is painted black to maximize sla absorption, and some plastic rings are used to keep the spacing between the hose and the clear plastic cover constant, During clear day, the temperature of the hose is measured to be 65°¢ while the ambient air temperature is 26°C. Determine the rate of heat loss from the water in the hose per meter of its length by natural convection. Also, discuss how the performance ofjar collector can be i MDP OVed, Evaluate air temperature of 50°C ang | Properties at oat jon? Aniwer: 8.2% atm pressure, Js this a Solar radiation VY \ 2s Clear plastic tube Spacer Garden hose 65°C FIGURE P9-88ei Ane fh 7 sO A hot liquid (¢, = 950 J/ky.K) flows rate of 0.005 kg/s inside a tube he tube exit, the liquid tery m. Att Broo its temperature at the inlet, Phe 04 > . surface temperature, to be 120°C, To prevent thermal e hazards, the tube is enclosed with : a concentric outer a of 5cm in diameter. Determine whether the outer cover 00) jemperature iS below 45°C to prevent thermal burns in contact with human skin. Evaluate the properties of air in the concentric enclosure at 80°C and 1 atm pressure. Is this a good assumption? at a flow with a diameter of rature ¢ cases by hot liquid causes the qu! Outer cover at T,, Tube at 7; FIGURE P9-91 9-92 Two concentric spheres with diameters of 5 cm = 10cm are having the surface temperatures maintained at 100 . and 200°C, respectively. The enclosure between the re am centric spherical surfaces is filled with nitrogen gas at 1 atm. Determine the rate of heat transfer through the enclosure.D, = cm T,, = 200°C D;=5cm T; = 100°C FIGURE P9-92