1
Lead Acid Michael
Battery: Specifications
Nick C. Grana
(February 2020)
Abstract—Batteries are devices used to store electrical
energy. There are two types of batteries that are generally
used, primary and secondary battery. Lead-acid battery is a
type of battery that can be recharged which is why it is
commonly used in automobiles, cellphones, or storage for solar
power. These batteries have different specifications like the
nominal voltage, nominal capacity, maximum discharge
current, internal resistance, and maximum charge current.
I. INTRODUCTION
I N science and technology, a battery is a device that stores
chemical energy and converts it to electrical form. It
consist of one or more voltaic cells with external
connections [1] that can power electrical devices like
flashlights, cellphones, and electric cars. When a battery
supplies energy, the negative terminal, called cathode (K),
is the source of electrons that flows through an electric
circuit to the positive terminal, called anode (A) [2]. When
a battery is connected to a load, a redox reaction converts
high-energy reactants to lower-energy products, and
the free-energy difference is delivered to the external circuit
as electrical energy [3].
There are two types of batteries, primary battery and
secondary battery. Primary batteries or disposable batteries
are used once and discarded, as the electrode materials are
irreversibly changed during discharge; a common example
is the alkaline battery used for flashlights. Secondary
batteries or rechargeable batteries can be discharged and
recharged multiple times using an applied electric current;
the original composition of the electrodes can be restored by
reverse current. Examples include the lead-acid
batteries used in vehicles and lithium-ion batteries used for
portable electronics such as laptops and mobile phones.
The lead–acid battery was invented in 1859 by French
physicist Gaston Planté and is the earliest type
of rechargeable battery. Despite having a very low energy-
to-weight ratio and a low energy-to-volume ratio, its ability
to supply high surge currents means that the cells have a
relatively large power-to-weight ratio. These features, along
with their low cost, make them attractive for use in motor
vehicles to provide the high current required by automobile
starter motors.
Lead-acid batteries have different specifications ,these
specifications provides instructions on the performance and
construction of the battery. This also sets the quality and
standards that should be followed for each type of battery.
II.SECTION
A. Specification
A specification often refers to a set of
documented requirements to be satisfied by a material,
design, product, or service [4]. A specification is often a
type of technical standard.
There are different types of technical or engineering
specifications (specs), and the term is used differently in
different technical contexts. They often refer to particular
documents, and/or particular information within them. The
word specification is broadly defined as "to state explicitly
or in detail" or "to be specific".
B. Nominal Voltage
Nominal voltage is the voltage given by the manufacturer
as the recommended operating voltage of their gas detection
equipment. If a range (versus a specific voltage) is given,
the nominal voltage shall be considered as the midpoint of
the range, unless otherwise specific.
It is a rated or named value, stating the available, input,
or output voltage of a component, circuit, device, piece of
equipment, or system, under specified conditions. For
instance, the stated AC line voltages for a given locality
may be 115/230, where the lower number is primarily for
lighting and small appliances, and the larger number is for
heating and large appliances. The actual values, or interval
of values, may not coincide with these numbers. Also called
nominal voltage rating, or rated voltage.
C. Nominal Capacity
The Nominal or Rated capacity of a battery (in Ah) is
defined as the maximum Ah a fully charged battery can
deliver under certain specified conditions [5]. These
conditions include:
 the voltage to which the battery is discharged (the
end voltage),
 the current (or rate) at which the discharge is
carried out and
 the battery temperature.
D. Maximum Discharge Current
Maximum continuous discharge current is a current that
will not overheat and destroy battery, but keep in mind that
discharging battery with maximum allowed current will
reduce battery life significantly and probably real available
capacity will be less than nominal.
This limit is usually defined by the battery manufacturer
in order to prevent excessive discharge rates that would
damage the battery or reduce its capacity. Along with the
maximum continuous power of the motor, this defines the
top sustainable speed and acceleration of the vehicle [6].
E. Internal Resistance
The resistance within the battery, generally different for
charging and discharging. It can also mean the electrical
resistance inside batteries and power supplies that can limit
the potential difference that can be supplied to an external
load.
For example, a battery might have an EMF
(Electromotive force - badly named term for the amount of
potential difference that could be supplied under ideal
conditions) of 1.60 volts, but not all of this will end up
across an external load.
If the internal resistance of the battery is a relatively high
1.0 Ohm, and the resistance of the external load is also 1.0
Ohm, half of the EMF will be across the load and half
within the battery. Each will get 0.80 Volts.
 2

F. Maximum/Recommended Charge Current Pouring

The ideal current at which the battery is initially charged Sulfuri
(to roughly 70 percent SOC) under constant charging c Acid
scheme before transitioning into constant voltage charging. 1 0.061V - - - -
2 9.06V 10.29V 11.27V 11.51V 11.94V
III. FIGURES AND TABLES 3 12.42V - - - -
4 9.94V - - - -
Table 1 Battery Voltages

Table 1 shows the voltages of the batteries before and

during the experiment in reviving the batteries.

IV. CONCLUSION
Due to some circumstances we were not able to complete
the data needed for us to conclude if the other batteries can
still be revived. The case on the first battery is because is it
damaged. On the 3 and 4 battery, we didn’t enough time to
Figure 1 Battery no. 1 perform the experiment.
Based on observation of the second battery, it gave us a
satisfactory results. The condition of the battery is still in
good shape with no damages or abnormalities. The voltage
of the battery during charging increases as the current
increases which means that the battery still stores
electricity. These data that have been gathered show that the
second battery still works and can be revived.

Figure 2 Battery no. 2 V. REFERENCES

[1] T. R. Crompton, Battery Reference Book (third ed.),

Newnes, 2000.
[2] L. Pauling, "15: Oxidation-Reduction Reactions;
Electrolysis". General Chemistry, New York: Dover
Publications, Inc, 1988.
[3] K. Schmidt-Rohr, "How Batteries Store and Release
Energy: Explaining Basic Electrochemistry". Journal of
Chemical Education, 2018.
[4] A. International, Form and Style of Standards, ASTM
Blue Book, 2012.
[5] D. Spiers and S. A. Kalogirou, McEvoy's Handbook of
Figure 3 Battery no. 3 Photovoltaics (Third Edition), 2017.
[6] M. E. V. Team, A Guide to Understanding Battery
Specifications, 2008.

Figure 4 Battery no. 4

Figures 1, 2, 3, and 4 are the batteries used for the

experiment

Charging Levels
Battery Initial Voltage 5A 8A 14A
No. Voltage After