AMBO UNIVERSITY

INSTITUTION OF TECHNELOGY
DEPARTMENT OF CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY
AND MANAGEMENT

PROJECT OF RC
ON
TWO WAY SOLID SLABS WITH DETAIL DRAWING
BY

GROUP 6 MEMBERS

NAME ID NUMBER

1. TOLERA MERGA BRT/ 1048/10

2. EDEN MITIKU BRT /0537/10

3. MICHAEL ADEME TBRT /0118/10

4. BONSA HABTAMU BRT /0463/10

5. HAWI FIKADU BRT /0677/10

6. JITU TADESE BRT /0728/10

Submitted to Instructor: Edosa M

Submission Date:26/06/2019
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
First of all we thank God for giving us the courage to start and finalized this project. Second we
thank our family and our friends for their great full understanding, all rounded extending support
and guidance in carrying out the project. Third we also thank full for ambo university institute of
technology for their restless support. Last but not the least: acknowledge the assistance, value
able comments, inspirational encouragement and moral support throughout our project provided
by our advisor Instructor Mr. Edosa M.

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EXCUTIVE SUMMARY
Analysis and design of two way beam/wall supported slabs according to

EBCS-2
Slabs with side ratio less than two are treated as two way slabs and analysis can be
made by means of coefficients on the basis of the following assumptions and procedures.

The slab is composed of rectangular panels, supported at all four edges by walls or beams, stiff
enough to be treated as an unyielding.

Slabs are subjected to uniform load or concentrated load which can be converted to
equivalent uniform load not exceeding 20% of the total load.

The two-way slab is a slab which is generally supported on all sides of walls or beams, and
whose length to breadth ratio is less than two and it twists or bends in both direction while
transferring the loads to the walls or beams.

Two way slabs is a slab supported by beams on all the four sides and the loads are carried by the
supports along both directions, it is known as two way slab. In two way slab, the ratio of longer
span (l) to shorter span (b) is less than 2.

In two way slabs, load will be carried in both the directions. So, main reinforcement is provided
in both directions for two way slabs.

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DECLARATION
This is to certify that the project is original and has not submitted for partial fulfillment of
Bachelor of Construction technology and management. Our project member name and Signature

GROUP MEMBERS

NAME ID NUMBER SIGNATURE

1. TOLERA MERGA BRT/ 1048/10 -----------------

2. EDEN MITIKU BRT /0537/10 ----------------

3. MICHAEL ADEME TBRT /0118/10 ----------------

4. BONSA HABTAMU BRT /0463/10 ---------------

5. HAWI FIKADU BRT /0677/10 ---------------

6. JITU TADESE BRT /0728/10 --------------

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Table of Contents
ACKNOWLEDGMENT................................................................................................................................ i
EXCUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................. ii
DECLARATION ......................................................................................................................................... iii
CHAPTER 1 ................................................................................................................................................. 1
DEFINITION OF SLAB............................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ONE WAY SLAB AND TWO WAY SLABS ...................................... 1
2.1 SIMPLY SUPPORTED SLAB SPANNING IN TWO DIRECTIONS .............................................. 6
CHAPTER .................................................................................................................................................. 13
CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................................... 13
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................... 13

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List of Tables
Table 1 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ONE WAY SLAB AND TWO WAY SLABS ................................... 1

List of Figures
Figure 1 difference between.......................................................................................................................... 2
Figure 2 Two way slab .................................................................................................................................. 2
Figure 3Types of two way columns supported slabs..................................................................................... 4
Figure 4load carried by supporting beam ..................................................................................................... 6

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 CHAPTER 1

DEFINITION OF SLAB
Slabs are constructed to provide flat surfaces, usually horizontal, in building floors, roofs,
bridges, and other types of structures. The slab may be supported by walls, by reinforced
concrete beams usually cast monolithically with the slab, by structural steel beams, by columns,
or by the ground.
 Slab are shall or panel elements that are subjected to flexure and shear. Slabs are used to:
 Carry live loads in addition to its self-weight.
 Transfer total loads to its supporting edge beams.
 Slabs can be classified as:
A. Solid
B. Ribbed
C. Flat
 Solid slabs are also classified depending on the ratio of its dimension as:
A. One way
B. Two way

Table 1 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ONE WAY SLAB AND TWO WAY SLABS

One Way Slab Two Way Slab

Slabs are supported by the beams on the two
Slabs are supported by beams on all the four sides.
opposite sides

Main reinforcement is provided on shorter span Main reinforcement is provided in both sides due to bending
due to bending occurs on both sides

Main Reinforcement is provided in only Main Reinforcement is provided along both the directions in
direction for one way slabs two way slabs.

Loads are carried along one direction in one way

Loads are carried along both the directions in two way slabs.
slab.

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Figure 1 difference between

TWO-WAY SLABS
Two way slabs are floor system whose individual panels are rectangular and are
Supported in such a way that two way action results. When loaded, such slab changes in to a
dished surface rather than cylindrical one. Rectangular slabs with the ratio of the longer to the
shorter span less than two are classified as two-way slabs. As the bending moments are
proportional to curvature, to resist these bending moments, the slab must be reinforced in
both directions. Therefore, the slab must be designed to take a proportionate share of the load in
each direction.

For the slab shown in figure 1.1, if beams are incorporated within the depth of the slab itself the
slab carries load in two directions. The load at A may be thought of as being carried from A to B
and C by one strip of slab, and from B to D and E, and so on, by other slab strips. Because the
slab must transmit loads in two directions it is referred to as two way slab.

Figure 2 Two way slab

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Concrete two-way slabs may in some cases be supported by beams or directly by
columns without the use of beams or girders. Such slabs are generally referred as two-
way slab with beams and column supported two-way slabs respectively. Beams may also
be used where the slab is interrupted as around stair, walls or at discontinuous edges.

IN PRACTICE TWO-WAY SLABS TAKE VARIOUS FORMS:

Two-way slab with beams: These are two-way slab systems that incorporate beams
between some or all of the columns. (See Fig. 1.2d).

Flat Plates: they are flat slabs with flat soffit. Such slabs have uniform thickness supported on
Columns. They are used for relatively light loads, as experienced in apartments or
similar buildings. Flat plats are most economical for spans from 4.5m to 6m (see Fig. 1.2a).

Flat Slabs: they are slab systems with the load transfer to the column is accomplished
by thickening the slab near the column, using drop panels and/or by flaring the top of the column
to form a column capital. They may be used for heavy industrial loads and for spans of 6m to 9m
(see Fig. 1.2c)

Waffle Slabs: they are two-way joist systems with reduced self-weights. They are used for
spans from 7.5m to 12m. (Note: for large spans, the thickness required to transmit the vertical
loads to the columns exceeds that required for bending. As a result the concrete at the middle of
the panel is not efficiently used. To lighten the slab, reduce the slab moments, and save material,
the slab at mid span can be replaced by intersecting ribs. Near the columns the full depth is
retained to transmit loads from the slab to the columns (see Fig. 1.2b)

In this chapter, consideration will be given to flat slabs with or without drop panels or column
Capitals.

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 A. Flat plate B. Waffle Slab

C. flat slab D. two way slab with beams

Figure 3Types of two way columns supported slabs

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CHAPTER 2

SOLID SLAB SPANNING IN TWO DIRECTIONS

When a slab is supported on all four of its sides its effectively spans in both
directions and it is some times more economical two design the slab on this bases.
The amount bending in each direction will depend on the ratio of the two spans and
the condition of restraint at each support.

If the slab is square and the restraint is similar along the four sides then the load
will span equally in both directions. If the slab is rectangular then more than one-
half of the loads will be carried in the stiffer, shorter direction and less in the
longer direction.

If one span is much longer than the other, a larger proportion of the load will be
carried in the short direction and the slab may as well be designed as the spanning
in only one direction.

Moments in each direction of slab are generally calculated using tabulated

coefficients. Areas of reinforcement to resist the moments are determined
independently for each direction of span. The slab is reinforced with bars in both
directions parallel to the spans with the steel for the shorter span placed furthest
from the neutral axis to give it the greater effective depth.

The span effective depth ratios are based on the shorter span and the percentage of
reinforcement in that direction.

With a uniformly distributed load the loads on the supporting beams may generally
be apportioned as shown in figure below

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Figure 4load carried by supporting beam

2.1 SIMPLY SUPPORTED SLAB SPANNING IN TWO DIRECTIONS

A slab simply supported on its four sides will deflect about both axes under load and the corners
will tend to lift and curl up from the supports, causing torsional moments. When no provision has
been made to prevent this lifting or to resist the torsion the moment coefficient of table below
may be used and the maximum moments

Msx=Axxnl2x in direction of span lx and

Msy= asynl2x in direction of span ly

Where Msx and msy are sum moments at mid span on strips of unit width spaces lx and ly
respectively

n= (1.35 gk +1.5 qk), that is the total ultimate load per unit area

ly =the length of longer side

lx =the length of shorter side

asx and asy are the moment coefficient from table 1.1

the area of reinforcement in direction lx and ly respectively are

Asx =Msx/0.87fykz per meter width and

Asy =Msy/0.87fykz per meter width

The slab should be reinforced uniformly across the full width, in each direction.

The effective depth d used in calculating Asy should be less that for Asx because of the different
depths of the two layers of reinforcement.

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Table 1.1 bending moment coefficients for slab spanning in two directions at right angles, simply
supported on four sides

Ly/lx 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.75 2.0

asx 0.062 0.074 0.084 0.093 0.099 0.104 0.113 0.118

asy 0.062 0.061 0.059 0.055 0.051 0.046 0.037 0.029

TWO-WAY SOLID SLABS ON BEAMS

In two-way solid slab system, the slab is supported on beams. Depending on beams and columns
arrangements, it can be designed for wide ranges of the load conditions

PROCEDURES OF TWO WAY SLAB DESIGN BY DIRECT DESIGN

METHOD
1. Determine slab type and layout

2. Choose slab thickness that should be adequate for avoiding excessive deflections and
satisfy shear at interior and exterior columns.

3. Choose design method (direct design method in this case)

4. Calculate positive and negative moments in the slab

5. Distribute moments across slab width

6. Specify portion of moments to the beams, if beams are present

7. Compute reinforcements for moments that found in two previous points

8. Check shear strength

LIMITATIONS OF DIRECT DESIGN METHOD

There must be at least three continuous spans in each direction. If there are fewer panels, the
interior negative moments tend to be too small.

 Panels should be rectangular and the ratio of longer/ shorter spans within the panel must

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 not exceed 2 otherwise one way actions will prevail.
 In each direction, successive span lengths must not differ by more than one third of the
largest span length.
 Column offset of more than 10% of the span (in the direction of offset) from either axis
between centerline of successive column is not permitted.
 This method is applicable for slab that subjected to gravity load only.
 Un factored service live load should not to be more than two times unfactored dead load.
 Beams were used; beam relative stiffness between two perpendicular directions must be
between 0.2-0.5.

DESIGN OF TWO WAY SOLID SLAB EUROCODE 2

The purpose of structural analysis is the establishment of the distribution of internal forces and
moments, or stresses strains and displacements, over the whole or part of a structure.

Additional local analysis shall be carried out where necessary [1].In most normal cases, analysis
will be used to establish the distribution of internal forces and moments; however, for certain
complex elements, the methods of analysis used (e.g finite element analysis) give stresses, strains
and displacement rather than internal forces and moments.

Special methods are required to use these results to obtain appropriate reinforcement areas.

MINIMUM DEPTH OF TWO-WAY SLAB

Minimum depth of two-way slab, most of the times is governed by deflection criteria. Sometimes
the minimum depth may be adequate as per flexure design, but if deflection criteria is not
fulfilled such slabs will came vibration even an small loads like walking, jumping etc. Hence
even you design checks may give you less depth, always check for deflection. Here you can
provide marginally large depth and can reduce steel to economize. Please note that the vibrations
not give a feeling of safe building to occupants

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TYPES OF DESIGNS FOR TWO-WAY SLAB
The choice between these different two-way slab systems is made based on the architectural,
structural (amount of the design loads, span lengths, and provided lateral load-resisting systems),
and construction considerations.

There are mainly three types of designs for two-way slab:

01. Two-way solid slab (with beams)

In two-way solid slab system, the slab is supported on beams. Depending on beams and columns
arrangements, it can be designed for wide ranges of the load conditions

02. Two-way Waffle Slab (with Beams)

Two-way waffle slab system is used for the office buildings (low rise), parking structures, and
warehouses.

Two-way slab action is assumed in a ribbed floor (slab with joist beams) made of the precast
double-tee section, in the ribbed floor with integral beams, and also in hollow-block or hollow-
cored slabs.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

DESIGN EXAMPLE OF A TWO WAY SOLID SLAB

DESIGN DATA
It is required to design a solid slab using the following Parameters: characteristic concrete
strength, fck=30N/mm2; characteristic steel strength, fyk=500 n/mm2.The shorter and longer
spans of the panel were 4m And 7m respectively, and the weight of finishes and
Partitions were each 1kn/m respectively. A shorter Edge of the slab was assumed to be
discontinuous. Also, the characteristic imposed load was 4kn/m, and the diameter of steel
reinforcement, and concrete Cover were 12mm and 20mm respectively.

FORM DESIGN PROCEDURE

The slab was designed using the developed program and assuming a target safety index, βtof 3.0.
An initial Depth of 100mm was assumed and fed into the Program. The stochastic models

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considering the Failure modes of solid slabs in accordance with ec 2 [1] were prepared in
accordance with form [14, 19], Were in-built into the computer program. The Developed
program was used to carry out the analysis with optimum design variables automatically selected
By the program for the design. The form design Satisfied the requirements of both ec 2
and form [14]. Equation (20) was satisfied as a final check. The Design results of the form
design are as presented in Table 1.

Table 1: Results of form Design and Design using

Eurocode 2

Design Details Design to Eurocode2 FORM Design

(2004)

Area of Steel required

(mm2/m) 267.4 279.65

Final Depth of Slab (mm) 150 125

Implied Safety Index 4.57 3.0

From Table 1, the form design gave more economical

design considering the final depth of section which is about 20% lower than the EC 2 [1] design
method at a target safety level of 3.However, the EC 2 design gave area of steel required that is
about4% lower than the FORM design. It is to be noted that the FORM design has a safety
index of 3.0, which smaller than the safety index of 4.57 considering the EC 2 [1] design
which therefore signifies economy of the FORM design procedure when all variables were
considered in the design.

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EXAMPLE RELIABILITY-BASED DESIGN SLAB AT VARYING SAFETY
INDICES
Reliability-based designs of the slab presented in the previous section were carried out at varying
reliability levels of 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0.Each design output satisfied the EC 2 requirements and the
safety index of FORM [14]. In each case, Equation (20) was satisfied as a final check. The
results obtained from the program considering the three safety indices are as presented in
Table 2.

Table 2: Probabilistic Design of Slab at Varying Safety Indices

Design Details Target Reliability Level, Βt

βT = 3.0 βT = 4.0 βT = 5.0

Area of Steel Required 279.65 325.77 336.95

(mm2/m)

Final Depth of Slab (mm) 125 135 175

From the results presented in Table 2, it was observed that:

a) As the safety index was increased, the depth of the section increased.

b) As the target safety index was increased from 3.0 to 4.0, there was an increase of 8% in the
depth of the designed section. However, there was an increase of about 30% in magnitude
of depth of designed section when target safety index was increased from 4.0 to 5.0.

c) Also, as the target safety index was increased from3.0 to 4.0, the magnitudes of area of steel
provided increased by about 14%. However, there was an increase of about 3% in

magnitude of area of steel provided when the target safety index was increased from
4.0 to 5.0.

TWO-WAY SLABS
General (1) The type of slab dealt with here is one composed of rectangular panels
supported at all four edges By walls or beams stiff enough to be treated as unyielding. This
may be assumed to be the case if the requirements for the ratio between the depth of a
beam and its span are in accordance with Fig. A-2.
(2)These methods are intended for slabs with uniformly distributed loads. If a slab is subjected
to concentrated or line loads, in addition to a uniform load, these can generally be treated
by considering them as equivalent uniform loads using approximate rules, provided that

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the ‘sum of the non-uniform loads on a panel does not exceed 20 percent of the total load.

Figure 1.4 effective width of solid caring a concentrated load near an unsupported edge

Figure 1.5 supports for two way slab

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CHAPTER

CONCLUSION
The work presented the design of reinforced concrete two way solid slabs at a uniform safety
level with the Aid of a computer program. The requirements of [1] and form [14] were strictly
adhered to. It was Shown among other findings that the form design Gave more economical
designs considering the area of Steel provided and final depth of section, than thee 2 Design
procedure when a target safety level of 3.0 was Considered. Also, example of form design
using the Program was included for various values of target Safety indices at constant
geometrical, loading and end Condition of the slabs. It can be concluded that the Developed
program is suitable for application.

REFERENCES
Ebcs 2- structural use of concrete

Reinforced concrete design for eurocode 2 W.H Mosley 6th edition

Two way slabs DDM

Reliability based design of reinforced concrete

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APPENDIX

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