SY MCA Core Java Unit-I 2019-20 Part-I PDF

Core Java
SY MCA Part – I 2019-20
Subject Teacher: Shubhashree Savant (Kadam)

Basics of Java
Introduction
Java Buzzwords
Basic syntax of Java
Identifiers
Keywords
Data types
Sample Java Program
String and Array
Operators and expressions
Type conversion
comments
2 mailto: shubhashree.savant@gmail.com
Introduction
Java is an High level object-oriented language developed by
James Gosling at Sun Microsystems in the mid 1990s.
Originallanguage called Oak
Intended for embedded systems
Sun describes it as
"Asimple, object-oriented, distributed, interpreted, robust, secure,
architecture neutral, portable, high-performance, multi-threaded
and dynamic language.“
HotJava
The first Java-enabled Web browser
Java and Internet
Java’s new innovation named applet has completely changed
the internet programming
Special java program that can transmitted over the network

and automatically executed by a java-compatible web browser
Java compatible web browser can download java applets

without fear of viral infection and malicious agent
Java applets can be dynamically downloaded to all the various

types of platforms connected to the internet
The Java Development Kit (JDK)
The JDK comes in three versions:

J2ME - Micro Edition
used to develop applications for mobile devices such as cell phones
J2SE - Standard Edition

used to develop client-side standalone applications or applets
J2EE - Enterprise Edition

used to develop server-side applications such as Java servlets and Java
ServerPages
The JDK is a set of command line tools for developing Java
applications:
javac - Java Compiler
java - Java Interpreter (Java VM)
Appletviewer - Run applets without a browser
javadoc - automated documentation generator
Jdb - Java debugger
The JDK is not an IDE (Integrated Development Environment)
Command line only, No GUI
Text editors and IDE (Integrated Development
Environment)
Notepad Jcreator
Notepad++ Eclipse
Textpad Netbeans
DOS text editors BlueJ
Borland Jbuilder
Jdeveloper
Bytecode and JVM
All language compilers translate source code into machine code
for a specific computer
Java compiler also does the same thing, but it produces

intermediate code, known as bytecode for a machine that does
not exist
This machine is called as ‘Java Virtual Machine’(JVM)
JVM is exist only inside the computer memory
The form of instructions that the Java virtual machine executes
The compiled format for Java programs
Once a Java program has been converted to bytecode, it can

be transferred across a network and executed by Java Virtual
Machine (JVM)
Byte code files generally have a .class extension
Java Program Java Compiler Virtual Machine
Bytecode
Fig. 1 : Process of Compilation
The output produce by the Java compiler is not executable

code.
It is Bytecode, highly optimized set of instructions executed by

java run time system or JVM
JVM is the interpreter for the bytecode.

The virtual machine code generated by the Java interpreter is
not machine specific code, but it is acts as an intermediate
between the virtual machine and real machine
Bytecode Java Interpreter Machine code

Virtual machine Real machine
Fig. 2 : Process of converting bytecode into machine code
Java Buzzwords (Characteristics)
Simple Small and Familiar
Object oriented
Compiled and interpreted
Robust and secure
Architecture neutral / Portable
Distributed
High performance
Multi threaded
Dynamic and extensible
Platform independence
Simple Small and Familiar
Does not use pointers, pre-processors, go to statement
Eliminates operator overloading, multiple inheritance
Similar to C and C++ that makes it familiar
Object-oriented
Follows Object-Oriented model
Encapsulation
Inheritance
Polymorphism
Pure object oriented language

Every thing in Java resides within classes
Compiled and Interpreted
Java compiles to byte-code (not machine code).
Byte code is interpreted.
JVM interprets the byte code into machine instructions during runtime
Robust and secure

Strongly typed language
Memory management is done automatically (Automatic garbage
collection)
Exception handling
No pointers
Architecture neutral / Portable
Compiled Java (byte code) will run on any platform which has a Java Virtual
Machine, byte code helps Java to achieve portability
The Java Virtual Machine is available for almost all platforms...
Even mainframes code
The size of the primitive data types is m/c independent
Distributed
Designed for internet
Built-in support for TCP/IP
Gives remote access to the internet users via applets
Resources are shared
High-Performance
With the use of Just-In-Time compilers, Java enables high performance
The incorporation of multithreading enhances the execution speed of java
program
Java architecture is also designed to reduce overheads during runtime
Multi-Threaded
Processes contain multiple threads of execution
Similar to multi-tasking but all threads share the same memory space
Dynamic and extensible
Makes heavy use of dynamic memory allocation
Libraries are dynamically linked during runtime
Classes can be dynamically loaded at any time
Java can use efficient functions available in C/C++
Platform Independence
Java has been described as WORA (Write once, Run Anywhere)
Java code can be executed anywhere an interpreter is available
Java Virtual Machine
Javasource files (.java) are compiled to Java bytecode (.class)
Bytecode is interpreted on the target platform within a Java
Virtual Machine
i386 VM
Java Java
Source.java SPARC VM
Compiler Bytecode
Source.class
PPC VM
How Java Works?
HelloWorldApp.class
The Interpreter's
are sometimes
referred to as the
Java Virtual
Machines
Basic Syntax of Java
Case Sensitivity
Identifier Sum and sum would have different meaning in Java
Class Names
For all class names the first letter should be in Upper Case
For Ex.: class MyFirstJavaClass
Method Names
All method names should start with a Lower Case letter
For Ex.: public void getData()
Program File Name
Name of the program file should exactly match the public class name (main()
method class)
Structure of Java Program
Documentation Section
Package statement
Import statement
Interface statement
Class definitions
main() method class
22
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Identifiers
User defined names
Names given to classes, variables and methods, packages etc.
Rules for naming identifiers:

Only letters, digits, underscore and dollar are permitted
The name cannot start with a digit
Uppercase and lowercase letters are distinct (Case sensitive)
Keywords cannot be used as identifier
Recommend meaningful identifiers
Valid identifiers: age, $salary, sub3
Invalid identifiers: 123sub, -salary
Keywords (Reserved Words)
boolean abstract break class byvalue

byte final case extends cast
char native catch implements const
short private continue interface future
int protected default throws generic
long public do goto
float static else inner
double synchronized finally import operator
void transient for package outer
volatile if rest
return var
instanceof
switch
false new
throw
null super
try
true this
while
reserved for
future use.
Operators
An operator is a symbol that operates on one or more operands to
produce a result
Java provides rich sets of operators
Operator Name Operators
Arithmetic Operator +, -, *, /, %
Relational Operator >, >=, <, <=, ==, !=
Logical Operator &&, ||, !
Assignment Operator = (+=, -=, *=, /=, %=)
Increment and decrement ++, --
Operator Prefix (++a), postfix (a++)
Conditional Operator ? : (exp1 ? exp2 : exp3)
Bitwise Operator ~, &, |, ^, >>, <<, >>>
Special Operator instanceof .(dot) ,(comma)
Expression
Expression are the combination of operands and operators
The order of operations is defined through precedence
For Ex.:
x = 10 + 2 * 6
= 10 + 12
= 22
Type conversion (Casting)
Javaautomatically converts the source type into target type
This is known as automatic type conversion
For ex.:
float a = 10.6f;
int b;
b = a; //output 10
Type casting refers to the type conversion that is performed
explicitly
For Ex.:
int x;
byte n = (byte)x;
long m = (long)x;
Casting example
i = (int)l; Narrowing
l = i;
(long)i; Widening
l long l;
int i;
i
int long
32 bit 64 bit
Comments
Java supports three types of comments
Line
comments
C style comments
javadoc
The general forms are as follows:
// line comment. All text from the first // to the end of the
// line is a comment.
/* C-Style Comment. These comments can span multiple lines. The compiler ignores all text
up until */
/** Javadoc comment. The compiler ignores this text too. However, the javadoc program
looks for these comments and interprets tags for documentation generation purposes:
@author SSS
@version 1.7
@see java.lang.Object
*/
Data Types
Data Type Size Range

byte 1 byte -128 to 127
short 2 bytes -32768 to 32767
int 4 bytes -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647
long 8 bytes -9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to-
9,223,372,036,854,775,807
float 4 bytes Approx. ± 3.4028235E+38F
double 8 bytes Approx. ± 1.7976931348623157E+308
boolean true or false NA, note Java booleans cannot be converted to
or from other types
char 2 bytes Unicode character,
\u0000 (or 0) to \uFFFF (or 65535)
Java Sample Application Program
//First java program HelloWorld.java
class HelloWorld
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("Hello World");
}
}
main() method
public static void main(String[] args)
public static void main(String args[])
public: the method can be called by any object
static: the method is a class method, which can be called

without the requirement to instantiate an object of the class
void: the method doesn't return any value
args: The formal parameter args is an array of type String,

which contains arguments entered at the command line
Java Sample Applet Program
import java.awt.*;
import java.applet.*;
class HelloWorld extends Applet {
public void paint( Graphics g ) {
g.drawString( "Hello World!", 30, 30 );
}
}
<HTML>
<APPLET
CODE = HelloWorld.class
HEIGHT = 300 WIDTH = 200 >
</APPLET>
</HTML>
Input from keyboard
Standard input object,
System.in, enables applications
to read bytes of information Scanner class Demo
typed by the user.
Scanner object translates
these bytes into types that can
be used in a program
Strings
In Java, a string is an object that is created either using String
or StringBuffer class
String is the only class which has "implicit" instantiation
The string created using String class cannot be modified

Strings are immutable (fixed length)
The string created using StringBuffer class cannot only be

modified but can also be expanded or contracted dynamically
Strings are mutable (varying length)
The String class is defined in the java.lang package
String class
Creating string object with new keyword:
String city;
city = new String(“Aurangabad”);
or
String city = new String(“Aurangabad”);
String objects can be created "implicitly":
String city;
city = “Aurangabad”;
String can also be created using + operator
String greet = “Good” + “Morning”;
String class methods
Method Description
str1.length() Returns the length of the string str1
str1.equals(str2) Returns true if string str1 is equal to str2
str1.compareTo(str2) Returns negative is str1<str2, positive is str1>str2,
otherwise 0
str1.concat(str2) Concatenates string str1 and str2
str1 = str2.trim() Removes all the white spaces at the beginning and end of
the string str2 and assigns it to str1
str1 = str2.replace(‘a’,’b’) Replaces all a appearing in the string str2 with b and assigns
it to str1
str1.toLowerCase() Converts letters in the str1 to lowercase
str1.toUpperCase() Converts letters in the str1 to uppercases
str1.indexOf(‘a’) Gives the position of the first occurrence of ‘a’ in str1
str1.indexOf(‘a’,n) Gives the position of the first occurrence of ‘a’ that occurs
after nth position in the string str1
String Demo programs
Program1
Program2
StringBuffer class
Strings created using String class are of fixed length, whereas
strings created using StringBuffer class are of varying length
Creating StringBuffer object:
StringBuffer str;
str = new StringBuffer(“Java Programming”);
or
StringBuffer str = new StringBuffer(“Java Programming”);
StringBuffer Demo
StringBuffer class Methods
Method Description
str1.append(str2) Append the string str2 at the end of the string str1
str1.insert(n,str2) Inserts the string str2 at the position n of the string str1
str1.setCharAt(n,’s’) Sets the nth character of the string str1 to s
str1.setLength() Sets the length of the string str1 to n, if n<str1.length(),
str1 is truncated. If n>str1.length(), null characters are
added at the end of str1
str1.reverse() Reverses the string str1
str1.delete(m,n) Deletes characters of the string str1 from mth index to (n-
1)th index
str1.deleteCharAt(m) Removes character of the string str1 at mth index
str1.replace(m,n,”str2”) Replaces the portion of the string str1 from mth index to
(n-1)th index with the string str2
Quiz1
Objective:1 Ans: c
Which of the following is true?
a) Java uses only interpreter.
b) Java uses only compiler.
c) Java uses both interpreter and compiler.
d) None of the above
Objective:2 Ans: c
A Java file with extension ‘.class’ contains
a) Java source code
b) HTML tags
c) Java Byte code
d) A program file written in Java programming language
Objective:3 Ans:b
Which of the following is a Class in Java?
a) int
b) String
c) short
d) double
Objective:4 Ans: c
What is the length of the applet window made by this program?
import java.awt.*;
import java.applet.*;
public class myApplet extends Applet{
Graphic g;
g.drawString("A Simple Applet", 20, 20);
}
a) 20
b) The same as the computer screen
c) Compilation error
d) Runtime error
Objective:5 Ans:b
Which of the following cannot be used for a variable
name in Java?
a) identifier
b) final
c) malloc
d) calloc
Sequential Programs
Write a Java program to swap the values of two variables
Solution
Write a Java program to calculate and print area of circle
Solution
Branching
Write a Java program to find smallest of three numbers
Solution
Write a Java program to check whether character is

vowel or not
Solution
Looping
Write a Java program to check whether the entered
number is prime or not
Solution
Write a Java program to calculate and print sum of

individual digits
Solution
Array
A fixed size sequence of the same type of data elements
Data elements can be of any primitive or non-primitive data type
The elements of an array are stored in contiguous memory

locations and each individual element can be accessed using one or
more indices or subscripts
A subscript or an index is a positive integer value
Arrays can be single-dimensional or multi-dimensional depending

upon the number of subscripts used
Declaring and creating 1-D Array
Creating an array is a 2 step process
It must be declared (declaration does not specify size)
Declaration syntax:
type[] arrayName; //note the location of the []
For ex.:
int[] marks; //declaration
It must be created (i.e. memory must be allocated for the array)
marks = new int[5]; //create array
//specify size
Memory map
When an array is created, all of its elements are automatically
initialized
0 for integral types
marks
0.0 for floating point types
false for boolean types
0
null for object types
0
array indices 1 0
int[] marks = new int[5]; 2 0
3 0
Note: maximum array index is length -1 4 0
Array Initialization
The array is automatically created
The array size is computed from the number of items in the list
Syntax:
type[] arrayName = {initializer_list};

Example:
int[] marks = {100, 96, 78, 86, 93};
Array length
arrayName.length;
int size = marks.length;
Multi-dimensional Array
Arrays with multiple dimensions can also be created
Declaration syntax:
type[][] arrayName;
For ex.:
int[][] a; //declaration
It must be created (ie. memory must be allocated for the array)
a = new int[3][2]; //create array
//specify size
Example - Array
//Demo of one dimensional array
//ArrayDemo.java
public class ArrayDemo{

public static void main(String[] args){
int[] a = {1,3,2,5,6};
int size = a.length;
System.out.println(“Array size ”+size);
System.out.println(“Array Elements :”);
for(int temp : a){ //enhanced for loop
System.out.println(temp);
}
}
}
Array Programs
Write a Java program to initialize array of 10 elements calculate and
print sum
Solution
Write a Java program to initialize 2x3 matrix. Calculate and print
sum
Solution
Write a Java program to accept array elements and print odd and
even elements
Solution
Command Line Arguments
Command line arguments provide one of the ways for supplying input data
at the time of execution instead of including them in the program
They are supplied as parameters to the main() method:
public static void main(String args[])
“args” is declared of an array of strings
args[0] is the first parameter, args[1] is the 2nd argument and so on
The number of arguments passed identified by:
args.length
E.g. count = args.length;
Example
public class CmdLineArg{
public static void main(String[] args){
int count = args.length;
System.out.println(“No. of arguments: ”+count);
for(String temp : args){
System.out.println(temp);
}
}
}
java CmdLieArg Hello World Program1
Output:
No. of arguments: 2
Hello
World Program2
Quiz2
Objective:1 Ans: a)
Which of the following is not a correct statement?
a) It is always necessary to use new operator to initialize an array.
b) Array can be initialized using comma separated expressions

surrounded by curly braces.
c) Array can be declared and memory can be allotted in one

statement.
d) An array can be declared in one statement and memory can be

allocated in other statement.
Objective:2 Ans: c)
Which of the following is an incorrect array declaration?
a) int[] a = new int[10];
b) b. int [ ] a;
c) c. int[][] a = new int[10];
d) d. int[][] a = {{1, 2, 3}, {1, 2, 3}};
Objective:3 Ans: d)
Which of the following is not an object-oriented
programming paradigm?
a) Encapsulation
b) Inheritance
c) Polymorphism
d) Dynamic memory allocation
Objective:4 Ans: d)
Which of the following specification is not valid in the
main() method declaration?
a) void
b) public
c) static
d) private
Objective:5 Ans: b)
Java is a platform independent programming language because
a) It is written almost similar to English language.
b) It compiles to an intermediate code targeting a virtual
machine, which can be interpreted by an interpreter for a
given OS.
c) Java compiler translates the source code directly to the
machine level language.
d) It follows the concept of “write once and compile
everywhere”.
Objective:6 Ans: b)
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
What is System.in in this declaration?
a) Any file storing data
b) Reference to standard input device, that is, keyboard
c) Reference to a scanner as an input device
d) It is a mouse as an input device
Objective:7 Ans: a)
Which of the following statement is incorrect?
a) Every class must contain a main() method
b) Applets do not require a main() method at all
c) There can be only one main() method in a program
d) main() method must be made public
Objective:8 Ans: c)
What is the return type of a method that does not return
any value?
a) int
b) float
c) void
d) double
Objective:9 Ans: c)
What is the output of this program?
class Increment {
public static void main(String args[]) {
int i = 3;
System.out.print(++i * 8);
}
}
a) 24
b) 25
c) 32
d) Runtime error
Objective:10 Ans: c)
public class Test{
public static void main(String args[]){
int x = 9;
if (x == 9) {
int x = 8;
System.out.println(x);
}
}
}
a) 8.
b) 9.
c) Compilation error.
d) Runtime error.
Classes in Java
classes and objects
Introduction to methods
Overloading methods
Constructors
this keyword
Overloading constructors
Using object as parameter
Returning objects
static
Command line arguments
Classes
User defined data types
Templates or blueprints for Objects
Data and methods are defined within Classes, data represents state and
methods behavior
Classes must provide an implementation such that objects created from
those classes behave as those defined in the Object model.
Objects
An object is an Instance of a class
The process of creating an object is called instantiation
The attributes of an object are called instance variables
The methods of an object are called instance methods
Objects are created using the new keyword:
String str = new String(“Core Java”);
Declaring and creating objects
declare a reference (object variable)
String s;
create an object (Instantiation)

s = new String (“Core Java”);
Object variable doesn’t

actually contain an
object. It only refers to
an object Core Java
Defining classes
Syntax
class class_name
//variable declaration
//method declaration
The variables declared in the class are known as instance variables
The variables and methods declared within class body are collectively
known as members of the class
Example Class Definition
in Sample.java:
public class Sample

{
int a;
Instance
float b;
Variables:
[... more variable definitions ...]
public void setData()

{
Methods: a = 10;
b = 4.5f;
}
public void showData()
{
// display values of a and b
}
[... more method definitions ...]
}
Defining Instance Variables
Instance variables are declared using the same syntax as ordinary variables
Variables can be prefixed with a visibility modifier
modifier type variable_name;
Variables can have one of 4 different visibilities:

public - can be directly accessed from anywhere
private - can only be directly accessed from within the class
protected - can be access directly from within the class, within the package, or
from within any subclass.
default (no modifier specified) - the variable can be accessed directly from within
the package
To preserve encapsulation, instance variables should be declared private
Defining Instance Methods
Syntax:
modifier return_type method_name(type name, ...) { }
Methods have the same visibility modifiers as variables

public - can be invoked from anywhere
private - can only be invoked from within the class
protected - can be invoked directly from within the class, within the
package, or from within any subclass.

default (no modifier specified) - can be invoked directly from within
the package
Invoking Instance Methods
To invoke a method on an object, use the . (dot) operator
objectReference.methodName(parameters);
Ex.
s.setData(5,6);
If there is a return value, it can be used as an expression
Ex.
System.out.println(s.calSum());
Program
Overloading Methods
Java allows for method overloading
A Method is overloaded when the class provides several implementations of
the same method, but with different parameters
The methods have the same name
The methods have different number of parameters or different types of
parameters
Program
Constructors
Special method, which is used to initialize the objects at the time of their
creation
When an object is created, all instance variables are initialized to the

default value for their type
Constructors have the following characteristics

no return type, not even void
method name is the same name as the class
Invoked automatically
Constructors can be overloaded
Types of constructor
Default constructor
Parameterized constructor
If no constructors are defined for a class, the compiler automatically
generates a default, no argument constructor
All instance variables are initialized to default values
However, if any constructor is defined which takes parameters, the compiler

will not generate the default, no argument constructor
If needed, define explicitly
Constructor is also overloaded (Java allows overloading of all methods,

including constructors)
Constructor example
public Sample() { //default
a = 10;
b = 20;
}
public Sample(int x, int y){ //para

a = x;
b = y;
}
Sample s = new Sample(); //default

Sample s1 = new Sample(5,6); //para
Demo Program
Program1
Program2
Write a Java program to calculate the factorial of a number

Solution
this keyword
refers to “this” object (object in which it is used)
Usage:
with an instance variable or method of “this” class
as a function inside a constructor of “this” class
as “this” object, when passed as parameter
this :: with a variable
refers to “this” object’s data member
class Sample {
int a;
int b;
public Sample (int a, int b ) {
this.a = a;
this.b = b;
}
}
Argument Passing
Two ways to pass arguments to a method
Call by value
Call by reference
Call by value
This method copies the value of an argument into the formal
parameter of the method
Therefore, changes made to the parameter of the method have no

effect on the argument used to call it
Call by reference
A reference to an argument is passed to the parameter
Inside the method this reference is used to access the actual

argument specified in the call
This means that changes made to the parameter will affect the
argument used to call the method
Object as parameter
class Sample{ public class ObjectArg{
int n; public static void main(String[] args){
Sample(){} //explicitly defined Sample S1 = new Sample(10);
Sample(int x){ Sample S2 = new Sample(20);
n = x; Sample S3 = new Sample();
} S3.sum(S1,S2);
void sum(Sample s1,Sample s2){ S1.show();
n = s1.n + s2.n; S2.show();
} S3.show();
void show(){ }
System.out.println(“n = ”+n); }
}
}
Returning Object
class Sample{ public class RetObject{
Sample(){} //explicitly defined Sample S1 = new Sample(10);
Sample(int x){ Sample S2 = new Sample(20);
n = x; Sample S3 = new Sample();
} S3 = S1.sum(S2);
Sample sum(Sample s2){ S1.show();
Sample s3 = new Sample(); S2.show();
s3.n = n + s2.n; S3.show();
return(s3); }
} }
void show(){
System.out.println(“n = ”+n); Program
}
}
Static members
Static members are associated with the class as a whole,
rather than with individual objects
Static members of a class are called by using class names

instead objects
Since the static variables and static methods contain the

properties of a class they are also known as class variables and
class methods
Static member function can access only static members
Example - static
class Test{ public class StaticDemo{
static int c; Test t1 = new Test();
void setD(){ Test t2 = new Test();
n = ++c; t1.setD();
} t2.setD();
void show(){ Test.showC();
System.out.println(“n = “ + n); Test t3 = new Test();
} t3.setD();
static void showC(){ Test.showC();
System.out.println(“c = “ + c); t1.show();
} t2.show();
} t3.show();
}
} Program
Quiz3
Objective:1 Ans: b)
What is the process of defining more than one method in a
class having the same name but differentiated by method
signature?
a) Method overriding
b) Method overloading
c) Encapsulation
d) Inheritance
Objective:2 Ans: d)
Which of the following is called when a method having
the same name as that the name of the class where it is
defined?
a) abstract
b) this
c) final
d) constructor
Objective:3 Ans: d)
What is not the use of “this” keyword in Java?
a) Passing itself to another method
b) Calling another constructor in constructor chaining
c) Referring to the instance variable when local variable

has the same name
d) Passing itself to method of the same class
Objective:4 Ans: a)
class Box {
int width; int height; int length;
}
classTest {
public static void main(String args[]) {
Box b1 = new Box();
Box b2 = new Box();
b1.height = 1;b1.length = 2;b1.width = 3;
b2 = b1;
System.out.println(b2.height);
}
a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. NULL
Objective:5 Ans: c)
What is the maximum number of arguments that can be
passed to a method in Java?
a) No arguments
b) One
c) Any number of arguments
d) Varies from one compiler to another
Inheritance
Basics
Using super
Method overriding
Abstract methods and class
Using final with inheritance
Packages
Importing packages
Interfaces
Inheritance (basics)
Inheritance is a fundamental Object Oriented concept
A class can be defined as a "subclass" of another class
The subclass inherits all data attributes and methods of its
superclass
Add new functionality, use inherited functionality and
override inherited functionality
Inheritance is declared using the "extends" keyword

Single Inheritance
class A{
-----
A -----
}
B
class B extends A{
-----
-----
}
Program

Multilevel Inheritance
class A{
-----
A -----
}
class B extends A{
B -----
-----
}
C class C extends B{
------
------
}
Program

Hierarchical Inheritance
class A{
-----
A -----
}
class B extends A{
B C
-----
-----
}
class C extends A{
------
------
}

Multiple Inheritance
In java, it is not possible to class A{
implement multiple inheritance -----
directly }
Using interface multiple interface B{
inheritance can be implemented ------
}
class C extends A implements B{
------
A B
------
}
C
Program

Hybrid Inheritance
class A{
-----
}
A class B extends A{
-----
}
interface C{
B C
------
}
class D extends B implements C{
D ------
------
}

Relationship in Java
To reuse the features from one class to another
Three types:
Is-A Relationship
Has-A Relationship
Uses-A Relationship

Is-A relationship
In Is-A relationship one class A{
class is obtaining the
-----
-----
features of another class by Is-A Relation
}
using inheritance concept
class B extends A{
with extends keywords
-----
In a IS-A relationship there -----
exists logical memory space }

Has-A relationship
In Has-A relationship an class A{
-----
object of one class is created
-----
as data member in another } Has-A Relation
class the relationship class B
between these two classes is {
A ob = new A();
Has-A
-----
In Has-A relationship there -----
existed physical memory }
space
Uses-A relationship
class A{
A method of one class is
-----
using an object of another }
class the relationship class B
{
between these two classes is Uses-A
Relation
known as Uses-A void show()
relationship {
A ob = new A();
-----
}
}
Using super
Used to refer to super class of current class
Can be used to refer to super class methods, variables

Needed when there is a name conflict with current class
Useful when overriding is used and to keen the old behavior

but add new behavior to it
Syntax:
super(para); //call super class constructor
super.fieldname; //access super class field
super.methodname; //or method
Program
Quiz4

Objective:1 Ans: c)
Which of the following statements is/ are incorrect?
a) public members of a class can be accessed by any code in the

program
b) private members of class can only be accessed any members in the
same class
c) private members of a class can be inherited by a subclass, and
become protected members in subclass
d) protected members of a class can be inherited by a subclass, and
become private members of the subclass

Objective:2 Ans: a)
Which of the following access specifier must be used for
class so that a sub class can inherit it?
a) public
b) private
c) protected
d) Default

Objective:3 Ans: b)
A class member declared as protected becomes member
of subclass of which type?
a) public member
b) private member
c) protected member
d) default member

Objective:4 Ans: a)
Which inheritance in Java programming is not supported?
public member
a) Multiple inheritance using classes
b) Multiple inheritance using interfaces
c) Multilevel inheritance
d) Single inheritance

Objective:5 Ans: a)
Order of execution of constructors in Java Inheritance is
a) Base to derived class
b) Derived to base class
c) Random order
d) No execution of a constructor in the derived class

Objective:6 Ans: a)
Which of this keyword can be used in a subclass to call the
constructor of superclass?
a) super
b) this
c) extent
d) extends

Objective:7 Ans: d)
Advantage(s) of inheritance in Java programming is/are
a) Code sharing
b) Code maintainability
c) Code reusability
d) All of the above

Method overriding
Subclasses inherit all methods from their super class
Sometimes, the implementation of the method in the super class does not
provide the functionality required by the subclass

In these cases, the method must be overridden
To override a method, provide an implementation in the

subclass
The method in the subclass MUST have the exact same signature as the
method it is overriding

Example
class A{ class MethodOverriding{
void show(){ public static void main(String[] args){
System.out.println(“A”); B ob = new B();
ob.show(); //B show()
}
}
}
}
class B extends A{
void show(){
System.out.println(“B”);
}
}

Using final keyword
finalkeyword can be applied to variables, methods and classes
Final Variables
the value of a variable can be prevented from being modified by
declaring a variable as final
Example:
final int MAX = 10;
Final methods
A method can be prevented from being overridden by the subclass by
declaring the method as final
Example:
final void show(){ //cannot be overridden
------
}

Final classes
A class which cannot be further inherited or cannot have any subclass is
known as final class (prevent from inheritance)
To make a class final, the class declaration is preceded by the final
keyword
If a class is declared as final, all of its methods are automatically declared
as final
Example:
final class A { //cannot be inherited
------
}
class B extends A{ //error
-------
}

Abstract class and method
Java allows abstract classes
use the modifier abstract on a class header to declare an abstract class
abstract class Shape
{…}
An abstract class is a placeholder in a class hierarchy that represents

a generic concept
An abstract class cannot be instantiated
An abstract class often contains abstract methods
Abstract methods consist of only methods declarations, without

any method body

Example abstract class and method
Program

Packages
Provides a mechanism for grouping a variety of classes and / or
interfaces together
Grouping is based on functionality
Two types of packages:

1. Java API packages
2. User defined packages

Java API Packages (Application Program Interface)
A large number of classes grouped into different packages

based on functionality
java
lang util awt net applet io

Example
Java
Package containing awt package
awt
Color Package containing classes
Graphics
Image

Accessing Classes in a Package
Fully Qualified class name:
Example:java.awt.Color
import packagename.classname;
Example: import java.awt.Color;
or
import packagename.*;
Example: import java.awt.*;
Import statement must appear at the top of the file, before any
class declaration

Creating packages
Declare the package at the beginning of a file using the form
package packagename;
package mypack; or package pack.subpack;
Define the class that is to be put in the package and declare it

public
Package statement should be on top of the file
The import statement should follow the package statement and no

other statements should be between these two statements

Example1-Package
package p1; import p1.*;
public class ClassA class PkgTest
{ {
public void displayA( ) public static void main(String args[])
{ {
System.out.println(“Class A”); ClassA obA=new ClassA();
} obA.displayA();
} }
}
Source file – ClassA.java Source file-PkgTest.java
Subdirectory-p1 PkgTest.java and PkgTest.class
ClassA.Java and ClassA.class->p1 ->in a directory of which p1 is
subdirectory.

Example 2-Package
public class ClassB import p2.*;
{
protected int m =10; class PkgTest1
public void displayB() {
{ public static void main(String args[])
System.out.println(“Class B”); {
System.out.println(“m= “+m); ClassA obA=new ClassA();
} Classb obB=new ClassB();
} obA.displayA();
obB.displayB();
}
}

Example 3- Package
import p2.ClassB; class PkgTest2
class ClassC extends ClassB {
{ public static void main(String args[])
int n=20; {
void displayC() ClassC obC = new ClassC();
{ obC.displayB();
System.out.println(“Class C”); obC.displayC();
System.out.println(“m= “+m); }
System.out.println(“n= “+n); }
}
}

Classes with identical names
public class Teacher import p2.*;
{………….}
public class Student p1.Student student1;
{……………..} p2.Student student2;
package p2;
public class Courses
{………..}
public class Student
{………………..}
Levels of Access Control
public protected friendly private

(default)
Same class Yes Yes Yes Yes
Subclass in the Yes Yes Yes No

same package
Other class in Yes Yes Yes No

the same
package
Subclass in Yes Yes No No
other packages
Non-subclass in Yes No No No
other package

Access Modifier private
package p1 package p2
class C1 class C2 extends C1
private int x x cannot be read or

modified in C2
class C3 class C4
C1 c1; C1 c1;
c1.x cannot be read c1.x cannot be read
or modified nor modified

Access modifier default
int x x cannot be read or

modified in C2
class C3 class C4
C1 c1; C1 c1;
c1.x can be read or c1.x cannot be read
modified nor modified

Access modifier protected
protected int x x can be read or

modified in C2
class C3 class C4
C1 c1; C1 c1;
c1.x can be read or c1.x cannot be read
modified nor modified

Access modifier public
public int x x can be read or

modified in C2
class C3 class C4
C1 c1; C1 c1;
c1.x can be read or c1.x can be read nor
modified modified

CLASSPATH (Environment variable)
It is a set of directories where Java class files are located
Java runtime searches for class files in the directories specified

in the class path in the order specified
The CLASSPATH environment variable is used to direct the

compiler and interpreter to where programmer defined
imported packages can be found
To set the CLASSPATH variable use the following command:
set CLASSPATH=c:\

interface
An interface declares (describes) methods but does not supply
bodies for them
All the methods are implicitly public and abstract
Cannot instantiate an interface
An interface may also contain constants (final variables)
Interfaces can inherit from other interfaces, and a single

interface can inherit from multiple other interfaces

Example - interface
interface Area{ public class InterfaceTest{
final static float PI = 3.14f; public static void main(String[] args){
float compute(float r); Circlr c = new Circle();
} System.out.println(“Area: “ +
c.compute(2.2f));
class Circle implements Area{ }
public float compute(float r){ }
return(PI * r * r);
}
}

Quiz5

Objective:1 Ans: a)
If a class inheriting an abstract class does not define all of its
methods, then it will be known as
a) Abstract class
b) A normal class
c) Final Class
d) An interface

Objective:2 Ans: c)
Does a subclass inherit both member variables and methods?
a) No—only member variables are inherited
b) No—only methods are inherited
c) Yes—both are inherited - but not those are declared as

private
d) Yes—only the members/ methods with protected are

inherited

Objective:3 Ans: b)
Can an object subclass another object?
a) Yes—as long as single inheritance is followed.
b) No—inheritance is only between classes.
c) Only when one has been defined in terms of the other.
d) Yes—when one object is used in the constructor of another.

Objective:4 Ans: b)
For which purpose packages are used in Java?
a) Categorizes data
b) Organizing java classes into namespaces
c) For faster compilation
d) None

Objective:5 Ans: d)
Which of the following keywords is used to define a package in
Java?
a) class
b) implements
c) extends
d) package

Objective:6 Ans: d)
Which of the following is an incorrect statement about
packages?
a) Package defines a namespace in which classes are stored
b) A package can contain other package within it
c) Java uses file system directories to store packages
d) A package can be renamed without renaming the directory in

which the classes are stored.

Objective:7 Ans: a)
Which of these access specifiers can be used for an interface?
a) public
b) private
c) protected
d) All of the above

Objective:8 Ans: a)
Which one is correct declaration for implementing two
interfaces?
a) class C implements A, B { }
b) class C implements A, implements B { }
c) class C implements A extends B { }
d) class C extend A, B { }

Objective:9 Ans: d)
The fields in an interface are implicitly specified as
a) public
b) protected
c) private
d) static and final

Objective:10 Ans: d)
Let us consider the following piece of code in Java
interface A {
int i = 111;
}
class B implements A {
void methodB() {
i = 222;
System.out.printl(i);
}
}
a) There is no main () method so the program is not executable
b) The value of i will be printed as 111, as it is static and final by default
c) The value of i will be printed as 222, as it is initialized in class B
d) Compile time error

Objective:11 Ans: d)
Which of the following is/are true?
a) Every class is a part of some package
b) All classes in a file are part of the same package
c) If no package is specified, the classes in the file go into a

special unnamed package
d) If no package is specified, a new package is created with

folder name of class and the class is put in this package

Objective:12 Ans: c)
class Base { public static void main(String[ ] args) {
public void show() { Base bb = new Derived();;
System.out.println("Base show()"); bb.show();
} }
} }
class Derived extends Base {
public void show() {
a) Base show() called
System.out.println("Derived show()");
} b) Main show() called
}
class Main { c) Derived show() called
public void show() {
d) Compile time error
System.out.println("Main show() ");
}

References
Herbert Schildt: “The Complete Reference Java2”, 5t h Edition TMH
Publications.
Cay S Horstmann, Fary Cornell Core Java Vol I : Sun Microsystems

Press
http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial
javavids –YouTube
www.nptelvideos.com/java/java_video_lectures_tutorials.php
www.spoken-tutorial.org (NMEICT IIT Bombay Java videos)
155 Mail@shubhashree.savant@gmail.com
Thank You

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Core Java

SY MCA Part – I 2019-20

Subject Teacher: Shubhashree Savant (Kadam)

Special java program that can transmitted over the network

Java compatible web browser can download java applets

Java applets can be dynamically downloaded to all the various

The JDK comes in three versions:

J2SE - Standard Edition

J2EE - Enterprise Edition

DOS text editors BlueJ

Java compiler also does the same thing, but it produces

This machine is called as ‘Java Virtual Machine’(JVM)

JVM is exist only inside the computer memory

The compiled format for Java programs

Once a Java program has been converted to bytecode, it can

Byte code files generally have a .class extension

Fig. 1 : Process of Compilation

The output produce by the Java compiler is not executable

It is Bytecode, highly optimized set of instructions executed by

JVM is the interpreter for the bytecode.

Bytecode Java Interpreter Machine code

Fig. 2 : Process of converting bytecode into machine code

Pure object oriented language

Robust and secure

main() method class

Names given to classes, variables and methods, packages etc.

Rules for naming identifiers:

boolean abstract break class byvalue

The order of operations is defined through precedence

Data Type Size Range

public: the method can be called by any object

static: the method is a class method, which can be called

void: the method doesn't return any value

args: The formal parameter args is an array of type String,

The string created using String class cannot be modified

The string created using StringBuffer class cannot only be

The String class is defined in the java.lang package

Which of the following is true?

a) Java uses only interpreter.

b) Java uses only compiler.

c) Java uses both interpreter and compiler.

d) None of the above

a) Java source code

c) Java Byte code

d) A program file written in Java programming language

Write a Java program to calculate and print area of circle

Write a Java program to check whether character is

Write a Java program to calculate and print sum of

Data elements can be of any primitive or non-primitive data type

The elements of an array are stored in contiguous memory

A subscript or an index is a positive integer value

Arrays can be single-dimensional or multi-dimensional depending

int[] marks = new int[5]; 2 0

Note: maximum array index is length -1 4 0

type[] arrayName = {initializer_list};

int[] marks = {100, 96, 78, 86, 93};

public class ArrayDemo{

They are supplied as parameters to the main() method:

public static void main(String args[])

“args” is declared of an array of strings

args[0] is the first parameter, args[1] is the 2nd argument and so on

The number of arguments passed identified by:

E.g. count = args.length;