INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

ENGINE NOMENCLATURE :
Cylinder Bore
Piston Area
Stroke
Stroke to Bore Ratio
Dead centre
Top Dead Centre
Bottom Dead Centre
Displacement or Swept Volume
Cubic Capacity or Engine Capacity
Clearance Volume
Compression Ratio
BASIC ENGINE STROKE :
WORKING OF S. I. ENGINE :
WORKING OF C. I. ENGINE :
WORKING OF TWO STROKE ENGINE :
ENGINE PERFORMANCE PARAMETER :
Indicated Thermal Efficiency

Brake Thermal Efficiency

Mechanical Efficiency

Volumetric Efficiency
ENGINE PERFORMANCE PARAMETER (CONT.) :
Relative Efficiency or Efficiency Ratio

Mean Effective Pressure

Indicated Mean Effective Pressure

Brake Mean Effective Pressure

Mean Piston Speed

Specific Power Output

𝐵𝑃
𝑃𝑠 = = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 × 𝑝𝑏𝑚 × 𝑁
𝐴𝑝 × 𝐿
ENGINE PERFORMANCE PARAMETER (CONT.) :
Specific Fuel Consumption

Indicated Specific Fuel Consumption

Brake Specific Fuel Consumption

Air-Fuel (A/F) or Fuel-Air (F/A) Ratio

COMPARISON OF 2 & 4 STROKE ENGINE :
Four Stroke Engine Two Stroke Engine
The thermodynamic cycle is completed The thermodynamic cycle is completed
in four strokes of the piston or two in two strokes of the piston or one
complete revolutions of the crankshaft. complete revolutions of the crankshaft.
One power stroke per four strokes of One power stroke per two strokes of
the piston or two complete revolutions the piston or one complete revolutions
of the crankshaft. of the crankshaft.
Turning moment is not so uniform and Turning moment is more uniform and
hence a heavier flywheel is needed. hence a lighter flywheel is used.
Because of one power stroke for two Because of one power stroke for every
revolutions, power produced for same revolution, power produced for same
size of engine is less, or for the same size of engine is more, or for the same
power the engine is heavy and bulky. power the engine is light and compact.
Because of one power stroke for two Because of one power stroke in one
revolutions, lesser cooling and revolutions, greater cooling and
lubrication requirements. Lower rate of lubrication requirements. Higher rate of
wear & tear. wear & tear.
COMPARISON OF 2 & 4 STROKE ENGINE(CONTD.):

Four Stroke Engine Two Stroke Engine

Valves and valve actuating mechanisms
for opening and closing of the intake Ports present instead of valves.
and exhaust valve.
Initial cost of the engine is high because Initial cost of the engine is low because
of presence of valves and valve of absence of valves and valve
mechanism. mechanism.
Volumetric efficiency is higher due Volumetric efficiency is lesser due
more time for induction. lesser time for induction
Thermal efficiency is higher and part Thermal efficiency is lower and part
load efficiency is better. load efficiency is poor.
Used where efficiency is important e.g. Used where low cost, compactness,
Bikes, cars, buses, trucks, aeroplanes light weight and power are important
etc. e.g. Mopeds, scooters, bikes etc.
 COMPARISON OF SI & CI ENGINE :
Description SI Engine
Basic Cycle Based on Otto Cycle
Two-Stroke Less Suitable as fuel lost in
Operation scavenging
Petrol. Self-ignition
Fuel
temperature is high.
Fuel and air introduced as a
mixture in the suction stroke.
Introduction Carburettor is necessary to
of Fuel provide the mixture. Throttle
controls the quantity of mixture
introduced.
Requires an ignition system
Ignition with spark plug in the
combustion chamber.
CI Engine
Based on Diesel Cycle
More suitable as there is no loss
of fuel
Diesel. Self-ignition temperature
is low.
Fuel is injected directly in to the
combustion chamber at high
pressure at the end of
compression stroke. Instead of
carburettor a high pressure fuel
pump and injector is used.
Quantity of fuel regulated by the
pump.
Self-ignition due to high
temperature caused by high
compression air in the
combustion chamber, when fuel is
injected in to it.
COMPARISON OF SI & CI ENGINE (CONTD.):
Governing Quantity governing. Quality governing. Supply of air is
(Speed & Load Approximately constant constant but quantity of fuel is
Control) A/F ratio is supplied. variable. So, variable A/F ratio

6 to 10.5. Upper limit of 14 to 22. Upper limit of CR is limited

Compression
CR is fixed by antiknock by the rapidly increasing weight of the
Ratio Range
quality of fuel. engine structure due to increase in CR.
Higher Maximum RPM
Speed Maximum RPM is lower.
due to lighter weight.
Maximum efficiency is
Higher maximum efficiency due to
Efficiency lower due to low
higher compression ratio.
compression ratio.
Weight Lighter Heavier due to higher pressure.
Weight per unit
Low (0.4 to 3.5 kg/hp) High (2.5 to 10 kg/hp)
Power
Initial Capital High due to heavy weight and sturdy
Low
Cost construction
Running Cost High Low
PERFORMANCE CURVE OF SI ENGINE
PERFORMANCE CURVE OF SI ENGINE
PERFORMANCE CURVE OF CI ENGINE
PERFORMANCE CURVE OF CI ENGINE