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BJTDiffAmps PDF
BJTDiffAmps PDF
ECE 4430 - Analog Integrated Circuits and Systems P.E. Allen, 2000
BJT Differential Amplifiers (6/24/00) Page 2
vID v 1 + v 2
2 v OUT = A VD v ID ± A VC v IC = A VD (v 1 - v 2) ± A VC 2
+
vID - + where
vIC 2 vOUT
AVD = differential-mode voltage gain
-
Fig. 5.2-1B AVC = common-mode voltage gain
ECE 4430 - Analog Integrated Circuits and Systems P.E. Allen, 2000
BJT Differential Amplifiers (6/24/00) Page 3
ECE 4430 - Analog Integrated Circuits and Systems P.E. Allen, 2000
BJT Differential Amplifiers (6/24/00) Page 4
LARGE-SIGNAL TRANSCONDUCTANCE
Transconductance Characteristic of the Differential Amplifier
Consider the following NPN-BJT differential amplifier (sometimes called an emitter-coupled pair):
iC1 iC2
Q1 Q2
+ +
vI1 vBE1 vBE2 vI2
- -
IEE
VEE BJTDA01
Large-Signal Analysis:
1.) Input loop eq.: vI1 - vBE1 + vBE2 - vI2 = vI1 - vI2 - vBE1 + vBE2 = vID - vBE1 + vBE2 = 0
iC1 iC2
2.) Foward-active region: vBE1= Vt ln and v BE2 = V t I
ln
I S1 S2
iC1 vI1-vI2 vID
3.) If IS1 = IS2 then = exp = exp
iC2 Vt Vt
1
4.) Nodal current equation at the emitters: -(iE1+iE2) = IEE = α (iC1 + iC2)
F
αFIEE αFIEE
5.) Combining the above equations gives: iC1 = and iC2 =
-vID vID
1 + exp V 1 + exp V
t t
ECE 4430 - Analog Integrated Circuits and Systems P.E. Allen, 2000
BJT Differential Amplifiers (6/24/00) Page 5
0.6
iC
αIEE
0.4
0.2
0
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
vID BJTDA00
Vt
Transconductance:
∂iC1 αFIEE αFIEE IC1
gm1 = ∂v Q| = = 4V = 2V when VID = 0
ID -vID 2 t t
1+exp V t
V t
∂iC2 | -αFIEE -αFIEE -IC2
gm2 = ∂v Q = = 4V = 2V when VID = 0
ID vID 2 t t
1+exp V t
V t
ECE 4430 - Analog Integrated Circuits and Systems P.E. Allen, 2000
BJT Differential Amplifiers (6/24/00) Page 6
+vOD -
iC1 + + iC2
vO1 vO1
- -
Q1 Q2
+ +
vi1 vBE1 vBE2 vi2
- -
IEE
VEE BJTDA03
∴ vOD = vO1-vO2 = VCC-iC1RC - VCC + iC2RC
= RC(iC2-iC1)
1
Substituting in the previous expressions and
using hyperbolic trig identities gives 0.5
-vID vOD
vOD = αFIEERC tanh αFIEERC
2V t 0
Illustration →
-0.5
-1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
vID
Vt BJTDA04
ECE 4430 - Analog Integrated Circuits and Systems P.E. Allen, 2000
BJT Differential Amplifiers (6/24/00) Page 7
BJTDA05
IEE
VEE
v ID - (R E iD /α F ) v ID - (R E iD /α F )
We know that, iD = iC1 - iC2 = αFIEE tanh
≈ αFIEE
2Vt 2Vt
αFIEEvID
Solving for iD gives, iD = iC1 - iC2 = 2V + R I
t E EE
diD (αFIEE) (αFIEE)/2Vt
∴ gm(DC) = dv = =
ID 2V t + R E I E E 1+ R E IEE /2V t
ECE 4430 - Analog Integrated Circuits and Systems P.E. Allen, 2000
BJT Differential Amplifiers (6/24/00) Page 8
SMALL-SIGNAL PERFORMANCE
Differential and Common-mode Small-Signal Performance
The small-signal performance of a differential amplifier can be separated into a differential mode and
common mode analysis. This separation allows us to take advantage of the following simplifications.
Half-Circuit Concept: VCC VCC
RC RC
+vod -
VCC ic1 + + ic2
vo1 vo2
- -
Q1 Q2
RC RC + +
vid vbe1 vbe2 vid
e n t i al - -
er 2
ic1
+vod - Diff nalysis 2
+ + ic2 e A
vo1 vo2 Mod VCC VCC
- -
Q1 Q2
+ + RC RC
vi1 vbe1 vbe2 vi2
- -
+vod -
IEE REE ic1 + + ic2
vo1 vo2
C -
Mo omm Q1
-
Q2
VEE VEE de A on + +
nal vbe1 vbe2
ysis vic vic
- -
IEE IEE
2 2
2REE 2REE
VEE VEE VEE VEE BJTDA06
Note: The half-circuit concept is valid as long as the resistance seen looking into each emitter is the same.
ECE 4430 - Analog Integrated Circuits and Systems P.E. Allen, 2000
BJT Differential Amplifiers (6/24/00) Page 9
SMALL-SIGNAL PERFORMANCE
Differential and Common-mode Small-Signal Performance
The small-signal performance of a differential amplifier can be separated into a differential mode and
common mode analysis. This separation allows us to take advantage of the following simplifications.
Half-Circuit Concept: VCC VCC
RC RC
+vod -
VCC ic1 + + ic2
vo1 vo2
- -
Q1 Q2
RC RC + +
vid vbe1 vbe2 vid
e n t i al - -
er 2
ic1
+vod - Diff nalysis 2
+ + ic2 e A
vo1 vo2 Mod VCC VCC
- -
Q1 Q2
+ + RC RC
vi1 vbe1 vbe2 vi2
- -
+vod -
IEE REE ic1 + + ic2
vo1 vo2
C -
Mo omm Q1
-
Q2
VEE VEE de A on + +
nal vbe1 vbe2
ysis vic vic
- -
IEE IEE
2 2
2REE 2REE
VEE VEE VEE VEE BJTDA06
Note: The half-circuit concept is valid as long as the resistance seen looking into each emitter is the same.
ECE 4430 - Analog Integrated Circuits and Systems P.E. Allen, 2000
BJT Differential Amplifiers (6/24/00) Page 10
RC Rin Rout
+ + +
ic1 + rπ vπ gmvπ ro
vo1
- vic - vout
Q1 RC
+
vic vbe1 2REE
-
IEE - -
2 BJTDA08
2REE
VEE VEE
Half-circuit performance:
βο12REE vo1 βo1RC
Rin1 = rπ1 +(1+βo1)2REE, Rout1= ro 1+ 2R +r + 2REE||rπ1 , and v = - r +(1+β )2R
EE π 1 ic π1 o1 EE
Common mode performance:
rπ1+(1+βo1)2REE βο12REE voc βo1RC
Ric = , R oc= ro 1+ 2R +r + 2REE||rπ1 , and v = - r +(1+β )2R
2 EE π 1 ic π1 o1 EE
where gm1 = gm2, rπ1 = rπ2 and βo1= βo2.
ECE 4430 - Analog Integrated Circuits and Systems P.E. Allen, 2000
BJT Differential Amplifiers (6/24/00) Page 11
gm1RC
A dm vo1/vid 2 IEEREE
CMRR = = = ≈ g R =
A cm vo1/vic βo1RC m1 EE 2V t
rπ1+(1+βo1)2REE
Thus, the larger the input transconductance or REE, the larger the common mode rejection ratio.
ECE 4430 - Analog Integrated Circuits and Systems P.E. Allen, 2000
BJT Differential Amplifiers (6/24/00) Page 12
+
RC IEERC RC RC RC
2
-
IEE IEE IEE IEE
Q1 2 2 Q2 Q1 2 2 Q2
+ +
+ vCE(sat) + + vCE(sat) +
vic(max) VBE1 - vBE2 vic(min) VBE1 - vBE2
- - - -
IEE Q3 IEE
VBias VBias +
Q3 vCE(sat)
-
VEE VEE
BJTDA03
Maximum Input Common Mode Voltage: Minimum Input Common Mode Voltage:
vic(max) = VCC - 0.5IEERC -vCE1(sat)+VBE1 vic(min) = VEE+vCE3(sat)+VBE1
ECE 4430 - Analog Integrated Circuits and Systems P.E. Allen, 2000
BJT Differential Amplifiers (6/24/00) Page 13
where iC and vC are the current through and voltage across a capacitor C.
A differential amplifier that has a capacitive load will experience slew rate which is seen as follows:
VCC VCC
RC IEE RC RC IEE
RC
vOD iCs 2 vOD ≈ 0 2 iCs
+ -
Situation at vC1 + - vC2
iC1=0 Co
Cs iC1
Co
iC2 Cs vOD ≈ 0 Cs iCo iC2=IEE Cs
Q1 Q2 Q1 Q2
+ + + +
vi1<<0 vBE1 vBE2 vi2>>0 vi1<<0 vBE1 vBE2 vi2>>0
- - - -
IEE IEE
Note that the current in Q1 is 0 and Q2 is IEE. Therefore, the initial value of iCo is iCo = 0.5IEE - iCs.
iCo iCo dvC1 dvOD
If we define the slew rate across Co as SR =
Co , then iCs = 0.5SR·Cs = 2CoC s , i.e. dt = 0.5 dt
IEE iCs IEE SR·C s Cs IEE 0.5IEE IEE
∴ SR = ⇒ SR 1 + 2C = 2C ⇒
2Co - Co = 2C o - 2Co S R = C +0.5C = 2C +C
o o o s o s
ECE 4430 - Analog Integrated Circuits and Systems P.E. Allen, 2000
BJT Differential Amplifiers (6/24/00) Page 14
SUMMARY
• A differential amplifier amplifies the difference signal between two voltages and rejects the common
mode signal
• The transconductance characteristics of the BJT differential amplifier switches from all of the current in
one side to the other side within ±100mV
• The large-signal differential voltage transfer function has the form of hyperbolic tangent
• Emitter degeneration increases the range over which the differential amplifier behaves as a linear
amplifier
• The half circuit concept is very useful for analyzing the small-signal differential and common mode
performance
• The maximum and minimum input common mode range is:
vic(max) = VCC - 0.5IEERC -vCE1(sat)+VBE1
vic(min) = VEE+vCE3(sat)+VBE1
• The differential amplifier has a slew rate limit of IEE/Ceq where Ceq is the capacitance seen to ground
from either collector.
ECE 4430 - Analog Integrated Circuits and Systems P.E. Allen, 2000