eh eB, es Ada wolee = hh mee ® WOECREASC-ANE CONSUER "| Ag the nome Suopests ho decrease ~ and-arg + mrethodolagry. Sugpyests tr decreag Be W2e te awn problem. He BY Bod a : WWiatiooship treteen tre Solution A Ov Grivonk Prien eval trot RMU RON. Ve Scume perblan aie HPircking, Rik wld “SNP, we aid Sobe th otfean by top-dousn Crecséive Cyperocuk cw toy battery Ctbrotin) Oppreat.. bn this tednsquo, decreasing He &xe He May be any one. g, ter Les * decrease by G cengtane . + deveay By A Constant Jalac. * Vesabie bike checrease, 4. Recyeare by O conblant tb Gis technty uc, the Bze 4 on Angtan@ j3 vedared THe \ kame conslont- on ead tteration, Os i * Gis Bre toe ugelt be J, Conkidar. G0 erample | Grdeg We woliec % OD. Te vetatianshig | bebween a olution to 6 problun es B22 0 and Br xe O-iD 238 agen oy - a = og ' Thus, the tunitisg €©)= 0 can re golved fag ehhon tep-dado approak Udyde relatiso _ foy = § tur.a | i nz ue be Or by ee multiplying a by Rese (4) times, usttch a bottom-up opprosele The pictoviol representation wy deoreax - “0d. - Conquer by ore 24 lk aeons - &. Becwease lot & censteunt fobate 2- here, to Bize o 0 problan i3 yecluced by Same cooktant Buta. 00 tock Rcrcitivg, Usually, “Unik certtant Joule vat be 29, THis can be Ulsswalod ag—Lo sud, B22 Of Solution to Le Sulept Sondivo +o Fos enample, 34 use cengider 42 Bema poreblen | o a 7, RE sven by. [ae | — AL add een BR nve oye Had odd & ri | Qos | 3. Recrease by O Vosdeble &xe:- tere, 04 | Cork Bherotion ta BAW a oPtyinak jorobleny | ee reduced be Aiperet Woluss. | for crampe, Be UR conbida « proviam | % BMG YA B tee rumbers— acd (m,n) = gcd on, 7 oned 0) Here, cock time nH Raplacd by Cor med n) | ond ebro te 8 O saSeuble Varying | tort on cach Rup. |dosertive Soxt s- 7 Fo this sorting technique, u56 uailtl compute ” OT ehement uoitr OL asKe~ premeus Clerro/ts and 4 Chas elomont fas aks PMP PHB Eo Re Coast tea, ard Rese au tro Cloned obit. cn0e greater team O%« pashad Ond POBition ahaad, drthes tednique, we frlliocd dae Foloa axat ot 0 do ACved & alal Ye fer AffetevAo \2. pois: 1. The. poramelu Br is Voput Fx. 0. a the base epesoticon 4S COmpattisen. 3. The time Loanplexity Note erly alapends on We Noput 624, bout alto On te dat that howd the elements asa aarged. So, bt us discus Pasuqus comple rile - Wore Gre + Jk te Compasceson CAN T79) executes Cok necature f and fF Ben eve uaz Ke maximum atimber % Corrpases0as, This voit happen %h tte ape AtRaee ba Sirikla- Aecrea sing. Thus, Be udexst case happenes $A an oday Sealid 20 hacrea.s-g orear, Thes, 7 6) > 2274 Worst ML ro fia) na = 2 G-i-o+) = 3 ¢ = M4 be +a) BCE ae sO “+ €,@) € On)Best Coe - ae H fe yiven AXioy ds Obreooly Sovlid FN buck Case, yr caer Vedee &) t4oxe ust! be onde Ne Compa “W300. Lo Gon) = 3 q ics ~ ©O-1-140) = O-1 . Ce E Ot). Phretone Cones Suppose Kat, use ke eongrotoring 11 etomar de asson. pm FES chock 19 RL proper Seen, Tho § vote be at CF.) PeBrton, NOW, fAota ase Sersefal pessibsi:ties aboutl- Sha position %, Tt eloment_ SL ALI < ALI | ent-e position gy OFF 3 qed, Aad onty- one COrnpasisen £4 made. Sh ABSIT > OFS, bur A Cs-< Afi, then only too Comnpa8isens happens , Condinus: a jo ths udag8 tLe possible number % Compadeisons gor tha P74 element ageLA Ba & hud, the oveting aumber compotiin hpr eauh chem 31 giv Beemer ye, Grad +t) | {27 +24 “ODES ~ @1Co2a) mn OY + CoG € 8 (0%)Repth. Frese Seaset. BFS) 2 BES is ome ef He techniques © prow Fe ests: cos os edags og ao Syrah £o o dys emobic Order. The jovoceduce as Ar beloo— 3. Veit a mendex. ye aragh adbstrosily RK PSK RI“ Gb being wisited, &. Vesik the an gre ry cohach is ad portant 10 tle preaious ore, he - Rapect tle Stap@ tality no jacant~ vedtes. aye OSB, Joh & posticutas verter, Go back to one vester te. chad -ed verter and tg to Hrd any Luraisitedd verter and Vepeat ke jorowss 4% S De chgeterttes halt whan the sbasting Vetter becom fe defld-erd ancl by this tere, alt ve cane vettiaas ko pak conorected Conyehant qa qraph ofa Wigited, My the dyoph contakns still umsgiid vertices ee: tee cbeve porotaduuse by choose, any cxbitraty verter. To Fenplatick he operations ey BES, Use uaitt We stack. When & Vehbex 3a reached dpe tho Hr time, Ab w pushad into te Stak, USkoo Wr bevomas tte cladd-erd, ue pop-up it.3 Somddimes, the dé qpoest as uted gpr tushy BES wenelab. $0 ES Pest, He starting vealin & BFS trovelgat a asa root Pw tree, Whenever a MO UNWE\Lad Nocle 2 Cncorentered) Ree put O50 chill to te woken Bom eibich Tr being geasehed. The eckove comnetegy too Such Nokes & Collod ag ree fo this, proces, use ano fore pothiculan node ta pocwiously Toad Rode, whack ig not fs patent. Suth an edae 8 called a8, ‘Qaeb. echoge , Considak the follouding, graph. ® gh The. SS cre 08 Ove Graph a Given elo. Here, the pst g cpt era the Oven ba Which £ Node £8 rikild and te second Subscript indicates The order in uli the node. B deleted form Ke StoCk, xe ben su becornes dead-end, 5 Ave as3 €s,3 Bais Cee Pen “The BPS qpees is also given Here, Botted lies ghovos bask- edges.AkgoriTHm! RESCE) U1 gesplementosicn ©), RFS travergar Y Gropr ¢ u arpa: Groph ¢ = Cv, €) Towtprs Grog G voitr iit vetbices maskaol UN Congecedti ve nlezees jo Wa ovcler Toy i &lad . mark cosh veteran N tA O an of Keing Unwgled. Counr +0 FPA cork Verken 1 ja V do 4 8 4 moked wait oO Afs (9) dfs Cy) Ungists ot temorasléd VeALiCes Conneted to w MH ond aisigns then -the-ere numbers % te. Mord fey ised bs ‘Court’, Count & Count e( (ork, Ww uattA Count: fpr couk vehdex Mud in V adjaat $v do is mated uwwit O dfs (wo) - Secon Creole adjorcency linked list and Obfe cence MalGen fpr Be ven psciph based on Ze BES cugekitnan. “The epic — BES capends on Be Jack Bat whih dala srickin Ceodgeatancs malin os Gelfaconty Loked USh) use LOLLL UU fm i. ahs implementation. 3g we Lise jocenny eatin ten the me oanplanly 4 RFS iB OCINF) and i We WR adfacency- Poked bst, be completly CW by 6 Cvisiel), Here IVb and 1G} clenotes numbes, a, vente & entges 4, Be graph, TEEPE velg | Applicatiocg & BFS ate 28 below * To Cheek, the. Connect inorly % ce graph : Shen OFS Okgorithen halts, ip Olt xe (NOTE: A vonten % % Cnnected graph 28 Raid to be PY RCa tas Patt He gregh A Ras PEMOVOL LALth cot Claes indiclenk to & babs the graph ‘to Listens joeces) # To A LeWotins pack 4 He readWreadith - Fewsk Seateh( BED: ~ BES tw also a method Jor (ORs, the verdes ox eclogs Yo graph 40 a Sydlime “Uc ofoles. Thy porocadiusa. +S as Pele — 1. WUE G qyortex of Rs a cb trodiley & MAK i CS rH led, A AU He wWerrtice, udhich ake adfecert to PRBOULy Wisiled verten Cha ras lact Sequertiolts. 3S. Repeat Ke above slip por next Lovet ard codinue TEU afl te vosdiiceds ake Wintel jo thet conneted ceayonred, a. 4, some vertices ake BU rena fapeok the Slaps fren 8@p O. WSe Ode Wye Ce Queue data srulice to race te Operation oe BFS. The $yrst vein 4 te trowedsal bewmng yatiah votre qpeue, & tte elernent a the front. On Cork flerdtion, tHe atin ols thea \oodices udhik ase ada tert to He gronk vertex. These vertrcas ote insesteal fato he. queue and the got eaten 42 ololeted fyow to queue,4 AS in BES, BES also UR ual consul O BES ppnesk.” The Stasticg vector The Wovasal silt be the root of, OAe tree ia fas fprest: theneven Ce MAD noke 43 qwisstedl, > aust be attaueal to & prewrour Node as ao chtid. Buh on eda,e. 28 baoon as “see - edge’. Whenever a Node Heads an ede fo atpendy visited verter Olker than HES Patent, ten We és Weald as ‘ crogs- Consdan cx Oy rou — De quae Seqluance $4 even Pr Co Bn OA GH The Suppsaes canote the excl Ghee wngertian info queue,Agora = BESCe> L denpleroontio BES 4 provetsch O Groen g I pur: G-Ov,€). Bs POutput- > Pragh @ vakth ey vetticas matted y Laith wnsetutive snlijers io Te y oxda~ toy CRD. TAGAR och r~ehten to V uth O os Umagad, Count <0 PA cach eter Vin V do 4 9 is Makked Uh O bes Cw) 648 G9 UY rossite 0M Nemorsitaad weAbicns connettd tow, Y and cuErges tem He murolers in dhe order Vl of, He noe St. Counk - Count +! Mekk we uith iounk and tnilalize queue Laitn 9 hfle the queru & not empty do ter cork vettexr 6 i V Cort to pot ester 6 do 4 WD is Mourked Uh O Counk <- Wunk + | Mek wo uath curt Add LD fo te queue Remove we Fron YULU2.“The ANaLYyE® ay RFS Towerzok olaperd£ on Be data relita teed Ros. Inplemenbli, *b WE Ube Clent¢- Malernr, ten tHe Be tonplenily “uate be OCiy|2) and we Use ARC Caney Unleed ust, tHe Yiane Complenity usill be OCivi+ ety. Mscativas : * Radia ConmecKwity wa Are, x Fin cling Acytterly a a aro. “Te fed the Sheri Path Feliveen ony | oo quer Vverticos, Cermpetis0n 9 RES & Bes BES Bes Dako Shutine Stank eet, Ne “he Cnclenings bio One Bdge lies tree age | pie on back ede | creoag ela. Appi costions Connectv:4| Conadarwg PAs liciliy Rogie peeee Shealest re Ep icerey fpr Ady matin | ociyps) eCivP) Epicteony: fpr Aa. oe BCWIHED| 6 QueenTopolapscal. Soelig Conde, a probe & compliticn a gu LOK can be AiTaiclec! rinto eyesal pos. . Usually, we have to estimate the time aequtredl al Completing ME. Pos oloing thud, Opdiously, we eftinnate te tema aquired dor cork Q the subpauts keepry so wind hat some eo te Subparts can be (Cathied ule Pesallg.ity | Smo ter Connock be stottect untth some ahs OLQ Complelid th. That mean’ thete wotse be Some Pee cendttinns and Cokhyoinl Er Cotiying oul these Subpart h we lonsides each Scbtcak ab a voller We aq dro O dbtwected Graph Phere the Aerertion Ql endl edep. indicates tre order in usbick -they mgt be Wernpleted, One thine we can Hote dowo hee 8 Y Buh a deqraph contains cycles, * doen Buh a rOblen Can nor he Solved os ih will be 2 checollock, Tres, if tho peoblen possesses a clBtected acydlic gragh (dag), Her % lan sowe fur,s\ ANE & creating 0 dag ouse intenaien is 1 Find A Sequence J, Subtosks Ushich sag he Oscer | Hair cemplativg by Seetisbys ONL Coad corticuints prerequists. Ke Problem a, Boks awh a sequene i collect oe topelogcal govligg, . fox Rilustrativn, Gonaicler A (orozert udlich is Atuided anid 6 Sub tasks wiz. 0, B68, KE. The CovBrainsts ate Gk belo To slit Barc C, A must be complelid. & usitl he cases | out col ofl % Ord C. EB Can be asic | Ouk GLE dea Completien gy C. PF can be done off © and &. & Leciryh Can be even fer this problenr as_ @ ) oo ©: © 6) St con we observed trot fle graph 4s aughle, & tia 8, ve can goWwe Re Udi a trpologkat Boxlrg {ochriqua. There ade tum mobhods for goliag topoleg- “ical problem. One method is ubing, BES wewehsoh. tere, ute uaitl petiphrn om FS travel Y9 the dag and* % Pee Up te verticas drom travesat oC ee wevesse- ¥ This order uses ue reapscreah Solution ~ hes, {ph Ge ahove problam, BPS Nevectat Would be_ A 16 Sr Bs s fy Sse ey “Ba afdu of PERG Up For stoak 7 Bae @, Cc, 8. The Aeguired ode uit! bei AC, £,8,8 &. Te Second eebked é& boued BO Implemontion -tion Aecrear -by-one - And - conquer ave. “URYy Hest, in cask Sip, fdentigy « V@Atex u0ifh no Tocomig, eaags. “then datals, He edth ck eutgnins ectges pro tt The oxcler 20 Usbich te \esticas ate deleted usit Ine He required Solusting Be & problem, For the above eaample, frdt cholate A.Then dotote exten QB or G, asbestos, ®) o—) Now, dele O- O— Cooly deleting © _ ©. So, neg uived vse ae ARCAE F, NOTE: The BFS method anck BAC metiod Mo 4 yypielal Aifterent lutea, Because, topolericadt &drting fororolaa eR re haging evetal Rolutions. Folloutina, ab the iva Br LOpologgiead Sort Ubing BPS technique ALgoritem BET Calo..r-ifo.n-J 0) 170 obtain tne sequene GOOS to be created W knput. Adjatony median 0 % Be graph 4 The nNumbe. A vediod Nn. WOutpulr: Sequena io tHe reverse orcler that ode 4 1 oe ereculid,ht e4 O to na cho SliJao Ano vetten has been wslial fo URE shiek, ia andk ench. ge Va 0 bh n- do 4 CS£v1 20) BPSCa, A, v) ALGORTHE BES COC0.0-Gl0..04, 0, 8) I Soput > Be vetten ff ushich Hover stasts StvJ < 4 qp® Wo to n-1 do HC OSE Cw Iu =) ant Sfud-0) Hen Bs Ca, n, uw) l< S*i hes (Glee 9 te: ; ste dm too funciied, ue hae po Cops. Ae tet, ime complexity doperds 69 Bor. B One P empeauiten Be eauh Loop, we have 8 s os Z(a-1-041) Vio U+O +0 =n om = oF Ko “Tene Complexity 3 BCP) Hore avi, ta Ue muumbes gy vee in a Seeph.6 _ Folloupies, 2 the atqoree then Pe TOPOS FIcoA, boxt by S0uALe reMoval wulkod. Algor mim TSCOl0.0-Ifo..0-d, 72 WT ek & Sequara % Veotias to be ereusted, UW fepur : Pobjacency Molin Ce a te gph, uv Numbex of mags vesliZas 9, 4 Ostpub. Te $equeente VeiLitas, a. per 50 to a-1 do Sum«—o fra CH 0 wb no do BLM Sum + ALi Ya7 Sndegwee ( :7 < £un Pr @e Ot ny do § Chadagnee £7 = oF Ppe top+) Sltople; wohele C top #) US 3(tepy Top < tep-1 ASA UW tp Solutidn veuliox T & Cash Yoaton 9 adpacent to Ue ® Aecnenrent Yodlagree (ul by one *h Crackegree uy = 0 bop < top+, ster. vy.Genesatirg Coplotnnctorctol Opjests Be combs ratitios Like perrmubadies, Subsek of a Sek ekL. ploys 0 Wilas yole dn tHe ped 4 compute. Bisence, Pere, ule wait Susy qed a, he culgotes thors ps hoi. ognuatinn, Genetatins Posmutiilion :- fe use bow, if Hear ate 0 Aiptgrent” Wein, use can asstange teem 30 OL sevesah Thar is, wwe Can dio Ob PeRmuation stone fev 0 element. Neo, Oar preblan is TO ggrusase thege 0! Permutations’. Rox Ye sabe A, Kreplicily, tek US Lonsideh the Neumlaty | 2---, 9 We have -p fod. ale ne pee ong 4+hid SCE. The decatare-ly-one technique Si Par tp CO-Yk permutatins frst, ond then to place. aT number’ oy Ailterent positions y ast Of, TA permutatiosl apres Noo we ek NxODE = OL permutation. The proces Can be applica vecursivelrs gt att peamulalaatFor UWuiskations consider tte gpruation 3 peAmuta Gust 4, $42,303, Stadt 2 4, : frsesta. 12 ar i doshk3 > 183 132 31Q Bal aar a3 eae ae ght to late ayy to Syke Vets 123 1QhS 14AZ AlAB so qt to 1Sah i342 laa alga} dye S\Qh Binz 2qi2 Haig HSA! BHA BAA Bald J lephm | HAZ\ Akai asd asl ¢ Myre HAZ AHIB Alh3 AlZA Ta cubeve eethed i pos os mined are technique, Becauk each Number be Ypnekalea by exchanging only Reo ee gy 3s prewious Number. Dee is ore pore motkad called Tohosen-Trotier. algonttin, dp is methed, um rst toke O pesmutetion ard Aoriole an ake Mark fpr each degit ‘hk’ A Fe permnutn - hon, to ndicte dfrectin Fe AEGox comporint bk is gaid tp be ‘mekele 1) QIHOD-Moubkel pamnutatleo A ea OthOD points PD a Smable. Numbes aapecos to the For exorple— ZAR. Hee 2 and 4} ae mobila. sso this notetivg die Sohnsen - Trotter osiggncthery as Aeaplemented Os kehovo PREORITHM =IT Cod I Sohns0n -Trotier algovithen dor qenetabirs Yo PeAmutotions , U dopur : A pasiive snaer 1, Hep Wer 9 ott permutatiaa ey 41,...,04 Initialize he gist mutabin udstr ten be eM While there entets a mobile tnlages hk do aad ee, laeyest: MSA INGE ee Swap k ond de aclfeatanr ouggit, Uakich be hawig God. tecSescls te reveuse the civestain # abt tolegss Ped ose (ouge~ &.. rm * Conbidos a0 ehample Oh Benesabicn PRenustortiv, i eee trary use TFS, eve ane os lorgest ola lager. Bo Mande term usilt eT $8. continuously OPP Ue T-7 abganitin, we ot | TSS +e st | FST £757 55R ~ ~ | Heve, one thing we have 40 Note Hor, i20 Orden y the Aumbas geruotel by 3-7 tutnin is quite Un ebtous Because UsCths PeRrurtotions che vodektten by sereasin Orde ia ee enornple - 1A3) '3Q, 13, Q3!, 31a, 3a) Wis method is wom a5 ole ttcographte Crets| ‘Tre cwethed Ub ab enplatned lrelous Supper. | H, we Want to Geretote permutation Oy 2 ADA. Then, 4 hy £ Oo, te Next numba is Obtainad log fest inteachargs.< Cor Grd A ff an > 0, we uaitl Centider A, ea ) iOne moye mathod we Bpretacset-s, the PouRrr seb A Se By establishing O one B- one lakers lactecen ta Ser fu, 05 Oey and ob gO Bt Stings of | lenogh 1 For erample, i use take n= 3 \ thea fait Shigs: ©80 001 O10 100 101. 110 14 Subsea i $653 Sat ey Seca BaF tos eee ————————ee —=GREEBY TECHNIQUE (3) \ This technigue 19 Used for clesigmirg. optionza “ion povoblens, Greedy Straten, olieags tries to Prd tee best solution dor eoek Sth pprobum usr tle hope frat —Ohis uaial Wesults io the best gpolution fps d whole [reblam. That £3, Qreedig Opproash sugsests Te lonsitutk & Rolutiso be jaro kelenn Throw QO Sequence % Slips , Cork Blip empanching a posticuty. ebtained golutivn so Fem, Ure O “oenplita SolUkin is reacded. fb is thus cepostan’ 7D note ttek use have to Make A cChesce in larch uD Buch Hate Ge cherco must be_ # feasible — it hos to Safisiy the COC LS OL Te prrokiens * locally optimnat — it paste be the bes local chmice Crnuny abs Feasible Solr dtdens Aveclolre at tlat blip. Ona a hasce £4 mode tt of can’t be Harned on os wy keg Merk: slaps %, te cet ore thrn, * frvevocabled& tn Wey BGP Use look cat Optirnal Soltion greedy technique wela lees Soltiigy pr mang % we probes, Rut Ho cbeudhack hore 44, USRthout a2mring at Pret &Olition use ueilt Think abou te slip vohete we ate Gd This i juat Mke Qrerlein, Whatever. 18 Awotla hte ‘Wahk now USL IROU tanking, Obout Ue tse, Thus, for &Dine jorobleny, i vee Wie orreedly | then use bave MEL ig OrdLebves with Oty Onpromimate spldion. Contider an erxcrnple a, Greedy : Suppor use have A Sel SY Carrs es — toy VE S88, te (0, AS as %, hsehave b ave Aang dor 3 paise, Then use Kot post take tre hes & peasy bie Vebive uobich 3s le than or gual ton, MB. ds) Be nour asco, use take next neghaal- £2 10. Cott nuing. antes, Lay We cob te Solution as fas, lo Sir} Note that nse wWorlt Stort uOtt, 4 hese. the technique used hese £3 Nothing boul Greedy.NOTE: Greedyy- Technique 28 ayplieat io frog, Pickmum spanning “kee ubicy the ekoenerthms Lee. Patars onal Bruskals oLecases trans, BB+ A competed. acyelte Subgragh Conteining ou tHe vesticas yO Connated greph i brosn as spanning Tee, Ba EMMA? APann gw Hee «8 sae OAR te cenneted syxoph and 23 the Spannig. Bub U2ith Tinimunm useight- ; Contidas co yraphand te Bpaarrieg Weer — (O-sB VWe_S Groh W(t) 213 wad: (4 Here, TF, call oe “He minimus Spann! ag bee Gs the Waeset 28 WR Composed to Uou- Ta, Here, usa Howe Lakh Ze Cxhaustive- Seank technique. Tat is ayre Prodi gol Possible Spannig trees acot - the to Sela He minimum among AML thee. Tis metkad usitt be timePaten's Algexetnm s— Ths dgerthen consi rin: eum Spooning. tree trough a 8equena % expand O'G Sublwes The tnstet Bub ite 8 token O8 Ang CBLbSHORy Vedten Tec the Otho. vestices HA Oroph, Mo nearese Vester Gm tne CXERtig verten Y the twee ix found and is Attacked to te wee. Ya (Pro@duse if Cofinued tu UL the vVestices A860 rnchucledl into tLe tree: thus, + V tle ger FOL vertices * ore Ond Vi. 2 fet a minimun Spanning. tee ton We hwe Ao te Follooing. Operations — B. Foy Coch TE MOin-g \yeaten ut 40 Ne Vey Bat is connected to u* by a Showad else “than the tw} Cumoenk APSba je label, Upelote Mes labels by U* araloo €(b, D dla, D f(b, 4) cf, ge, 4), “Thus Be rinimeum bla 2), Ala, cC-,w0), eG, w), FC, eo) & --, 00) AG, €Cb, 1, ¢ Cb, 4), Flb4), gC, ~) AG D, (b,4), £(b 4d, aCe, aD eCk4a), 4(b, HD 9C8 4d Cle,4q), 9084) clf# 3) gce n) Spanning treeALGORITHM Pater. CG.) ee U Prica’s Obgoridhmn de Condit mrio. Spa, tree, 1 trp: A connetect Weighted eraoh Gv,2) U Output: Ep, te sedl of eclges COorPBieg, tl ernie Panne tree LF. Vi <¢ 2 Ep < @ rt © = 4 w lvls Yo Bod a minimum-wee SX un) arneng He ef AU He echoes (1414) Suck that BEV and UWEevV-G Nr x Vy U Su*d Ere Gu fers Reliun ‘es Aratypis : Note ‘that, the en Nee Slip 4 Me lap dither , te 8k & vyoot FEM AIA no Nestices Yori obbatcncas const Gita a Poonly queue btuk time Adina 3 . Mode, He quo prust be updatoal Thus, tho Beene a tte. Prien's Monithn “copes on the ata Sivusliiae- Sehoated. Re Ho greph and qe “Ke [ovr quae, Sh we represent a Greph by Hy Weight Modix acd the prriarily quoue by Un ordered a28ay, Ben the time conplour ese orcs OCtvil), On the otha hand, we can plamant- prowl queue as min-heap, ushete iPr Wkesstion and deletion £8 %, OC eg 0) white 1 id B20 hoop Sudpor. tHat- The Greys 48 Smnplomented Usiao. adyaceney Linkeol Uist. dn this Cae, fim OL He oatgoctth | Pertowers IVI-4 oleletios and IE 1 vet | otis if the time O Clear) , ee complently = (INE 1 + 1€1), OCtw5 1v1) fe NVi-4 < 1e1 We have Ce OCIEl. begvi)). : ey ail Connected grayh,This obgesezthan 24 culdo Ube fpr Bacling— AXA Spanning. tee Y a CHnNeteal usespled ere. Hove, ute uate fiv8t Sort te ediges of ee qreph lated on their useig hts, Tha. edge Lotth avtinman usere he ah Odldlad to tha esnpty tree, Then, among Le remains LS, nent enaltest edge &4 conaiclatad cenaf 18 adlded to tte ental trea andy af the addrtion usa not create a cycle, dg 7H odidition of ony acige Av Lee enSlinsy tree Feeutls io G cyte Sun vedog ia ust eypated The psocadise xy conlanusd GM tAe tree mnteiny alt the vosticas yo graph. Conti dan Me potousing groph ~ To Re te f minima Bpenn-a yee, We LOLLL pro med Gd Ioeloue—1 be § cf bt Thus, required tree is —Sorteol- USt- be Ob ad cf bt eq de of dg be a Ss 38 4 4H F O79 be is ingeated. So i ‘4 Nek Smeltest 3 0b 30 @ 2 @) 1 Now, ad. cm New &meblese ww CF : © t & o "Le Now, b4. . 2 @ # 6 WA @ Aopen &G => Net Smallest io de, Buk they usits create Cycle, Stensloaty of, dg, and be ull Create ge So, u9e Uoine Tgnore, 1.ALGORITHM Kruskal Cg) _ 7 Pov construtrae, NST. by bruskels algo, U bope « hex Connated graph ¢W,e). / Onsale : E,, te Set of edges uelieh iu MST. Sort E io non-de user fcta_ wle,) ¢ cece % Ss e+ edige counl <0 keto 100s echopiount < IV I-14 bo he bat 4 E.use,y 48 acyclic €, — €, V4} es at < edaarouat +) Aclimo E, | ey NOG : i . i 1. Even thotmp, Kruskat’s etfeor'th m Seems tp be Bape Than Prim ebgoriiim, i is nok the fet. Because, b -. 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A> b»F dt -6 a to C2 7o> bresg Best = 7 ALGORITHM Riksta CE, 2) U Bijhastsa's olgeseitran ger Sirgle- source. shortest 4 Jopuk? A weighted connected graph Gv, £) 4 and “rts vertex #8 which if SOUR. 1 Oosprte 3 the lenges Ay % & shortest pata roan gto v VY and ik Penaltimate vertex / Ps for evesy weatex in V. Jnrtiasi xe (A) An empl vertex, Prionly queve is 4 initiobized. = Jor every verter vw to Vi do - dy a Pe & nul aS dnsext (8 dy) dg <-O Pecreose (Os. // Update prorly 9 s wait ayVV, < © ter Teo tw \Wl-1 do ut Delete ten (8) Hdelate min. proscnty elarrtent Ve Vv, UL uth fer every verter w in V-Vy mer ongaet bh dye tO Cu% w < dy dan Aye t OCU vu) P, + u* _ Recreate C8, iu du) Analy &s 2 The afpiciency x bff koatras alg extn doperds on the dota gruciee Usd Re inplementing- pHcwty Queue acd bo Snput grey, 7 SL ho paovily Queue at represented Uaieg. an axray arch te graph i wepresented __ ubieg weight oth, Shen he foe complouly g Ue algorithm sstlt fe evr), J, the peicrtty quous as mepreserted Ob & HR- heap and “he anpul gap at represented we ; os linked st Hen Wo Eme comnplently able be, OUEl. log lv),‘ Chatane reog © s HUFEMAN TREES ———— ~~ nH BBOLETH 3do the pela Connputer Stience, encodhz: ond decoding. & pastecetor tert [ tnfpxmation a8 en tenport ent aspect, to save Ke Space. Usually, encodtg ts clone by dssigning: Some Bequen® % bP called ‘codeword! to ech Chocvacter fe text. There ok masnly G00 nethocks encoding. wiz. ¥irect- Length encoclens and vasfablle -lengir encoding . Fined - lengér encockieg- absigngd to cack =~ character. a brt ahiing y Same lena. Sh He tert tobe enoded Aas “n’ characters theo Ma Number lopts t Be vequtrecdk to encede that ted 28 greater than or equal to log. for Bomple, 4 & text contatng Bo chauraelers | log 8 23 bits o% LupPoent Weck We tan astangs eke 00% ool Olo OW loo, 101, NO and UI. More spectiftally, vie on gay tol | fer a teu Nn Aéetortes te bE wequrred ahe Peg 07.Variable -length encoding O88ign’ Codeoxds crear lengths to ab ypexent- Choracters, tere. Shorter Saguencee 4, tts ake assigned to frequent Occuring. chowackers and longer Sequance &% borts are assigned to less prequant characters Bul, un This methedt, we ustUl Unable to tell how many bls a an encodad teru- represent an FIN chatocter 9% text? eo To anata tts problem, a method 9 presfr—pree oy & presi Codah 28 used Here, no codeWord % a preg %, another cocevoord. To create a binsxy prejfx Coe, fpr some adphesek: feud, assoctale eath chatocker usfth leaves lefrarg— tee, EQ Chih oll dept edges ax labeleal by O and right edges Gre labeled loy 1, Now, Be sequene 9 labels found in a Sienple poth from reot to any leag ast] are te code word per a character hich tg of Hat leag. Since, tore war! not he & Stenple path frome one. leas, to Other leas, Mo Cocke Can he Pregx ¥ ofhox,Hruxenan adgoxtte 2 ukd to condhrul- Sur & tee DAR uokll Bve Shorter code $e" sprequent Aasorkers und locger coke, yer less pre quent Aorasters stepiz Jnettal?ze NM one-noda wees and Loloel trom catih tre chasmtexs tert. Record Ge freq Were Cath charcuter io Pls tree's root to fndecate tree's werght. Find tec trees wath grmatlest 2 Make thers dept and Subtree ao New tree, Pur Be Sum yy Heer wei ob a root fits neo ce as Repeat sep@ fi a Single tree 2 obotetned. The tree consikucted Using above algorttiny & Hupyneo tree and Ge codaroords We. ek =e) fragman code,Ex: Gonevuo a Hugeran code, §pr the Ppllouaing_ doda : Chovo.ker + A RB Cc Bb = Probatelily : ot ot O2 Ol1S ols «Encode the tert ABACABAB using. He code, G2 Bewde Be code 100010111 001010. S02 do the Pest step, ue creote ¢ onenede tees O8 helow— (29 Okending order Soe qed) or ea & ra Smallest es trees _ = [et pat = al loa] OS ols [A] te dh &‘Bae ° RB: oo gts G: hiy > ant ®: lo) i —t 110 | 3, ABACARAS CaN be encoded ag — O 1000110 100 Og} fd, 1000101 I10 O1010 Ca be Olecocted ar_