. ing) p the rectangular and circy},, dy, “ti (2) When the velocity of air passing through same ; ral lar ducts, Let V= Velocity ofairpassing through the rectangular and circular ducts, - . lar is given b The pressure loss due to friction fora circular duct is given Dy 2 Lp,V?( Po ; Per Je (0,10) eee renb and the pressure loss due to friction fora rectangular duct is given by 2 flp,V7( Pp Pat a (10,1) As the pressure loss, velocity of air, friction factor, density and length for the Circular and rectangular ducts are same, therefore, from equation (10.10) and (10.11), we can write [EH ): mD _ a+b) Dab 4c Ar a ab 2a - ath (alb)+l 10.8 Friction chart for circular ducts ‘The pressure loss due to friction in ducts according to D’ Arcy’s formula or. Fanning’s equation is given by (10.12) _ lp? 2m x Forcircularduets, m=4-4" _D p ™ 4 +. Pressure loss due to friction in circular ducts py = Lea" (4)_ 4a p,v? 12 lbp]2 x py Nim? (10.13) + yschieathe pressure loss due to friction ( P ong 0 p ction (Py Jin circular ducts may be cal soloing formula. alculted 1,852. —Nin? wo(10.14) Visinm’s and Land D are in metres. Mean velocity of air flowing through the duct, Q_ 40 A np? patting the valle of V in equation (10.14), we get 1.852 0.22243, = —-NIn? He y (Dy 4.973 _0.0022681(0)' 85? (Dye mm of water 200121990 Sy pn? ol mn’ (7 3 lucts in mm of water for various velocities The pressure loss due to friction for circular d 1m the friction chart as shown in Fig. s) and duct diameters (m) may be obtained directly fro1 4, The chart has discharge or flow rate as ordinate an‘ issu. There are lines on the chart for diameter of equivalen locity in m/s. These values are valid for air’ temperature of 20°C, pressure galvanised iron duct of commercial practice. dd friction loss per unit length as t circular duct in mm and 1.013 barand Al y iae Refrigeration and Alr conaiy, 350 PT 500 ae 400 300| 200 EEE 4 RURanSs se seo bG Ree - Ww 0.08 0.06 0.04. 0.008 0.01 Friction rate in mm of water per m—=— Fig. 10.4 Friction chart for circular ducts a om tes the quantity of air carried in both the cases is same, and (ii) the velacity of Ht. the cases is same. If f = 0.0] for sheet metal, find the pressure loss per 80.0 duct. Solution : Given da [same as!ngairatstribution a 920.6 Ms =400mm=04m,Q =85 m/min, p, = 1.16 kom, s=0.01 D2 Py let diameter of @ circular duct if the quantity of air carried in both the casey valent diameter for same flow rate is given by equation, ba 1/5 W/5 313 39.4) p=1.265| oo #1.265| ©.5)0.4y" a+b 0.6+0.4 = 0.5373 m Ans jyalent diameter of a circular duct if the velocity of air in both the cases is same : Equivalent diameter for same velocity is given by equation, _ 2ab _ 2x0.6x0.4 ath 0.6404 of air passing through the duct, = 0.48m Ans =A ab 06x04 354.166 m/min = 5.903 m/s ab 0.6x0.4 A ydraulic depth, "=" = a+b) ~20.6+04) =0.12m loss due to friction, FLp,V? _ 0,01x80x1.16%(5.903 2m 2x0.12 = 134.735 Nim? = 134.735/9.81 uivalent diameter for same velocity i is given by equatiand: ait. distribution - fof air flowing through the duot AB, = 0 +04 = 2120.9+ 1500 = 3620.9 m/min irinthe duct AB, 00.9 M1. Aon 7 2235.123m/ min = 37.25 ms A : ure in the duct AB, 20.0(,) = 0,6(37.25)? = 832.537 N/m? “ 5 due to friction in the duct AB, fly 0.005x40 lx py = aus hom ure at the fan outlet (at A) + py, = 285.7 + 5955.02 = 840.72 N/m? 832.537 = 555.02 / m? ra = PTB sssure at the fan outlet (at A), = py, = 840.72 ~ 832.537 = 8.183 Nim? ‘Ans Psa = PTA t friction pressure loss /” +Py,t Pp py = 555.02 + 285.7 + 142.85 = 983.57 Nim? Ans amic losses in duct never there is change in direction or velocity in the flow through duct, the pressure ight duct friction loss, isthe dynamic itable. The additional loss, in excess of the strai dynamic loss is because of : Change in direction of flow as throt Sudden change in area due to enlargement, contraction, and discharge openings. ese losses occur due to loss of energy of flui ‘change. Sure loss due to enlargement ha pipe or duct which has sudden '8. 10.6 shows a air (fluid) flowing throug! is decelerated abruptly and eddies are ugh bends and elbows, and damper controls, and suction din overcoming the dynamic forcesNA - a Sie Refrigeration and ay, Fig. 10.6 Sudden enlargement ‘The pressure due to enlargement is given by the equation, p,={1-4 (ay (10) Ay | (4.04 “t 2 Ys -a( a5] =CiPy, where, A) = Cross-sectional area of the duct at section 1-1, V, = Velocity of air at section 1-1, Ay = Cross-sectional area of the duct at section 2-2, 2 A ! - 2 = Enlargement loss coefficient, 2 Mi Py = 4.04 | i= mm of water ‘Theabove equation ofp, can be obtained by applying Bemoulli’s equationtoset 1-1 and 2-2, (For more information refer book of fluid meéchanics) - However, toavoid large loss of pre Ina gradual enlargement the Pressure loss. ‘Ssure, abrupt enlargements are rarely ( is given by formula,jetribution ane alta x gee ae by oe Vise Ge ; bicAlaa| lata) 1 CG! pet Cy SED he Loss coefficient giving the ratio of the actual loss to the loss for sudden stl nds upon included angle of the sides. Lesser the angle lesseris C,..The r prea is done in ratio of 7:1. inti loss due to contraction sudden contraction, the streamlines converge to a minimum cross-section (C- ee en contracta and then expand to fill the downstream as shown in Fig, 10.7, fa Ca sudden enlargement of the area takes place. The pressure loss due to {ually duc to sudden enlargement from Vena contracta, pressure onal isact Fig. 10.7 Sudden contraction The pressure-loss due to sudden contraction is given by 2 2 2 yA (MLY oc (© Vp . a (za) 7 (ak) - i zis) eee ©, iscontraction loss coefficient and V is velocity in smaller cross section. When there i is a gradual contraction in area of the duct, then the loss due to gradual is ‘ our 3h + '8loss coefficient which is smaller when angle of contraction is lesser. ress Tis loss at inlet and exit of a duct re Emaare loss is also as if due to contraction at inlet and: enlargement text vm equation for loss is given as,trl aie Refrigeration and Air cong Vv 2 PL = (zi) mm of water ~A1OI9, where Vis the velocity of airin the duct and C is the loss coefficient. Incase of an abrupt suction opening, as shown in Fig. 10.8(a), the area changes fry, infinity to the duct area. In such acase, the loss coefficient C is taken as 0.85. As showninFig at 10.8(b), by making a flanged entrance, the loss coefficient is reduced to0.34. Thelosscoeffcien _{ can be further reduced to 0.03 by making formed entrance of bell-mouth shape as shownin 4 Fig. 10.8(c). ‘ S— iL YL —— fe FE fe Die fog (a) Abrupt suction opening —_(b) Flanged entrance (c) Formed entrance Fig. 10.8 10.9.3 Pressure loss due to an obstruction in a duct The pressure loss due to an obstruction in duct takes place on account of the in the cross sectional area of the duct by the presence of obstruction which is followed by: abrupt enlargement of the stream beyond the obstruction. Problem 10.6 A circular dict of 120 min diameter converges gradually t duct, The static pressure just upstream of the reducer is 35 mm of watera is 440 m/min. The loss.of pressure in the reducer is 0.1 of the velocity. head u downstream of the reducer. Calculate the total pressures upstream and downs the reducer. Also calculate the pressure indicated by a U-tube water manometer conne differentially to pressure tappings upstream and downstream of the reducer. Solution : Given data (refer Fig. 10.9) : . D, = 120 mm, D, = 85 mm, Ps, = 35 mm of water, W = 440 nvimin = 7.33 oot Reducer Fig. 10.9