HowaBi

l
lbecomesanActi
nPar
li
ament
s A
Bi
lli
sthedraf
tofalegisl
ati
veproposal.Ithastopassthroughvari
ousstagesbefor
eitbecomes
anActofParl
iament
.[
5] [
6]Therearethreestagest
hroughwhi chabil
lhastopassinoneHouse
ofParl
i
ament.Theprocedureissimil
arf ort
heLegisl
ati
veAssembl i
esofStates.

Fi
rstReadi
ng
Thel egisl
ativ eprocessbegi nswi t
hthei ntroduct i
onofaBi lli
nei t
herHouseofPar li
ament ,i
.e.
theLokSabhaort heRajyaSabha.ABi llcanbei ntroducedei t
herbyaMi nisterorbyapr iv
ate
member .I
nt hef ormercasei tisknownasaGov ernmentBi l
landint hel att
ercasei tisknown
asaPr i
vateMember '
sBill
.Itisnecessar yforamember -in-
chargeoft heBi lltoaskf ort heleave
oftheHouset ointroducetheBi l
l
.Ifleav eisgr antedbyt heHouse, theBi lli
si ntroduced.Thi s
stagei sknownast heFir
stReadi ngoft heBi ll
.Ifthemot ionforleavet ointroduceaBi l
lis
opposed, theSpeakermay ,i
nhisdi screti
on, all
owabr i
efexplanatoryst atementt obemadeby
thememberwhoopposest hemot ionandt hemember -i
nchargewhomov edt hemot ion.Wher e
amot i
onf orleav etointr
oduceaBi l
lisopposedont hegr oundt hattheBi lliniti
atesl egislati
on
outsidethel egislati
vecompet enceoft heHouse, theSpeakermayper mitaf ul l
di scussi on
thereon.Ther eafter,t
hequest i
oni sputt othev oteoft heHouse.Howev er,themot ionf orleave
tointroduceaFi nanceBilloranAppr opr i
ationBi lli
sf ort
hwi t
hputt ot hev oteoft he
House. Money /Appropri
ati
onBi l
lsandf inancial bil
lscanbei ntr
oducedonl yi nLokSabhaper
Arti
cles109, 110and117.SpeakerofLokSabhadeci deswhet herabi l
li
sMoneyBi l
lornot .
ChairmanofRaj yaSabhadeci deswhet herabi lli
sf inancebillornotwhent hebi llisintroduced
i
nt heRaj yaSabha.

Publ
i
cat
ioni
ntheof
fi
cial
Gazet
te
Aft
eraBill
hasbeenintr
oduced,
iti
spubl
ishedi
nTheGazet t
eofIndia.Evenbefor
eint
roducti
on,
aBil
lmight,wi
ththeper
missi
onoftheSpeaker
,bepubl
ishedint
heGazet te.I
nsuchcases,
l
eavetointr
oducetheBi
lli
ntheHousei
snotaskedforandtheBil
lisstrai
ghtawayint
roduced.

Ref
erenceofBi
l
ltoaSt
andi
ngCommi
tt
ee
AfteraBil
lhasbeenintroduced,thePresidi
ngOf ficeroftheconcernedHouse( Speakeroft he
LokSabhaort heChairmanoft heRajyaSabhaorany oneactingontheirbehalf)canr eferthe
Bil
ltotheconcernedStandingCommi t
teeforexami nati
onandt opreparear eportthereon.Ifa
Bil
lisref
err
edt oaStandingCommi t
tee,theCommi t
teeshallconsi
derthegener alprincipl
esand
cl
ausesoft heBil
lref
erredtothem andmakear epor tt
hereon.TheCommi tt
eecanal soseek
expertopi
nionorthepublicopinionofthoseinterestedinthemeasur e.AftertheBillhast hus
beenconsidered,t
heCommi t
teesubmi t
sitsrepor ttotheHouse.Ther eportoftheCommi ttee,
beingofpersuasi
vevalue,shal
l betr
eatedasconsi deredadvice.
SecondReadi
ng
TheSecondReadi
ngconsi
stsofconsi
der
ati
onoft
heBi
l
lwhi
choccur
sint
wost
ages.

Fi
rstst
age
Thefir
ststageconsist
sofgener al
discussi
onont heBillasawholewhent heprinci
ple
underl
yi
ngtheBi l
li
sdiscussed.Atthi
sstageitisopentot heHousetorefert
heBi l
ltoaSelect
Commi tt
eeoftheHouseoraJoi ntCommi t
teeofthetwoHousesort ocircul
ateitf
ort he
purposeofeli
cit
ingopi
nionthereonortostrai
ghtawayt akeitint
oconsi
derat
ion.

IfaBi l
l i
sreferredtoaSel ect/JointCommi tt
ee, theCommi tt
ee
consider st heBillclause-by -
clausej ustastheHousedoes.Amendment scanbemov edt othe
vari
ouscl ausesbymember soft heCommi tt
ee.TheCommi t
teecanal sot akeevidenceof
associ at
ions, publicbodi esorexper tswhoar ei nterestedi nthemeasur e.Af t
ertheBillhasthus
beenconsi dered, theCommi tt
eesubmi tsit
sr epor ttotheHousewhi chconsi der
stheBi l
lagai
n
asrepor tedbyt heCommi ttee.IfaBi l
liscir
culatedf ort hepur poseofel iciti
ngpublicopini
on
thereon, suchopi ni onsar eobt ai
nedt hrought heGov ernment softheSt atesandUni on
Territ
or i
es.Opi nionssor eceivedar elaidont heTabl eoft heHouseandt henextmot i
oni n
regardt ot heBillmustbef oritsreferencetoaSel ect/JointCommi ttee.Itisnotor di
naril
y
permi ssibleatt hi
sst agetomov ethemot i
onf orconsi derati
onoft heBi ll
.

SecondSt
age
Thesecondst ageoftheSecondReadingconsi
stsofclause-by
-cl
auseconsiderati
onoft heBil
l
asintroducedorasrepor
tedbySelect
/Joi
ntCommi tt
ee.Discussi
ontakespl aceoneachcl ause
oftheBi l
landamendmentstoclausescanbemov edatt hi
sstage.Amendment st oaclause
havebeenmov edbutnotwit
hdrawnareputtothevoteoftheHousebef oretherelevantcl
ause
i
sdi sposedofbytheHouse.Theamendment sbecomepar toftheBil
liftheyareacceptedbya
majorityofmemberspresentandvoti
ng.Aft
erthecl
auses, t
heSchedulesifany,clause1,the
EnactingFormulaandtheLongTitl
eoftheBil
lhavebeenadopt edbytheHouse, theSecond
Readingisdeemedt obeover.

Thi
rdandt
hel
astReadi
ng
Thereaft
er,themember -i
n-chargecanmov ethatt heBi
llbepassed.Thi sstageisknownast he
ThirdReadingoft heBi
ll
.Att hi
sstagethedebat eisconfinedtoargument seit
herinsupportor
rej
ecti
onoft heBill
wit
houtr ef
erri
ngtothedetailsther
eoff urt
herthanthatareabsolut
ely
necessary.Onlyformal,
verbalorconsequenti
al amendment sareall
owedt obemov edatthis
stage.I
npassi nganordinaryBill
,asimplemajorit
yofmember spresentandv oti
ngisnecessary.
ButinthecaseofaBi l
ltoamendt heConst
it
ution, amajorit
yofthetotalmember shi
pofthe
Houseandamaj ori
tyofnotl
essthantwo-t
hir
dsofthemember spresentandv ot
ingi
sr equir
ed
i
neachHouseofPar li
ament.I
fthenumberofvot
esinfavourandagainstthebil
laret
ied,then
thePresi
dingof
fi
ceroftheconcer
nedHousecancasthis/herv
ote,
referr
edt oasaCast i
ng
VoteRight
.

Passi
ngabi
l
l
Ifatanyt i
medur i
ngameet i
ngofaHouset hereisnoquor um whi chismi ni
mum one- tenthof
thetotalmember sofaHouse, itshallbethedut yoft heChai r
manorSpeaker ,orpersonact i
ng
assuch, eit
hertoadjournt heHouseort osuspendt hemeetingunt i
lthereisaquor um.[9]The
bil
lstakenupunderl egislati
vepowerofpar li
amentar etreatedaspassedpr ov
idedmaj ori
tyof
member spresentatthatt i
meappr ovedthebilleitherbyv ot
ingorv oi
cev ote.I
ti sal
sor ightofa
membert odemandv oti
ngi nsteadofv oicevote.[10]Incaseofpassi ngaconst i
tuti
onal
amendmentbi l
l,t
wo-thir
doft hetotalmember spr esentandv otedinfavouroft hebil
lwi thmore
thanhalf(50%)ofthet otalmember shipofahouse, isrequir
edperAr ticl
e368.

Bi
l
lint
heot
herHouse
Aft
ertheBi l
li
spassedbyoneHouseoft heparl
iament,itissentt otheot herHousef or
concurr
encewi thamessaget ot hateffect,andtherealsoi tgoest hr
ought hestagesdescri
bed
above,excepttheintr
oduct i
onst age.[
7]I faBil
lpassedbyoneHousei samendedbyt heot
her
House,iti
ssentbackt ot heor i
ginati
ngHousef orapprov al
.I ftheor i
ginatingHousedoesnot
agreewiththeamendment s,itshallbet hatthetwohouseshav edisagreed.Theot herHouse
maykeepamoneybi l
l f
or14day sandanor dinaryBil
lforthr ee( 3)mont hswi t
houtpassing(or
rej
ecti
ng)it.I
fitfai
lstoreturntheBi l
lwit hi
nthef i
xedti
me, theBi lli
sdeemedt obepassedby
boththehousesandi ssentf ortheappr ovalofthePresident .

Atst
atel
evel,
iti
snotmandator
ythatabil
lshal
lbepassedbythelegisl
ativ
ecounci
l(i
f
exi
sti
ng)perAr
ti
cles196to199.Ther
eisnoprovi
sionofconduct
ingj
ointsessionofbot
h
Housestopassabill
.

Joi
ntsessi
onofbot
hHouses
I
ncaseofadeadlockbetweent hetwohousesori nacasewher emorethansix
mont hslapseint
heotherhouse,t
hePresi dentmaysummon, t
houghisnotboundto,ajoi
nt
sessionofthetwohouseswhi chi
spresidedov erbytheSpeakeroftheLokSabhaandt he
deadlockisresol
vedbysimplemajori
ty.Untilnow,onlythr
eebil
l
s:theDowryProhi
bit
ionAct
(1961),t
heBankingServi
ceCommi ssi
onRepeal Bil
l(1978)andthePrev
enti
onofTerror
ist
Activ
iti
esAct(2002)havebeenpassedatj ointsessi
ons.

Pr
esi
dent
'sappr
oval
Whenabi llhasbeenpassed, i
ti ssentt ot hePr esi dentf orhi sappr oval perAr ti
cle111.The
Presi dentcanassentorwi thhol dhi sassentt oabi l
lorhecanr et urnabi ll
, othert hanamoney
bil
l whi chi sr ecommendedbypr esidenthi msel ft ot hehouses.Howev erAr t
icle255say st hat
pri
orr ecommendat ionofpr esi dentorgov ernorofast atewher ev erst ipulat edisnotcompul sory
foranActofpar l
iamentoroft hel egislat ureofaSt atebutt hef inal consentofpr esidentor
gov ernorofast atei smandat or y.Pr esi dentmaybeofv i
ewt hatapar ti
cul arbillpassedunder
thel egislat i
vepower sofpar li
amenti sv i
olat i
ngt heconst i
tut ion, hecansendbackt hebi llwith
hisr ecommendat iont opasst hebi l
l undert heconst it
uentpower sofpar liamentf ollowi ngt he
Article368pr ocedur e.Pr esidentshal l notwi t
hhol dconst i
tut i
onal amendmentbi l
l dulypassed
bypar li
amentperAr ticle368.I ft hePr esi dentgi v eshi sassent ,thebi llispubl i
shedi nThe
Gazet teofI ndi a[12]andbecomesanActf rom t hedat eofhi sassent .Ifhewi t
hhol dshi sassent ,
thebi llisdr opped, whi chi sknownasabsol utev et o.ThePr esi dentcanexer ciseabsol ut ev eto
onai dandadv i
ceofcounci lofmi nist ersperAr ticle111andAr ticle74.Thepr esi dentmayal so
effect i
v elywi thhol dhi sassentasperhi sowndi scr eti
on, whi chi sknownaspocketv eto.The
pocketv etohasonl ybeenexer cisedoncebyPr esi dentZai lSi nghi n1986, overt hepost al act
wher ethegov ernmentwant edt oopenpost allet terswi thoutwar r antbyamendi ngt heI ndian
PostOf fi
ceAct ,1898.I fthepr esi dentr eturnsi tf orr econsi der ation, thePar l
iamentmustdoso,
buti fitispassedagai nandr etur nedt ohi m, hemustgi vehi sassentt oi t.Ifpar l
iamenti snot
happywi tht hepr esidentf ornotassent ingabi l
l passedbyi tunderi tslegi slati
v epower s, thebill
canbemodi fiedasaconst i
tut ional amendmentbi llandpassedunderi tsconst i
tuentpower sfor
compel l
ingt hepr esidentt ogi v eassent .Incaseaconst i
tutional amendmentacti sviolatingt he
basi cst ructur eoft heconst itut i
on, const i
tut i
onal benchofSupr emeCour twoul dquasht heact .
Whenpar l
iamenti soft hev i
ewt hatt heact ionsoft hepr esidentar ev iolatingt heconst itution,
i
mpeachmentpr oceedi ngsagai nstpr esidentcoul dbet akenupt or emov ehi m underAr ti
cle61
wher eatl eastt wo-t hirdsoft ot al member shipofeachhouseofpar l
iamentshoul dv otei n
favouroft hei mpechmentwhenchar gesagai nstt hepr esidentar ef oundv ali
di nan
i
nv est i
gat ion.

Incaseofabi l
lpassedbythelegisl
ati
veassemblyofast at
e,t
heconsentofthat
st
ate'
sGov ernorhast obeobt ai
ned.
[14]Somet i
mest hegover
normayr ef
erthebil
ltot
he
pr
esidentantici
patingcl
ashbet weenothercentr
allawsorconsti
tut
ionanddecisi
onofthe
pr
esidenti
sf i
nal perArt
icl
es200and

Alldecisionsoft heunioncabi netaret obeassent edbyt hepr esi

dentf orissuing
gazett
eorder( GO).Incaset hecabinetdecisionsar enotint hepur viewoft heest abli
shedl aw,
presi
dentshallnotgi veassentt othecabi netdecisions.Hemayi ndicateunioncabi nettopass
thenecessarylegislati
onbyt heparli
amentt ocleart hecabinetdeci sion.Ami nisterisnot
supposedtot akeanydeci si
onwi thoutbeingconsi deredbyt hecounci lofministersperAr ticle
78(c)
.Thepur poseoff ramingt heIndi
anconst it
ut i
oni st
oser v ewi t
hhonest y,effi
ciencyand
i
mpar t
ial
it
yfort hebet termentofi t
scitizensbyt hepeoplewhoar eheadi ngorr epresentingt he
i
ndependentinst i
tutionscreat edbytheconst i
tutionsuchasj udiciar
y ,l
egisl
ature,executive, et
c.
Whenoneormor einst i
tuti
onsar efail
ingintheirduty ,
theremai ningshal lnormallytaket hel ead
i
ncorrect
ingt
hesi
tuat
ionbyusi
ngchecksandbal
ancesaspert
hepr
ovi
sionsav
ail
abl
eint
he
const
it
uti
on.

Comi
ngi
ntof
orce
Gener all
ymostAct swillcomeintofor
ce,orbecomel egall
yenf orceableinamanneras
prescribedintheActitself
.Eit
heri
twouldcomei ntoeffectfrom thedat eofassentbyt he
President( most
lyincaseofOr di
nanceswhichislaterapprovedbyt hePar l
iament )
,oraspeci
fi
c
dateisment i
onedintheActi t
sel
f(mostl
yincaseofFi nanceBi l
ls)oronadat easperthewish
oftheCent r
alortheStateGovernmentasthecasemaybe.I ncaset hecommencementoft he
Actisasmadeaspert hewi shofthegover
nment ,aseparateGazet tenotif
icati
onismade,
whichi smost l
yaccompani edbytheRulesorsubordinatelegisl
ationinanot hergazet
te
notif
ication.

MoneyBi
l
l
Bil
lswhi chexcl usivelycont ai
npr ov i
sionsf ori mposi tionandabol iti
onoftaxes, f
orappr opriati
on
ofmoney soutoft heConsol i
datedFund, et c.,arecer ti
fi
edasMoneyBi ll
sbyt heSpeakeroft he
LokSabha.MoneyBi ll
scanbei nt roducedonl yinLokSabhaont herecommendat ionofthe
PresidentperAr ti
cles109, 110and117.Forev eryf i
scal year,theannual budgetorannual
fi
nanci alstatementwi thdemandf orgr antsont her ecommendat ionofthePr esidentper
Arti
cles112t o116shal l
bepassedbyt heLokSabha.TheRaj yaSabhacannotmake
amendment st oaMoneyBi ll
passedbyt heLokSabhaandsentt oit.I
tcan,howev er,
recommendamendment si naMoneyBi l
l,butmustr eturnall MoneyBi l
lstoLokSabhawi thin
fourteenday sfrom t hedateoft heirr eceipt.TheLokSabhacanchooset oacceptorr ejectany
orall ofther ecommendat i
onsoft heRaj y aSabhawi thregar dtoaMoneyBi ll
.IfLokSabha
accept sanyoft her ecommendat ionsofRaj y aSabha, t
heMoneyBi lli
sdeemedt ohav ebeen
passedbybot hHouseswi thamendment sr ecommendedbyRaj y aSabhaandaccept edbyLok
Sabha.I fLokSabhadoesnotacceptanyoft her ecommendat ionsofRaj yaSabha, theMoney
Bil
lisdeemedt ohav ebeenpassedbybot hHousesi nt hefor minwhi chitwaspassedbyLok
Sabhawi thoutanyoft heamendment sr ecommendedbyRaj yaSabha.I faMoneyBi llpassedby
LokSabhaandt ransmi tt
edt oRajy aSabhaf oritsr ecommendat i
onsi snotreturnedt oLok
Sabhawi thinthesai dper i
odoff our teenday s, i
tisdeemedt ohav ebeenpassedbybot hHouses
attheexpi rationoft hesai dperi
odi nt hef or mi nwhi chitwaspassedbyLokSabha.Whena
moneybi lli
nt r
oducedi ntheLokSabhabyt hegov ernmentf ail
stogeti tsapproval,theruli
ng
partyi st
reat edasnotcommandi ngt hemaj or it
ysuppor tint heLokSabhaorshal lbedismi ssed
bythepr esidentt opav ewayf ornewgov ernment/f reshelectionsoropposi t
ionwoul dmov eno
confidencemot i
on.
 Atstatelevelalsomoneybi ll
sshallbeintroducedinthelegi
slat
iveassemblyonlyper
Art
icles198, 199and207ont herecommendat ionoft hegovernor
.Whenamoneybi l
l
i
ntroducedi nthelegislati
veassembl ybythestategov ernmentfai
l
st ogetitsapproval
,the
rul
ingpartyist r
eatedasnotcommandi ngthemaj ori
tysupportinthelegi
slati
veassembl yor
shallbedismi ssedbyt hegovernortopav ewayf ornewgov ernment/f r
eshelecti
onsor
oppositi
onwoul dmov enoconfidencemot i
on.

Or
dinances
Whenbot hhousesofpar li
amentar enotinsessi on,extantpr ovisionsofl awar efeltinadequate,
undercompelli
ngci rcumstancesandt hepresi dentissat isfiedf ortheneedofi mmedi ateacti
on,
he/shemaypr omulgat esuchr equiredordi
nancesunderAr ti
cle123oft heconst ituti
on.An
ordi
nancehassamef orceandef fectasan' actofpar l
iament '
.Ev eryordinanceshal l ceaseto
operat
eifnotpassedbyt hepar li
amentbef oret heexpi rationofsi xweeksf r
om itsr eassembly.
Presi
dentshallnotissueanyor di
nancewhi chneedsamendmentt otheconst i
tutionorv iol
ati
ng
theconsti
tut
ion.Whenst ateassembl yisnoti nsessi on, gov ernorofast atecani ssue
ordi
nancesperAr t
icle213subj ectt otheappr oval ofthepr esidenti ncaser equir
edso.

Jammu&Kashmi
rst
ate
Ason5August2019, t
heGov ernmentofIndi
ahasabr ogatedAr ti
cle370and35Ai nthestat eof
JammuandKashmi r.ThestateofJammuandKashmi ri
sf urthercarv edintotwoUnion
Terri
tor
iesofJammuandKashmi randLaddakh.BoththeUni onTer rit
or i
eswi l
lbedir
ectl
yunder
thecontrol
ofUnionandwi l
lnotgetanyspecialstat
usasear lier.On31stOct ober2019byt he
executi
veorder
.Jammu&Kashmi raswellasLadakhhasbeendi videdi nt
ot wounionter
ritori
es
respect
ivel
y.Ef
fect
ivel
y,i
tsadmi nstr
ati
onhasalsoreorganizedaccor dingtoitandaccordingto
aforementi
oneddate.