UNIT: Concrete design

ENS3244/6151

Lecture 9

Dr Themelina PARASKEVA
Ph.D. MSc, MEng
Lecturer
t.paraskeva@ecu.edu.au
JO 5.245/ (08)6304 2442

Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, 23-27 Sept 2019

 School of Engineering 2
ENS3244/6151

Unit plan
Week  Dates  Lecture  Tutorial 
LEC 1‐ Concrete: Manufacturing and 
1  29 Jul‐2 Aug  ‐ 
Properties  
LEC 2‐ Design of Beams for Strength and 
2  5 Aug‐9 Aug  Serviceability – Part 1: Strengths of Beams in  Tutorial 1 
Bending  
LEC 3‐ Design of Beams for Strength and 
3  12 Aug‐16 Aug  Serviceability – Part 2: Strengths of Beams in  Tutorial 2 
Bending  
LEC 4‐ Design of Beams for Strength and 
4  19 Aug‐23 Aug  Serviceability – Part 3: Strengths of Beams in  Tutorial 3 
Shear 
LEC 5‐ Design of Beams for Strength and 
5  26 Aug‐30 Aug  Tutorial 4 
Serviceability – Part 4 Deflection 
LEC 6‐ Mid‐semester revision 
6  2 Sept‐6 Sept  Tutorial 5 
Lectures 1‐5 to be covered 
LEC 7‐ Design of Slabs for Strength and 
7  9 Sept‐13 Sept  Tutorial 6 
Serviceability – Part 1: One‐way slabs 
 School of Engineering 3/43
ENS3244/6151

Outline of previous lecture

Design of RC slabs

Design of ONE-WAY (solid) slabs

- Design for strength in bending and in shear

- Design for serviceability: deflections and crack control

 School of Engineering 4/43
ENS3244/6151

Outline: today’s lecture agenda

Design of RC slabs

Design of TWO-WAY slabs

 5/21

Types of slabs
Reinforced concrete slabs  many types of slabs !!

• Based on the structural behavior, they are classified into two

types:
One-way slab

Two-way slab
• The slab systems can take different forms:
Solid, ribbed , waffle slab

• The slab systems can take different forms:

Simply supported slabs
Restrained slabs
6
 7/21

• One-way or Two-way solid slab

Direction of span

Directions of span
 8/21

• One-way or Two-way “waffle” slab

Directions of span
 9/21

• One-way or Two-way flat plate (no column drops)

Directions of span
 10/21

• One-way or Two-way flat slab (with drop panels/ column

drops)

Directions of span
 11/21

“One-way slab: Slab characterized by flexural action mainly in one

direction”. [Clause 1.6.3]
“Two-way slab: Slab characterized by significant flexural action in two
directions at right angles to one another”. [Clause 1.6.3]

One-way slab Two-way slab

 One-way slab Two-way slab
ly
ly

lx ly / l x < 2
lx ly / lx >2

Load transfer
 13/21

Two-way slabs vs one-way slabs

ly
ly
Two-way slab
One-way slab
lx ly / l x < 2
lx ly / lx >2

 Load is distributed to the direction  The loads are carried by the

perpendicular of the supporting supports along both
restraints directions
 The main reinforcement is provided  The main reinforcement runs
in shorter span and distribution in two directions
reinforcement is provided in longer
span.
 14/21

• Depending on the support conditions:

(a) Simply supported slabs: the corners tend to lift

and curl up from the supports causing torsional moments

lifting

(b) Restrained slabs: the corners are prevented from

lifting.
 15

Two-way slabs
• The focus of this lecture is on two-way conventionally reinforced
slabs. The proprietary systems available on the market are important
to be aware of, however the design principles are the same.

• The method we use to design our slab for bending, shear and
deflection is outlined in Section 9 AS3600.

• We first need to determine our design forces - M*, V* etc which can
be complicated for statically indeterminate structures. Similar to
one-way slabs, for two-way slabs, there is an alternative - the
simplified method of analysis - Section 6 of AS3600

Note: the same principles of loads and load combinations apply.

 16/21

• Design options/considerations
The reinforced concrete slabs behave primarily as
flexural members

 their design is related to that of beams, but it is simpler

because:

• The slab breadth is fixed and a unit value of 1 m is

usually used in calculations

• Shear stresses are usually low (except where are

heavy concentrated loads)

• Compression reinforcement is seldom needed

 17/21

General design procedure

1. Design for bending
2. Check shear capacity
3. Check other reinforcement requirements
4. Check deflection

 It is assumed that slab thickness has already been pre-defined

 18/21

Design options/considerations
Classical Plate theory
Two-way spanning slab is subject to :

• Mx, My, Direct moments

• Mxy, Myx, Torsional moments x
• Vx and Vy Direct shears

Mx
y Mx y
Myx
Vx
My
Vy
 19/21

• Practical design considers Mx, My

• Vx and Vy are only checked. They usually are not critical

• Torsional effects are countered by providing restraint

against twisting at corners and sometimes along free edges
by following rules

Mx
Vx
My
Vy
 20/21

• Two-way solid slabs subjected mostly to uniformly distributed

loads resist them primarily by bending about both directions
of bending.

• However, the depth of two-way slabs should also be checked

for the shear stresses to avoid any reinforcement for
shear.

• Moreover, the slabs should have sufficient depth for the

control deflection.

• Thus, strength and deflection/serviceability are the

requirements of design of two-way slabs.
Design for strength in bending

In practice there are 2 methods to estimate the

bending moments for the design :

1.The structural analysis through a software package

(FEM analysis) or

2. The simplified method, as provided in the AS3600

(if assumptions are met)
 22
Design for strength in bending

ly

lx

Orientation of a two-way slab for moment determination

 23

Design for strength in bending

Assumptions for applying the simplified method for estimating

the bending moments/shear forces of two-way slabs
 24/21

Design for strength in bending

General expression for bending moment:

M* = βFdLn2
where :
Fd - UDL on slab (usually Fd =1.2G+1.5Q)
Ln – clear span in short direction
M* – design bending moment
β – moment coefficient in appropriate direction
Tables exist to assist in this process

Note: the slab is assumed to be built integrally with the exterior

supports or some moment continuity is assumed.
MIDDLE STRIP- positive moments 25/21

(a) Simply supported slabs

ly Maximum positive moments
per unit width (1m) in the mid
span, are:

lx

Bending moment coefficients for slabs spanning in two directions at

right angles, simply supported all round
ly / lx 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.75 2.0

βx 0.062 0.074 0.084 0.093 0.099 0.104 0.113 0.118

βy 0.062 0.061 0.059 0.055 0.051 0.046 0.037 0.029
MIDDLE STRIP- positive moments 26/21

(b) Restrained slabs (most commonly used)

-λx
Lx/8

Lx Lx 3Lx/4 - λy
+ βx + βy - λy

Lx/8
- λx

Ly
Ly/8 3Ly/4 Ly/8

Ly

• Maximum positive design bending moments per unit width (1m) in the
middle strip, are:
the βx and βy are given in

Table 6.10.3.2(Α) in AS3600

MIDDLE STRIP- positive moments 27

(A)
MIDDLE STRIP- positive moments 28

Definition of edge conditions for two-way slabs

 29

(B)
MIDDLE STRIP- positive moments 30

Maximum POSITIVE DESIGN BENDING MOMENTS per unit width

(1m) in the middle strip

• Use Table 6.10.3.2.(A) for slabs with Class N main reinforcement.

Any unbalanced moment maybe redistributed.

• Use Table 6.10.3.2 (B) for slabs with Class N bars or Class L mess as
main reinforcement, where no moment distribution is allowed at the
serviceability or ultimate states.
MIDDLE STRIP- negative moments 31

(A) If the midspan positive moments are calculated based on Table

6.10.3.2.(A), the NEGATIVE DESIGN BENDING MOMENTS per unit
width (1m) in the middle strip, are
• 1.33 times the midspan value in the direction considered, at a
continuous edge
• 0.5 times the midspan value in the direction considered, at a
discontinuous edge
MIDDLE STRIP- negative moments 32

(B) If the midspan positive moments are calculated based on Table

6.10.3.2.(B) the NEGATIVE DESIGN BENDING MOMENTS per unit
width (1m) in the middle strip
• are αx or αy times the midspan value in the direction considered
where, αx or αy are also given in Table 6.10.3.2.(b)

Table 6.10.3.2A Table 6.10.3.2A

Table 6.10.3.2B Table 6.10.3.2B
MIDDLE STRIP- example 33
ly
Internal slab
ly/lx = 1.5

• Four continuous
edges

• negative bending
moments are 1.33 lx
times the midspan
value in the
direction considered

βx Short span

βy Long span
MIDDLE STRIP- example 34

(A)
MIDDLE STRIP- example 35

Internal slab ly

ly/lx = 1.5

λx = 0.053
• Four continuous
edges

• Negative lx

βx = 0.04
λy = 0.032
bending βy = 0.024 λy = 0.032
moments are
1.33 times the
midspan value in

λx = 0.053
the direction
considered

βxShort span
βyLong span
EDGE STRIP 36

In the surrounding region/edge strip

• Provide only the minimum steel in both the x and y directions.

2
D '
pt . min  0.19  f ct . f / f sy
d

-λx
Lx/8

Lx +βx Lx 3Lx/4 -λy

+βy -λy

Lx/8
-λx

Ly
Ly/8 3Ly/4 Ly/8

Ly
EDGE STRIP 37

• The tension reinforcing bars for the positive and negative maximum
design bending moments are to be provided in the respective middle
strips in each direction.

• Outside of this region (i.e. in the edge strips/ surrounding region)

the requirement for strength shall be deemed to comply with the
minimum strength requirement Ast, min [Clause 9.1.1]

• The Ast, min should not be less than the following in each direction:
𝑫 𝟐
Ast, min 𝟎. 𝟏𝟗 𝒇𝒄𝒕.𝒇 /𝒇𝒔𝒚 𝒃𝒅
𝒅

where: D is the overall depth of the slab; d is the effective depth; b is the width of
the slab; 𝑓 . is the characteristic flexural tensile strength of concrete; 𝑓 is the
characteristic yield strength of reinforcement.
 38

Flexural reinforcement arrangement

[Clause 9.1.3]
 39

• Negative moment reinforcement (supports)

[Clause 9.1.3]
 40

• positive moment reinforcement

(discontinuous edge) (discontinuous edge)

 41
Top bars at supports Bottom bars

Bar Reinforcement Detailing for Two-Way Slabs Supported by Beams

 42/21

Torsional reinforcement • Corner A : the slab

is discontinuous on
A B both sides.
A A

As,A= 75% Ast

C
B As,A= 75% Ast
Top
Torsion reinforcement

Bottom Section AA

The torsion reinforcement shall consist of top and bottom bars each with
layers of bar placed parallel to the sides of the slab and extending a
minimum distance of 0.20lx from the edges. The amount of reinforcement in
each of the four layers (top & bottom) shall be 75% Ast
 43/21

Torsional reinforcement
0.2lx
A • Corner B : one edge is
B
0.2lx

As,A= 3/4 Ast continuous and the other

is discontinuous
The torsion reinforcement shall
be 50% Ast.
As,B= 1/2 Ast C
B 0.2lx

• Corner C : continuous edges

Torsional reinforcing bars need not be provided.
• Example 44

Slab 1 • Square slab 8.0m x 8.0

• C30/37; fck=30 Mpa
• fyk=500 Mpa
3
3
• cover = 25 mm
• D= 300mm
• Assume flexural bars are 10 mm in
diameter
• def= 270 mm
1.0 m 6.0 m 1.0 m • design loads= 22.12 kN/m2

edge strip edge strip

middle strip
Width of middle strip = 3*8.0/4 = 6.0 m
Width of edge strip= 8.0/8=1.0 m
8.0 m
 45

Span 1
1 3

slab-support condition βx=βy Msx=Msy (kNm/m) As (mm2/m)

Supports 1,2 discontinuous 0.018 24.86 222.8

Supports 3,4 continuous 0.047 66.14 592.8

Span 1 0.035 49.73 445.7

• Numerical problem 46

As,min = 380 mm2/m  10mm bars at 200 mm centres [393 mm2]

Span 1
As = 445.7 mm2/m  10mm bars at 150mm centres [524 mm2]

Supports 1,2
As= 222.8 mm2/m < As,min = 380 mm2/m
 10 mm bars at 200 mm centres [393 mm2]

Supports 3,4
As= 592.8 mm2/m.  10 mm bars at 125 mm centres [628 mm2]
 47

Torsional reinforcement
2
Corner A
Torsion steel of length 8/5=1.6m is to be
Span 1
provided at the top and bottom of A 1 3

As,t =75%As= 0.75*445.7 = 334.3 mm2/m 4

 10mm bars at 200 mm centres

[393 mm2]

Corners B,C
As,t =50%As < As,min  10mm bars at 200 mm centres [393 mm2]

Edge strip reinforcement

As,min  10mm bars at 200 mm centres [393 mm2]
 48

TOP STEEL BOTTOM STEEL

N10@200
N10@200
N10@200 N10@200

800
N10@200

1600
1600

N10@150
1600 1600

N10@125
N10@150
1600 800

N10@200

N10@200
2400
N10@200

2400

N10@200

800
N10@125 N10@200
1600
 49

Slab shear to be carried by supporting

beams or walls
• The uniformly distributed load on the slab is carried to the four
supporting beams or walls by the bending action of the slab. For
simplicity, Cl 6.10.3.4 states that:

• If one of the four edges is discontinuous: the

loads distributed to the three continuous edges
must be increased by 10%, and the that for the
discontinuous edge shall be decreased by 20%.

• If two or more edges are discontinuous, elastic

analysis must be carried out.
 50

Design for strength in shear

• Usually, these slabs do not contain shear reinforcement.

• The typical practice is to assure that the concrete shear

stress capacity vRd,c (without shear reinforcement) is more
than the applied shear stress vEd [ Clause 2.2.2 ]

• Where shear reinforcement is required, the same procedure as

the one applied to beams can be applied [Clause 8.2]; the
shear strength of flat slabs is estimated according Clause 9.2
Design for serviceability: deflections

Similar to beam design, the AS3600 recommends a simple deflection

check for two-way slabs of essentially uniform thickness and with live-
load intensity Q, not greater than dead loads G.

For the design to satisfy the serviceability requirement, the effective

slab thickness (d) has to be greater than the empirical limit:

Lef
d
( / Lef ) Ec
k3 k 4 3
Fd .ef
 Lef
d
( / Lef ) Ec
k3 k 4 3
Fd .ef
Lef: is the effective span
Ec : in Mpa
Δ/Lef: the deflection limitation (see Table next slide, Cl 2.3.2)
Fd.ef: effective design service load, per unit area, in kilopascals
k3: 1.0 for one-way slab
k4: deflection constant, as given in Table 9.3.4.2 (Cl 9.3.4.2)
53
For total deflection:

Fd .ef  (1.0  kcs )G  ( s  kcs l )Q

where,
ψs and ψl are obtained from AS/NZL 1170.0
kcs= 2-1.2 Asc/Ast ≥0.8

For the deflection that occurs after the addition or attachment of the
brittle partitions or finishes (masonry partitions):

Fd .ef  (kcs )G  ( s  kcs l )Q

 55

The deflection of slabs under service conditions shall be controlled as

follows:
 Calculated the deflections < specified allowable limits
(Table 2.3.2) or
 limiting span to depth ratio method [Clause 9.3].
 56

Design for serviceability: crack control

• We need to consider the stresses in our reinforcement, the bar
spacing and area of reinforcement when we look at crack control.

• If these are not satisfied, we can get cracks in our slabs resulting
from flexure, shrinkage and temperature.

Flexural Shrikage
 57

• Cracking
(a) Control of flexural cracking (Clause 9.4.1):
 58

1. Ast > As,min

2. centre-to-centre spacing of bars < min 2D,300mm
3. The calculated σscr < max σs,Table 9.4.1(A), σs,Table 9.4.1(B)
4. σscr < 0.8fsy
 59

• Cracking

(b) Crack control for shrinkage and temperature

effects (Clause 9.4.3)

The area of reinforcement required shall take into

account the influence of flexural action, the degree of
restraint against in-plane movements and the exposure
classification [Clauses 9.4.3.2 to 9.4.3.5].
60
61
 62

Thank you!
Q&A

JO 5.245
t.paraskeva@ecu.edu.au
(08) 6304 2442