CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1. GENERAL

Our project deals with the “Planning, Analysis and Design of

primary health center” with design of RCC components like slab, beam,
column and footing by limit state method.

This building was a framed structure. The foundation of the

building has been designed as square sloped footing. RCC framed
structure is basically an assembly of slab, beams. Columns and
foundation inter-connected to each other as unit.
The load transfer, in such structure takes place from the slabs
to the beams, from the beams to the columns and then to the lower
column and finally to the foundation which in turn transfers it to the soil.

1.2. SCOPE OF THE WORK

1) Understanding load distribution pattern in building configuration.

2) The behavior of frame action in building.
3) To perform structural analysis on frames and correlate the results as
inputs to perform component design procedure on column.

1
1.3. ОВЈЕСТIVES
The objectives of PHCs are:
i. To provide comprehensive primary health care to the community
through the Primary Health Centres.
ii. To achieve and maintain an acceptable standard of quality of care.
iii. To make the services more responsive and sensitive to the needs
of the community.
iv. The overall objective of IPHS is to provide health care that is
quality oriented and sensitive to the needs of the community

2
1.3.1. METHODOLOGY

Collection of data

References using NBC and IS code

Planning using Auto CAD

Load combinations and Load calculation

Analysis of using STAAD. Pro

Design of RC elements

Reinforcement details of RC elements

3
 CHAPTER 2

SPECIFICATIONS

I. EARTH WORK EXCAVATION

Earth work excavation for foundation for all main walls and
Column footings will be excavated.

II. SAND FILLING

Below the foundation concrete, local river sand is filled will be
provided.

III. FOUNDATION
The foundation concrete for framed structure, all main wall
and footing of cement concrete of 1:5:10 mix, will be provided , and also
footing consist of Random Rubble Masonry will be provided.

IV. BASEMENT
The basement will be constructed by using Random Rubble
Masonry with cement mortar 1:5

V. SAND FILLING IN BASEMENT

The basement filled up with clean sand to a depth of 450 mm
and it should be compacted with water as per standard specifications.

4
VI. DAMP PROOF COURSE
A Damp proof course using cement mortar 1:3 of 50 mm thick
will be Provide for all main walls at basement level.

VII. FLOORING CONCRETE

The flooring concrete of 1:5:10 mix with suitable thick will be
provided should be finished above the sand filling and it by mosaic tiles.

VIII. SUPER STRUCTURE

All the main walls are to be constructed by first class chamber
bricks using cement mortar 1:5, the thickness of all main walls 200mm
and the partition wall being 0.15 m. The height of all walls will be 3000
mm above the floor level.

IX. ROOFING
Roof concrete of 1:2:3 mix will be laid for thick with flat slab roof
Over all the room proper drainage arrangements are to be done by fixing
rain water pipes.

X. LINTEL
All openings above the Doors, windows are to be provided with a
R.C.C Lintel of 200 mm and 150 mm depth over the collapsible by using
1:1.5:3 mix.

XI. PLASTERING FOR SUPER STRUCTURE

All walls will be plastered smooth surface with cement Mortar
1:5, 12 mm thick.

5
XII. SOUND PROOFING FOR CEILING AND WALL:
In ceiling of all rooms and walls are soundproofed with latest type
sound proofing material.

XIII. WEATHERING COURSE

A Weathering course using brick jelly concrete will be provided
Average 75 mm thick over the slab and finished with two course of
hydraulic pressed Mangalore flat tiles using cement mortar 1:5.

XIV. SIZE OF ALL DOORS, WINDOWS AND VENTILATORS:

D - PANELLED DOOR = 1500 x 2200 mm

D1 - PANELLED DOOR = 1000 x 2100 mm
W - GLAZED WINDOWS = 1200 x 1500 mm
W1 - GLAZED WINDOWS = 1000 x 1500 mm
V - VENTILATOR = 800 x 700 mm

XV. WHITE WASHING:

One primer coat and two coats of colour wash to be done for all
plastered wall surface.

XVI. STEPS:
The step will be in brick work in cement mortar 1:5,
Rise = 150 mm,
Tread = 300 mm.

6
 CHAPTER 3

DRAWINGS

INTRODUCTION
Plans are a set of drawings of two dimensional diagrams used to
describe a place or object, or to communicate building or fabrication
instructions. Usually plan are drawn or printed on paper, but they take
the form of a digital file.
 General Information: The first sheets in a set may include notes,
assembly descriptions, a rendering of the project, or simply the
project title.
 Site: Site plans, including a key plan, appear before other plans
and on smaller projects may be on the first sheet. A project could
require a landscape plan, although this can be integrated with the
site plan if the drawing remains clear.
 Specific plan: Floor plans, starting with the lowest floor and
ending with the roof plan usually appear near the beginning of the
set. Further, for example, reflected ceiling plans (RCP) showing
ceiling layouts appear after the floor plans.
 Elevation: Starting with the principal or front elevation, all
building elevations appear after the plans. Smaller residential
projects may display the elevations before the plans.
 Sections: Building sections that describe views us through the
entire building appear next, followed by wall sections, then detail
sections.

7
 Key plan or location plan: A key plan shows the location of site
with respect to neighbourhood lands/houses in layout of
development works.
 Site plan: A site plan is a top view, bird’s eye view of a property
that is drawn to scale. It shows property boundaries and means of
access to the site and nearby structures if they are relevant to the
design.

8
PLAN DETAILS

FIG. 3.1 - FLOOR PLAN

9
FIG. 3.2 - SECTION

10
FIG. 3.3 - ELEVATION

11
 CHAPTER 4

STAAD.Pro ANALYSIS

4.1. ANALYSIS OF BUILDING

Structural analysis is the process of determination of the internal

forces in the members of the structures due to the external loads acting
on it. The external loads are dead load and live load of the members. The
internal forces are the bending moments, shear forces etc. In this project
analysis is done by using STAAD Pro v8i ss6.

Loads

 Dead load
 Live load
 Wind load
Analysis procedure:

The STAAD Pro analysis is completed in following steps

 Creating the nodes and members

 Assigning the member properties
 Assigning the supports
 Assigning the loads
 Checking the load combination
 Analysing the report

12
4.2. STAAD.Pro ANALYSIS REPORT

FIG. 4.1 - SPACE DIAGRAM

FIG. 4.2 - 3D RENDERED VIEW

13
 FIG. 4.3 - DISPLACEMENT DIAGRAM

FIG. 4.4 - PROPERTIES OF THE STRUCTURE

14
FIG. 4.5 - BENDING MOMENT DIGRAM

FIG. 4.6 - SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM

15
 FIG. 4.7 - CRITICAL BEAM OF THE STRUCTURE

FIG. 4.8 - CRITICAL COLUMN OF THE STRUCTURE

16
Table 4.1- STAAD.Pro ANALYSIS REPORT OF THE
STRUCTURE

17
 CHAPTER 5

DESIGN

5.1 GENERAL

The RC Elements are designed by “Limit state method” and as per

IS 456. The results of the analytical output are used to design the
elements of the framed structure. The RC elements like Column,
Footing, Beam and slab are manual designed as per IS 456 SP 16. In the
method of design based on limit concept, the structure shall be designed
to withstand safely all loads liable to act on it throughout its life, it shall
also satisfy the serviceability requirements, such as limitations on
deflection and cracking. The acceptable limit of the safety and
serviceability requirements before failure occurs is called “limit state”.

 The aim of design it to achieve acceptable probabilities that the

structure will not become unfit for the use for which it is
intended, that is, that it will not reach a limit state.
 All relevant limit states shall be considered in design to ensure an
adequate degree of safety and serviceability. In general, the
structure shall design on the basis of the most critical limit state
and shall be checked for other limit states.

The design should be based on characteristic values for material

strengths and applied load, which take into account the variations in the
material strengths and in the loads to be supported

18
 5.2 DESIGN OF SLAB
TYPES OF SLAB
According to side ratio
(1) One way slab
(2) Two way slab

ONE WAY SLAB

The slab, which bends in one direction, is known as one way slab
is followed when two supports are available on opposite sides. When
length to breath ratio is more than two is case of support available on all
four Sides, the slab bends strong shorter span. In one-way slabs main
reinforcement is provide along the shorter span and distribution steel is
provided along the longer direction.

TWO WAY SLAB

The slab, which bends in two direction, is known as two-way slab,
two- way slab are followed when supports are available in all the four
sides and when the ratio of larger to shorter span does not exceed two. In
two-way Slab reinforcement are provided in both directions.

5.2.1 DESIGN OF TWO WAY SLAB

Data
Dimension of slab = 4.5 m×5.4m
Short span length Lx = 4.5 m
Long span length Ly = 5.5 m
Concrete grade fck = 20 N/mm2

19
Steel grade fy = 415 N/mm2
Service live load = 3 KN/m2

Identification of slab
Longer span Ly = 5.4 m
Shorter span Lx = 4.5 m
(Ly/Lx) = (5.4/4.5)
= 1.20 < 2
Hence the slab is designated as two way slab.

Depth of Slab

Effective Depth (d) = span /25

= 4500/25
Effective Depth = 180 mm

Assume diameter of bar = 10 mm

Assume clear cover = 20 mm
Effective cover = 20+ (10/2)
(d’) = 25 mm
Over all depth (D) = d + d’
= 180+25
= 205mm

Effective span
Effective span (Lx) = (clear span+ effective depth)
= 4500+180

20
 = 4680 mm
= 4.68 m

Load calculation:
Self weight of slabs = (D/1000) *25
For 1m run of slab = (0.205 ×1×25)
= 5.125kN/m2
Live load on slab = 3 kN/m2
Floor finish = 0.5 kN

Total load = 8.625 kN/m2

Factored load wu = 1.5 ×8.625 = 12.94 kN/m2

Ultimate Design Moments & Shear force

Refer Table 27 of IS:456 code,

for our Ly/Lx value 1.20 < 2

αx = 0.084
αy = 0.056

a)Moment along shorter span Mux = αx x Wu x Lx2

= 0.084× (12.94) × (4.68)2
= 23.80 kN.m

b)Moment along longer span Muy = αy x Wu x Lx2

= 0.056×12.94× (4.68) 2

21
 = 15.87 kN.m

c)Shear force Vu = 0.5 Wu x L

= 30.27kN

Check for depth

Mu (max) = 0.138×fckxbxd2

d √( )

d = 92.87 mm<180 mm
Hence we can adopt an effective depth of 180 mm which is
sufficient to resist the design ultimate moment.
Check for section
Mu limit = 0.138 x fck x b x d2
= 0.138x20x1000x1802
= 89.4 kN.m
Mu<mu limit
Hence the section under reinforced section

Reinforcement (shorter span)

Mux = 0.87 fy Ast d [1-((Ast×fy)/(b×d×fck))]

23.80x 106 = 0.87x415x Astx180 [1-((Ast×415)/(1000×180×20))]
Ast = 383.86 mm2

22
 Adopt 10mm diameter bars.

i)ast = 3.14x(102)/4
= 78.53
(ast/Ast)x1000 = (78.53/383.86.8)x1000
= 204.86 mm

ii)3d = 3x180
= 540 mm

iii) 300mm

Providing 10 mm diameter bar at spacing of 250 mm c/c spacing

provided.

Reinforcement (longer span)

Muy = 0.87 fy Ast d [1-((Ast×fy)/(b×d×fck))]
15.87x106 = 0.87x415x Astx180 [1-((Ast×415)/(1000×180×20))]
Ast = 251.458mm2

Adopt 10mm diameter bars

I) ast = 3.14x(102)/4
= 78.53
(ast/Ast)x1000 = (78.53/251.458)x1000
= 540.86mm

23
 ii) 3d = 3x180
= 540 mm
iii) 300 mm

providing 10 mm diameter bar at spacing of 300 mm c/c spacing

provided.

Check for shear stress

Considering the short span & width of slab;

Vu = 0.5 Wu xLx
= 30.27kN
τv = Vu /bd
= (30.27 ×10^3)
(1000×180)
= 0.168N/mm2
Pt = (100Ast)/b×d
= (100×383)
(1000×180)
= 0.174
From table 19 of IS 456-2000,
τc = 0.4
k = 1.2
k*τc = 0.48 N/mm2
τv < k*τc
Hence safe ,the shear stresses are safe within permissible limits

24
Torsion Reinforcement at corners
Area of torsion steel At each corners in
4 layers is calculated as (0.75*Ast),
= 0.75x383.86
= 236 mm2
Length over which torsion steel is provided = (1/5)*shorter span
= (1/5)*4500
L = 900 mm
Provide 6 mm dia bars at 120mm centres for a length of given above

Reinforcement in edge strips

Ast = 0.12%bd
= 216 mm2
provide 10mm dia bars at 300mm c/c

Length of Edge strip from corner = (1/8)*L

= (1/8)*4500
L along Shorter span = 562.5 mm
= 563 mm
L along Longer span = 687.5 mm
= 688 mm

Check for deflection control

consider unit width of slab in shorter span Lx
(L/d)max = 20
For pt = 0.174

25
From fig 8.1 of IS 456,
Kt = 1.6
(L/d)max = 20X1.6 = 32
(wall thickenss = 240 mm)
(L/d)actual = 4680/180
= 26
(L/d)actual < (L/d)max

Hence deflection control is satisfied

26
Fig 5.1- Reinforcement detailing of slab.

27
 5.3 DESIGN OF BEAM
5.3.1. GENERAL:
Beams are horizontal load carrying members in a structure .In a
structure the load is transmitted from the slab to the beams and then
from the beams and then from the slab to the columns. Finally the load
from the column is transmitted to the foundation and thus the load is
safely transmitted to the soil. Hence the beam should be supported by a
column or load bearing wall.
It had to be designed for resisting bending moment, shear
force, twisting moment developed by the transverse load is parallel to
the plan of geometry of the cross section of the beam. Width of the beam
is based on the thickness of walls and reinforcements. Limit state design
of beams should conform to the specifications of the Indian standard
code IS 456-2000. and the detailing of reinforcements in the various
types of beam should conform to the Indian standard special publications
SP:34-1987 Depth of beam is selected to control to control deflections
within safe permissible limits.

TYPES OF BEAMS:

1) Simply supported beam

2) Cantilever beam
3) Continuous beam
4) Overhanging beam
5) Fixed beam
6) Propped cantilever beam

28
5.3.2. DESIGN OF BEAM
Given Data:
Size of beam = 300 mm x 450 mm
Length = 5.5 m
Ultimate Moment = 30.452 kN.m
Ultimate shear force = 32.627 kN
Concrete grade (𝑓𝑐𝑘) = M20
Steel grade (𝑓𝑦) = Fe 415

Cross section dimension

BxD = 300 x 450
d = D – d = 450 – 50 = 400 mm
Mu = 30.452 kN.m
Mu limit = 0.138 fck b d2
= 0.138 x 20 x 300 x 4002
Mu limit = 132.4 kN/m
Mu < Mu limit
It is singly reinforced beam.

Calculate Main reinforcement:

Mulim = 0.87 fy d (1-[ ])

132.4 x106 = 0.87 415 X 450 (1-[ ])

Ast = 955.1 mm2

Provide 5 bars of 16 mm diameter (Ast = 1005.3mm2)
Provide 2 bars of 10 mm diameter at compression ( Asc = 157.07 mm2)

29
Shear reinforcements
Vu = 32.627 kN

= 0.271 N/mm2
Percentage of reinforcement

Pt = =

= 0.795
From table 19-IS456,
= 0.561 N/mm2
Since < , shear reinforcements are not required .

Provided nominal shear reinforcements.

provide 6 mm dia 2 legged stirrups, spacing:
1) Sv = 0.87fyAst/(0.4b)
= 0.87×415×2x28/(0.4x300)
= 168.49 mm

2) Sv = 0.75d =0.75x400
= 300 mm
Adopt Sv = 170 mm
Hence, provide 6 mm dia 2 legged stirrups at 170 mm centres throught
the length of the beam.

30
Check for deflection
(l/d)actual = 5500/450 = 12.22
(l/d)max = (l/d)basic × kt × k ct × k f
P t = 0.795 & pc =0.40
Refer figure 4 from IS456 :2000 kt = 0.92
k c = 1.34
kf =1

(l/d)max = 12.22× 0.92× 1.34× 1

= 14.7
(l/d)actual < (l/d)max
Hence deflection control is satisfied.

31
Fig.5.2- Reinforcement detailing of beam.

32
 5.4 DESIGN OF COLUMN

5.4.1.GENERAL

Columns are vertical members, normally subjected to

compression.

TYPES OF COLUMN

a) Columns with longitudinal steel surrounded by lateral ties or

spirals. They can be of different shapes as listed below
b) Composite columns with structural steel sections embedded in
concrete.
c) Steel are cast iron tubular columns filled with concrete.
1) Square
2) Rectangular
3) Circular
4) Hexagonal

LONGITUDINAL AND TRANSVERSE REINFORECEMENT

The vertical steel reinforcement for taking loads is known as

longitudinal reinforcement. Small diameter bars, tied around the
longitudinal bars to prevent buckling are known as lateral transverse
reinforcement.

AXIAL AND ECCENTRICALLY LOADED COLUMNS

When the line of action of load passes through the centre of

gravity of columns, it is known as axially loaded columns. In this case
column is subjected to direct compression.

33
 When the line of action of load passes away from the centre of
gravity of column is known as eccentrically loaded columns.

5.4.2.DESIGN OF UNIAXIAL COLUMN:

Data
Size of column = 300 mm X 300mm
Axial load = 305.65 kN
Mu = 3.612 kN.m
Concrete grade (fck) = M 20
Steel grade (fy) = Fe 415

Non-dimensional parameters

= 0.1698

= 0.006
Longitudinal Reinforcement

Effective cover = clear cover +

= 40 +

= 50 mm

= = 0.17 ≈ 0.20

34
Refer chart 34 of SP : 16 fy = 415 N/mm2, = 0.20,

= 0.18

P = 3.6%

Asc = .

= 300 300

=3240 mm2
Provide 6 no’s of 25 mm diameter bars ( Asc= 3436 mm2)

Design of lateral ties

Diameter of lateral ties
i. Should not be less than 6mm
ii. 1/4 diameter of largest longitudinal bar 25/4= 6.25
iii. Provide 8mm ties
Pitch
Minimum of the following
i. Least lateral dimension = 250 mm
ii. 16 d = 16 25= 400 mm
iii. 48 d = 48 8 = 384 mm
iv. 300 mm
Provide 8mm diameter bars at 250 mm centre to centre lateral
ties.

35
Fig.5.3.Reinforcement detailing of column.

36
 5.5 DESIGN OF FOOTING
5.5.1. GENERAL
Reinforced concrete footings are designed to resist the design
factored moments and shear forces due to imposed loads. The area of
footing should be such that the bearing pressure developed at the base of
footing does not exceed the safe bearing does not exceed the safe
bearing capacity of the soil.

TYPES OF FOOTING
The various types of footing are,
 Continuous footing for masonry or concrete wall.
 Isolated footing of uniform thickness or varying thickness
 Combined footing
 Strap footing
 Raft or mat foundation
 Pile foundation

THICKNESS AT THE EDGE OF FOOTING

In plain concrete footings, the thickness at the edge should be at
least 150 mm for footings on soils and not less than 300mm above the
top of piles for footings on piles.

37
5.5.2 DESIGN OF FOOTING
Data:
Size of column = 300 mm x 300 mm
Axial load = 490.002 kN
SBC of soil = 150kN/m2
Concrete grade (fck) = M20
Steel grade (fy) = Fe 415
Size of footing:
Axial load = 490.002 kN
Ultimate load = 490.002x1.5
= 735.003 kN
SBC of soil = 150 kN/m2
Ultimate SBC of soil = SBC x 2
= 150 x 2
= 300 kN/m2
Assume the Self-weight of footing as 10% of column load

Self-weight of footing =735.003 kN x

= 73.50 kN
Total load = 735.003 +73.50
= 808.503 kN

Area of footing = = 2.69 m2

Length of footing =√ = 1.64 m ≈ 2 m

Since, the column is square, let us provide footing also in square shape
Size of footing =2mx2m

38
Upward soil pressure:
Net soil upward pressure P = Load on footing
Area of footing

=
= 183.75 kN/m2
Factored Bending moment:
Maximum Bending moment occurs at the face of column. Find the
moment on any one face of column.
Projected length:
X = (Length of footing- column width)
2
= (2-0.3)/2
= 0.85m
Moment at face of column = Force x distance
= 183.75x 2x0.85 x0.85/2
=132.75 kN.m
Depth required for bending moment:
Mu = Q x b x d2
d = 132.75 x 106
1.83x 2000

= 190mm
Dreq = 190+50+16/2
= 248 mm
To avoid failure of footing in punching shear.
Provide overall depth as, D = 2 x Dreq
D = 2 x 248

39
 = 496 mm ≈ 500 mm
d = 500-50-16/2
= 442 mm
Reinforcement:

=
= 0.339 N//mm2
From SP-16: Table 2
Pt = 0.163%

Area = x 2000 x 442

= 1440.9 mm2
Provide 8 bars of 16 mm diameter at 72 mm c/c.
Check for one way shear:
From Table 19 of IS 456-2000
ƮC = 0.28 N//mm2
(Vu) x = ƮC x b x d
= 0.28 x 2000 x 442
= 247.52kN
(Vu) y =1.5 x Pressure x area permitted
= 1.5 x 183.75x 0.648
= 178.60kN
(Vu) y < (Vu) x
Hence, the section is safe in one way shear.

Check for two way shear:

Punching shear is Critical section at d/2 from face of column
P = 183.75kN /mm2

40
 = 0.183 N/ mm2
Vu = P x area permitted
= 0.183(20002 – (230+ 742) 2)
= 1.225x106 N/ mm
ƮV = Vu/b d
ƮV = 1.255X106
2.884 X106
= 0.435 N/ mm2
KSƮC = (0.5+βC) 0.25√fck
βC = Short side/long side
KS ƮC = 0.5+230/230 x 0.25√20

= 1 x 0.25
= 1.12 N/mm2
ƮV < KS ƮC
Hence, the section is safe in two way shear.

41
Fig.5.4.Reinforcement detailing of footing.

42
 5.6 DESIGN OF STAIRCASE
5.6.1.INTRODUCTION:
Staircase is one of the structural parts of storyed, which provides
approach for various floors. The staircase unit comprises flight of steps
with one or more intermediate landings provided between the floor
levels.
COMMON TYPES OF STAIRCASES:
a) Dog legged staircase is the most common type used in all types of
buildings. It comprise of two adjacent flights running parallel with a
landing slab height.

b) Open well staircase is generally adopted in public building where

large spaces are available. This type of staircase consists of smaller and
good ventilation due to open well at centre.

c) Tread- riser type staircases is very popular due to superior aesthetic

appearance without any waist slab and comprising only the horizontal
and vertical slabs in the form of folded plate.

d) Helicoidal staircase is aesthetically superior to other types and

generally used in the entrance foyer of cinema theaters and shopping
malls to connect the ground and first floors.

STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOUR OF STAIRCASE:

a) Staircase slab spanning longitudinally in the direction of the flight.

b) Staircase slab spanning transversely

c) Staircase slab spanning out as a cantilever from a central pillar floor

to floor.

43
5.6.2 DESIGN OF STAIRCASE
Data

Height Ceiling = 3.05 m

Rise = 150 mm

Tread = 300 mm

No of steps = 3050/150 = 21

No of Risers in each flight = 21/2 =11

No of treads in each flight = 11-1 = 10

Width of the tread = 400 mm

Width of the landing = 300 mm

Calculation of effective depth

Effective span = (10x300)x300 = 3300 mm

Thickness of waist slab = span /20

= 3300/2 = 165 mm

Adopt overall depth D = 165 mm

Using 20 mm Nominal Cove = 10mm dia bars

Effective depth d = 140 mm

Load Calculation

Self -weight of waist slab = ( D x 25√ ( R2 + T2 )/t

44
 = ( 0.165 x 25 √ 0.152+0.32)/0.3

= 4.61 KN/m

Dead load of one step = (0.5x 0.15 x 0.3 x 25)

= 0.56KN/m

Load of steps per m length = ( 0.56 x 1000 )/300

= 1.86 KN/m

Floor finish = 1
KN/m2

Total dead load = 7.47 KN/m2

Live load = 3 KN/m2

Total load W = 10.47 KN/m2

Factared load Wu = 10.47 x 1.5 = 15.705 KN/m2

Bending moment calculation

M = WL2/8 = 15.705 X 3.32/8

M = 21.37 KN/m

Check for effective depth

d = √(Mu/ 0.138x fck x b)

d = √ (21.37x10^6/0.138x20x10^3)

d = 87.99 mm

45
 Adopted effective depthd = 140 mm

Hence safe

Main reinforcement

Mu = 0.87 fy. Ast .d (1 - (Ast. fy /bd x fck)

21.37x106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x140 (1– Ast x 415 / 1000 x 140 x 20)

Ast = 453.21 mm2

Adopted Ast = 460 mm2

Provide 12 mm diameter bar at 250 mm c/c spacing

Distribution reinforcement

Ast = 0.12% of cross section

= 0.12 / 100 x 1000 x 165

= 198mm2

Provided 8 mm ɸ bars @ 250 mm c/c spacing

Check for shear

Shear force 𝑣𝑢 = 0.5 x w x l

Shear force ( v) = 0.5x10.47 x 3.3

V = 17.27 KN

46
 Factor S.F Vu = 1.5 x 17.2 = 25.91 KN

Tv = Vu / bd

= 25.91 x103 / (1000 x 140 )

Tv = 0.19 N/ mm2

As per Is 456 : 2000 from table 19

Percentage of reinforcement:
ƮC = 100 Ast
bd
= 100 x 565 / 103 x 140

= 0.43

Tv < Tc

Hence safe

47
Fig 5.5- Reinforcement detailing of stair case.

48
 5.7 DESIGN OF LINTEL AND SUNSHADE

5.7.1 GENERAL

Lintel is a structural member provided above the openings in

masonry walls to carry masonry and other loads coming over it. The
load coming on a lintel depends on the arch action of the masonry and it
is governed by the following:

1) Quality of masonry
2) Height of masonry above lintel
3) Load transmitted by structural members like slab, beam etc.,
resting on the masonry
4) Length of walls available on two sides of the opening.

5.7.2. DESIGN OF LINTEL

DATA

Size of the lintel = 230mmx150mm

Effective depth (d) = 150-(8/2)-20

= 126mm

EFFECTIVE SPAN

Clear span + d = 1800+126 =1926mm

c/c support = 1800+230=2030mm

Effective span (1) = 1926mm

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LOADING

Height of equilateral triangle

= 0.866x1926

= 1.668m

Height of wall above the lintel

= 3.35-2.0-0.15

= 1.2m

H>0.866

Since height of wall above the lintel is greater than 0.866,

triangular loading has to be assumed on the lintel

Weight of triangular portion masonry above lintel

= (1/2x1.926x1.2x0.23x19)

=5.049kN

Imposed load on sunshade

=1.926x0.6x0.750

=0.732 kN

Self-weight of lintel = (0.23x0.15x1.926x25)

=1.662kN

Self-weight of sunshade = (1.926x0.6x0.06x25)

=1.733kN

50
DESIGN OF BENDING MOMENT

Bending moment =wl/6 +wl2/8

= (5.049x1.926/6)+(4.127x1.926 /8)
= 1.620+1.914

= 3.533kN

Bending moment Mu = 1.5x3.53

=5.300kN

To find Ast

Mu =0.87 x fy x Ast x (d - (fy x Ast / fck x b))

5.3x106 = 0.87x415xAst(126-(415Ast/20x1000)

Ast = 118.82mm2

Provide 2 numbers of 10mm diameter bars at bottom as main

reinforcement and 2 number of 6mm diameter bars at top as
hangers

Minimum Ast

= 0.12% b D

= ( 0.12/100)x1000x150

= 180mm2

Provide 7 bars of 6mm Ø bars

51
CHECK FOR DEPTH

Mu = Quxbxd2

5.3x106 =2.76x1000xd2

D =43.82mm

Dreq < dpro

Hence it is safe

52
5.7.3DESIGN OF LINTEL CUM SUNSHADE
Given Data

Size of lintel = 230 mm x150 mm

Use 10 mm diameter bar, 20 mm nominal cover

Effective depth = 150-20-5

= 125 mm
Clear span + effective depth
= 2.4+0.125
= 2.525 m
Center to center of support
= 2.4+0.115+0.115
= 2.63 m
Effective span = 2.525 m

Height of Equilateral Triangle

h = 0.866 x 2.525
= 2.18 m
Height of above opening = 2.4 m

Weight of masonry = 2.525 x1.1 x 0.23 x 2

= 12.78 kN

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 Self-weight of lintel = 1 x 0.23 x 0.15 x25
= 0.863 kN

Bending moment = (WL/6) + (WL2/8)

= (12.78×2.525/6) +
(0.863×2.5252/8)
= 6.07 kNm
Mu = 1.5 x 6.07
= 9.1 kNm
Effective Depth:

Mu = 0.138 x fck x b x d2
9.1×106 = 0.138 x 20 x 230 x d2
d = 120 mm
D = 120+25
= 145 mm

Design of Reinforcement

Mu = 0.87x fy x Ast x d[1-((Ast x fy)/(b x d x fck)]

Provide 10mm diameter bars

ast = 𝜋×d2/4
= 𝜋×102/4
= 78.54 mm2

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 Number of Bars:
= Ast /ast
= 261.41/78.54
= 4 Nos of 10 mm diameter bar
5.7.4. DESIGN OF SUNSHADE

Given Data

Assume the uniform thickness of sunshade

= 50 mm

Imposed load of 750 N/m2

Load calculation for 1m length

Total imposed load = 1×0.60×750

= 450 N

Total self-weight = 1×0.05×25000

= 750 N

Total load = 450+750

= 1200 N

Design load = 1200×1.5

= 1800 N

Bending Moment

M = (w x u x L)/2

55
 M = (1800×600)/2

Mu = 540×103 N.mm

Total Depth

M = 0.138 fck xbxd2

540×103 = 0.138×20×1000×d2

d = 32 mm

D = 32+18

D = 50 mm

Reinforcement

M = 0.87×fy×Ast×d[1-((fy×Ast)/(fckbd))]

Ast = 48.26 mm2

Provide 6 mm diameter bars

ast = (𝜋× d2)/4

ast = (𝜋×62)/4

= 28.27 mm2

Spacing of Bars

Spacing = (ast/Ast)×1000

= (28/48)×1000

56
 = 580 mm

Maximum Spacing

1.Three times effective depth

= 3×32

= 96 mm

2. 300 mm

Provided 6 mm diameter bars @ 95 mm C / C

Distribution Bars

S = (ast/Ast)×1000

= (28/75)×1000

= 373 mm

Maximum Spacing

`1) 5 times effective depth

= 5 × 32

=160 mm

2) 450 mm

Provided 8 mm diameter 160 mm C / C

57
Fig. 5.6 – Reinforcement detailing of lintel and sunshade.

58
 CHAPTER 7

CONCLUSION

Planning ,analysis and designing of primary health center building

has provide us immense help in understanding the practical difficulties
met during the design stage and it helped us for getting familiar in the
design of the structure in future.

Auto CADD 2016 is used for drafting the plan of the project. The
analysis of Reinforced Concrete structure is studied through
STAAD.Pro v8i ss6

The design of Reinforced Concrete structural elements of the

primary health center building Slab, Beam, Column, Staircase, Footing
is done as per IS 456-2000 code recommendations. The detailing of
Reinforced Concrete structural elements is done using Auto CAD 2016.

The analysis, design and detailing of Reinforced Concrete

structure are understood thoroughly. This project will be useful for
future reference to construct a primary health center building.

59
 REFERENCES

1. National Building Code (NBC) - 2005 (India).

2. Indian Public Health Standards (IPHS) For Primary Health

Centres.

3. IS 456 2000 (Indian Standard Plain and Reinforced Concrete)

Code of Practice (Fourth Edition)

4. SP: 16-1980 (Design Aids for Reinforced Concrete to IS 456)

5. IS 875 (Part 1):1987, Code of Practice for Design Loads (Dead

Load), Second Revision, New Delhi.

6. IS 875 (Part 2):1987, Code of Practice for Design Loads (Imposed

7. Load), Second Revision, New Delhi.

8. Krishna Raju.N, "Advanced reinforced concrete design",

published by S.K.Jain for CBS Publishers and Distributors, 4th

edition 2014, New Delhi.

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