!   
 " 

#  
  





  


    
 



  

 
$
%    

&
 '
  
     

# 

   
 
&
(   


  
  

        "


   (  (  #
 # 

$

q
d

)
   * # %

# "
    

 

       (  
    
 
 


 

(   
          
   

 #  #   
&
 "

   (  ( 

 #
 # 

$
  "

 
    

   
 


 
$
+ ,

   


   
 
    

 
  


   


 

    -

  


 
 
 -

   

 



   -


  

  
(  


       
    
   

   


   
    




   
"
  

   #(
   
 #    
 

   ( .
 # 


  $

 / 
   
     
    
 
 


  
  
   0  1 (   

 
 

2
  

  

  (  

   (
(    
  
      (

(  

 

   
      (
 (  



  
      ( 




 #

 
 
 


(   




! #(


   

 
 #


   #  

   




    ( 
   


 



 
 # 



 3 
#
 &  



( 
 
   


total mass M

)
  % * # 

 4  




  

   #
 


( 
( 

! ( &  

     
 

 
 #  
 
 
    
# 4  


 
 
   ( &  
  -
&
 





5   # 

 
 
 6  # 

( 




 # 

  



(
 

 
 


 0 % 5  

7     '






 


 (  # 
  
 

 

   
 
 #   "

     




$
8    



  
  

 


' 
  4  

#'

 


(  #      


     9 (   



  
    



 &
 



 #   
 

     
 "

 

 



( 
  
  
$
 k

L
σ

heap

)
  + * # 8



  
   ( %  

  
(
  

!  
   9

 
    ( +     
 





   (
 
    



   
 
9 (