Dunkirk evacuation

Operation Dynamo
Part of the Battle of France in the Second World
War

British troops evacuating Dunkirk's beaches

Date 26 May to 4 June 1940

Location France, Dunkirk, and the English
Channel

51°02′N 2°22′E
Result Allied success

Evacuation of 338,226 soldiers

Belligerents
United Kingdom Germany

British
India[1]

France
 French
Senegal[2]
Morocco

Belgium[3]
Canada[4]
Netherlands[5]
Poland[3]

Commanders and leaders

Lord Gort Gerd von
Bertram Ramsay Rundstedt

Harold Alexander Hermann Göring

William Tennant
Jean-Marie
Charles Abrial[6]

The Dunkirk evacuation, code-named Operation Dynamo and also known as the Miracle of Dunkirk,
was the evacuation of Allied soldiers during World War II from the beaches and harbour of Dunkirk, in
the north of France, between 26 May and 4 June 1940. The operation commenced after large numbers of
Belgian, British, and French troops were cut off and surrounded by German troops during the six-week
Battle of France. In a speech to the House of Commons, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill called
this "a colossal military disaster", saying "the whole root and core and brain of the British Army" had
been stranded at Dunkirk and seemed about to perish or be captured.[7] In his "we shall fight on the
beaches" speech on 4 June, he hailed their rescue as a "miracle of deliverance".[8]

After Nazi Germany invaded Poland in September 1939, France and the British Empire declared war on
Germany and imposed an economic blockade. The British Expeditionary Force (BEF) was sent to help
defend France. After the Phoney War of October 1939 to April 1940, Germany invaded Belgium, the
Netherlands, and France on 10 May 1940. Three panzer corps attacked through the Ardennes and drove
northwest to the English Channel. By 21 May, German forces had trapped the BEF, the remains of the
Belgian forces, and three French field armies along the northern coast of France. BEF commander
General Viscount Gort immediately saw evacuation across the Channel as the best course of action, and
began planning a withdrawal to Dunkirk, the closest good port.

Late on 23 May, a halt order was issued by Generaloberst Gerd von Rundstedt, commander of Army
Group A. Adolf Hitler approved this order the next day, and had the German High Command send
confirmation to the front. Destroying the trapped BEF, French, and Belgian armies was left to the
Luftwaffe until the order was rescinded on 26 May. This gave Allied forces time to construct defensive
works and pull back large numbers of troops to fight the Battle of Dunkirk. From 28 to 31 May, in the
Siege of Lille, the remaining 40,000 men of the once-formidable French First Army fought a delaying
action against seven German divisions, including three armoured divisions.

On the first day only 7,669 Allied soldiers were evacuated, but by the end of the eighth day, 338,226 had
been rescued by a hastily assembled fleet of over 800 vessels. Many troops were able to embark from the
harbour's protective mole onto 39 British Royal Navy destroyers, 4 Royal Canadian Navy destroyers,[4]
at least 3 French destroyers, and a variety of civilian merchant ships. Others had to wade out from the
beaches, waiting for hours in shoulder-deep water. Some were ferried to the larger ships by what became
known as the Little Ships of Dunkirk, a flotilla of hundreds of merchant marine boats, fishing boats,
pleasure craft, yachts, and lifeboats called into service from Britain. The BEF lost 68,000 soldiers during
the French campaign and had to abandon nearly all of its tanks, vehicles, and equipment. In his 4 June
speech, Churchill also reminded the country that "we must be very careful not to assign to this
deliverance the attributes of a victory. Wars are not won by evacuations."[9]

Contents
Background
Prelude
Battle of Dunkirk
Evacuation
26–27 May
28 May – 4 June
Navy
Evacuation routes
Ships
Little ships
Aftermath
Analysis
Casualties
Dunkirk jack
See also
Notes
References
Bibliography
Further reading
External links

Background
In September 1939, after Nazi Germany invaded Poland, the United Kingdom sent the British
Expeditionary Force (BEF) to aid in the defence of France, landing at Cherbourg, Nantes, and Saint-
Nazaire. By May 1940 the force consisted of ten divisions in three corps under the command of General
John Vereker, 6th Viscount Gort.[10][11] Working with the BEF were the Belgian Army and the French
First, Seventh, and Ninth Armies.[12]

During the 1930s, the French had constructed the Maginot Line, a series of fortifications along their
border with Germany. This line had been designed to deter a German invasion across the Franco-German
border and funnel an attack into Belgium, which could then be met by the best divisions of the French
Army. Thus, any future war would take place outside of French territory, avoiding a repeat of the First
World War.[13][14] The area immediately to the north of the Maginot Line was covered by the heavily
wooded Ardennes region,[15] which French General Philippe Pétain declared to be "impenetrable" as
long as "special provisions" were taken. He believed that any enemy force emerging from the forest
would be vulnerable to a pincer attack and destroyed. The French commander-in-chief, Maurice
Gamelin, also believed the area to be of a limited threat, noting that it "never favoured large
operations".[16] With this in mind, the area was left lightly defended.[13]

The initial plan for the German invasion of France called for an encirclement attack through the
Netherlands and Belgium, avoiding the Maginot Line.[17] Erich von Manstein, then Chief of Staff of the
German Army Group A, prepared the outline of a different plan and submitted it to the OKH (German
High Command) via his superior, Generaloberst Gerd von Rundstedt.[18][19] Manstein's plan suggested
that panzer divisions should attack through the Ardennes, then establish bridgeheads on the Meuse River
and rapidly drive to the English Channel. The Germans would thus cut off the Allied armies in Belgium.
This part of the plan later became known as the Sichelschnitt ("sickle cut").[19][20] Adolf Hitler approved
a modified version of Manstein's ideas, today known as the Manstein Plan, after meeting with him on 17
February.[21]

On 10 May, Germany invaded Belgium and the Netherlands.[22]

Army Group B, under Generaloberst Fedor von Bock, attacked
into Belgium, while the three panzer corps of Army Group A
under Rundstedt swung around to the south and drove for the
Channel.[23] The BEF advanced from the Belgian border to
positions along the River Dyle within Belgium, where they
fought elements of Army Group B starting on 10 May.[24][25]
They were ordered to begin a fighting withdrawal to the Scheldt
River on 14 May when the Belgian and French positions on their
flanks failed to hold.[26] During a visit to Paris on 17 May, Prime Situation on 21 May 1940; German
forces occupy the area shaded in
Minister Winston Churchill was astonished to learn from
pink
Gamelin that the French had committed all their troops to the
ongoing engagements and had no strategic reserves.[27] On 19
May, Gort met with French General Gaston Billotte, commander of the French First Army and overall
coordinator of the Allied forces. Billotte revealed that the French had no troops between the Germans and
the sea. Gort immediately saw that evacuation across the Channel was the best course of action, and
began planning a withdrawal to Dunkirk, the closest location with good port facilities.[28] Surrounded by
marshes, Dunkirk boasted old fortifications and the longest sand beach in Europe, where large groups
could assemble.[29] On 20 May, on Churchill's suggestion, the Admiralty began arranging for all
available small vessels to be made ready to proceed to France.[30] After continued engagements and a
failed Allied attempt on 21 May at Arras to cut through the German spearhead,[31] the BEF was trapped,
along with the remains of the Belgian forces and the three French armies, in an area along the coast of
northern France and Belgium.[32][33]

Prelude
Without informing the French, the British began planning on 20 May for Operation Dynamo, the
evacuation of the BEF.[29][30] This planning was headed by Vice Admiral Bertram Ramsay at the naval
headquarters below Dover Castle, from which he briefed Churchill as it was under way.[34] Ships began
gathering at Dover for the evacuation.[35] On 20 May, the BEF sent Brigadier Gerald Whitfield to
Dunkirk to start evacuating unnecessary personnel. Overwhelmed by what he later described as "a
somewhat alarming movement towards Dunkirk by both officers and men", due to a shortage of food and
water, he had to send many along without thoroughly checking
their credentials. Even officers ordered to stay behind to aid the
evacuation disappeared onto the boats.[36]

On 22 May, Churchill ordered the BEF to attack southward in

coordination with the French First Army under General Georges
Blanchard to reconnect with the remainder of the French
forces.[37] This proposed action was dubbed the Weygand Plan
after General Maxime Weygand, appointed Supreme Commander
after Gamelin's dismissal on 18 May.[38] On 25 May, Gort had to Lord Gort (gesturing, at centre) was
abandon any hope of achieving this objective and withdrew on commander of the British
Expeditionary Force.
his own initiative, along with Blanchard's forces, behind the Lys
Canal, part of a canal system that reached the sea at
Gravelines.[39] Sluice gates had already been opened all along the canal to flood the system and create a
barrier (the Canal Line) against the German advance.[40]

Battle of Dunkirk
By 24 May, the Germans had captured the port of Boulogne and
surrounded Calais.[32] The engineers of the 2nd Panzer Division
under Generalmajor Rudolf Veiel built five bridges over the
Canal Line and only one British battalion barred the way to
Dunkirk.[42] On 23 May, at the suggestion of Fourth Army
commander Generalfeldmarschall Günther von Kluge, Rundstedt
had ordered the panzer units to halt, concerned about the
Soldiers were strafed and bombed by
vulnerability of his flanks and the question of supply to his
German aircraft while awaiting
forward troops.[43][44][45][46] He was also concerned that the
transport.[41]
marshy ground around Dunkirk would prove unsuitable for tanks
and he wished to conserve them for later operations (in some
units, tank losses were 30–50 per cent).[47][48] Hitler was also apprehensive, and on a visit to Army
Group A headquarters on 24 May, he endorsed the order.[47][46]

Air Marshal Hermann Göring urged Hitler to let the Luftwaffe (aided by Army Group B[49]) finish off the
British, to the consternation of General Franz Halder, who noted in his diary that the Luftwaffe was
dependent upon the weather and aircrews were worn out after two weeks of battle.[50] Rundstedt issued
another order, which was sent uncoded. It was picked up by the Royal Air Force (RAF) Y service
intelligence network at 12:42: "By order of the Fuhrer ... attack north-west of Arras is to be limited to the
general line Lens–Bethune–Aire–St Omer–Gravelines. The Canal will not be crossed."[51][52] Later that
day, Hitler issued Directive 13, which called for the Luftwaffe to defeat the trapped Allied forces and stop
their escape.[53] At 15:30 on 26 May, Hitler ordered the panzer groups to continue their advance, but
most units took another 16 hours to attack.[54] The delay gave the Allies time to prepare defences vital
for the evacuation and prevented the Germans from stopping the Allied retreat from Lille.[55]

The halt order has been the subject of much discussion by historians.[56][57] Guderian considered the
failure to order a timely assault on Dunkirk to be one of the major German mistakes on the Western
Front.[58] Rundstedt called it "one of the great turning points of the war",[59] and Manstein described it as
"one of Hitler's most critical mistakes".[60] B. H. Liddell Hart interviewed many of the generals after the
war and put together a picture of Hitler's strategic thinking on the matter. Hitler believed that once
Britain's troops left continental Europe, they would never return.[61]

Evacuation

26–27 May
The retreat was undertaken amid chaotic conditions, with abandoned vehicles blocking the roads and a
flood of refugees heading in the opposite direction.[62][63] Due to wartime censorship and the desire to
keep up British morale, the full extent of the unfolding disaster at Dunkirk was not initially publicised. A
special service attended by King George VI was held in Westminster Abbey on 26 May, which was
declared a national day of prayer.[64][65] The Archbishop of Canterbury led prayers "for our soldiers in
dire peril in France". Similar prayers were offered in synagogues and churches throughout the UK that
day, confirming to the public their suspicion of the desperate plight of the troops.[66] Just before 19:00 on
26 May, Churchill ordered Dynamo to begin, by which time 28,000 men had already departed.[29] Initial
plans called for the recovery of 45,000 men from the BEF within two days, at which time German troops
were expected to block further evacuation. Only 25,000 men escaped during this period, including 7,669
on the first day.[67][68]

On 27 May, the first full day of the evacuation, one cruiser, eight
destroyers, and 26 other craft were active.[69] Admiralty officers
combed nearby boatyards for small craft that could ferry
personnel from the beaches out to larger craft in the harbour, as
well as larger vessels that could load from the docks. An
emergency call was put out for additional help, and by 31 May
nearly four hundred small craft were voluntarily and
enthusiastically taking part in the effort.[70]
Troops evacuated from Dunkirk
The same day, the Luftwaffe heavily bombed Dunkirk, both the arrive at Dover, 31 May 1940
town and the dock installations. As the water supply was knocked
out, the resulting fires could not be extinguished.[71] An
estimated thousand civilians were killed, one-third of the remaining population of the town.[72] The
Luftwaffe was met by 16 squadrons of the Royal Air Force, who claimed 38 kills on 27 May while losing
14 aircraft.[71][73] Many more RAF fighters sustained damage and were subsequently written off. On the
German side, Kampfgeschwader 2 (KG 2) and KG 3 suffered the heaviest casualties. German losses
amounted to 23 Dornier Do 17s. KG 1 and KG 4 bombed the beach and harbour and KG 54 sank the
8,000-ton steamer Aden. Junkers Ju 87 Stuka dive bombers sank the troopship Cote d' Azur. The
Luftwaffe engaged with 300 bombers which were protected by 550 fighter sorties, and attacked Dunkirk
in twelve raids. They dropped 15,000 high explosive and 30,000 incendiary bombs, destroying the oil
tanks and wrecking the harbour.[74] No. 11 Group RAF flew 22 patrols with 287 aircraft this day, in
formations of up to 20 aircraft.[75]

Altogether, over 3,500 sorties were flown in support of Operation Dynamo.[73] The RAF continued to
inflict a heavy toll on the German bombers throughout the week. Soldiers being bombed and strafed
while awaiting transport were for the most part unaware of the efforts of the RAF to protect them, as
most of the dogfights took place far from the beaches. As a result, many British soldiers bitterly accused
the airmen of doing nothing to help.[41]

On 25 and 26 May, the Luftwaffe focused their attention on Allied pockets holding out at Calais, Lille,
and Amiens, and did not attack Dunkirk.[72] Calais, held by the BEF, surrendered on 26 May.[76]
Remnants of the French First Army, surrounded at Lille, fought off seven German divisions (several of
them armoured) until 31 May, when the remaining 35,000 soldiers were forced to surrender after running
out of food and ammunition.[77][78] The Germans accorded the honours of war to the defenders of Lille
in recognition of their bravery.[79]

28 May – 4 June
The Belgian Army surrendered on 28 May,[80] leaving a large gap
to the east of Dunkirk. Several British divisions were rushed in to
cover that side.[81] The Luftwaffe flew fewer sorties over Dunkirk
on 28 May, switching their attention to the Belgian ports, Ostend
and Nieuport. The weather over Dunkirk was not conducive to
dive or low-level bombing. The RAF flew 11 patrols and 321
sorties, claiming 23 destroyed for the loss of 13 aircraft.[75] On
28 May, 17,804 soldiers arrived at British ports.[68]
Situation on 4 June 1940; the
On 29 May, 47,310 British troops were rescued[68] as the
remaining French rearguard held a
Luftwaffe's Ju 87s exacted a heavy toll on shipping. The British sliver of land around Dunkirk
destroyer HMS Grenade was sunk and the French destroyer
Mistral was crippled while her sister ships, each laden with 500
men, were damaged by near misses. British destroyers Jaguar and Verity were badly damaged but
escaped the harbour. Two trawlers disintegrated in the attack. Later, the passenger steamer SS Fenella
sank with 600 men aboard at the pier but the men were able to get off. The paddle steamer HMS Crested
Eagle suffered a direct hit, caught fire, and sank with severe casualties. The raiders also destroyed the
two rail-owned ships, the SS Lorina and the SS Normannia.[82] Of the five major German attacks, just
two were contested by RAF fighters; the British lost 16 fighters in nine patrols. German losses amounted
to 11 Ju 87s destroyed or damaged.[83]

On 30 May, Churchill received word that all British divisions were now behind the defensive lines, along
with more than half of the French First Army.[77] By this time, the perimeter ran along a series of canals
about 7 miles (11 km) from the coast, in marshy country not suitable for tanks.[84] With the docks in the
harbour rendered unusable by German air attacks, senior naval officer Captain (later Admiral) William
Tennant initially ordered men to be evacuated from the beaches. When this proved too slow, he re-routed
the evacuees to two long stone and concrete breakwaters, called the east and west moles, as well as the
beaches. Almost 200,000 troops embarked on ships from the east mole (which stretched nearly a mile out
to sea) over the next week.[85] Once more, low clouds kept Luftwaffe activity to a minimum. Nine RAF
patrols were mounted, with no German formation encountered.[86] The following day, the Luftwaffe sank
one transport and damaged 12 others for 17 losses; the British claimed 38 kills, which may have been an
exaggeration. The RAF and Fleet Air Arm lost 28 aircraft.[86]

Of the total 338,226 soldiers, several hundred were unarmed Indian mule handlers on detachment from
the Royal Indian Army Service Corps, forming four of the six units of Force K-6 transport. Cypriot
muleteers were also present. Three units were successfully evacuated and one captured.[87][88][89] Also
present at Dunkirk were a small number of French Senegalese soldiers and Moroccans.[2][90]

The next day, an additional 53,823 men were embarked,[9] including the first French soldiers.[91] Lord
Gort and 68,014 men were evacuated on 31 May,[92] leaving Major-General Harold Alexander in
command of the rearguard.[93] A further 64,429 Allied soldiers departed on 1 June,[68] before the
increasing air attacks prevented further daylight evacuation.[94] The British rearguard of 4,000 men left
on the night of 2–3 June.[95] An additional 75,000 French troops were retrieved over the nights of 2–4
June,[68][96] before the operation finally ended. The remainder of the rearguard, 40,000 French troops,
surrendered on 4 June.[95] Churchill made a point of stating in his "We shall fight on the beaches"
address in the House on 4 June that the evacuation had been made possible through the efforts of the
RAF.[41]

Navy

Evacuation routes
Three routes were allocated to the evacuating vessels. The
shortest was Route Z, a distance of 39 nautical miles (72 km), but
it entailed hugging the French coast and thus ships using it were
subject to bombardment from on-shore batteries, particularly in
daylight hours.[97][98] Route X, although the safest from shore
batteries, travelled through a particularly heavily mined portion
of the Channel. Ships on this route travelled 55 nautical miles
(102 km) north out of Dunkirk, proceeded through the Ruytingen
Pass,[99] and headed towards the North Goodwin Lightship Map of the three evacuation routes
before heading south around the Goodwin Sands to Dover.[97][98]
The route was safest from surface attacks, but the nearby
minefields and sandbanks meant it could not be used at night.[100]
The longest of the three was Route Y, a distance of 87 nautical
miles (161 km); using this route increased the sailing time to four
hours, double the time required for Route Z. This route followed
the French coast as far as Bray-Dunes, then turned north-east
until reaching the Kwinte Buoy.[101] Here, after making an
approximately 135-degree turn, the ships sailed west to the North
Goodwin Lightship and headed south around the Goodwin Sands
Evacuated troops arrive in Dover
to Dover.[97][98] Ships on Route Y were the most likely to be
attacked by German surface vessels, submarines, and the
Luftwaffe.[102]

You knew this was the chance to get home and you kept praying, please God, let us go, get
us out, get us out of this mess back to England. To see that ship that came in to pick me and
my brother up, it was a most fantastic sight. We saw dog fights up in the air, hoping nothing
would happen to us and we saw one or two terrible sights. Then somebody said, there's
Dover, that was when we saw the White Cliffs, the atmosphere was terrific. From hell to
heaven was how the feeling was, you felt like a miracle had happened.

— Harry Garrett, British Army, speaking to Kent Online[103]

Ships
The Royal Navy provided the anti-aircraft cruiser HMS Calcutta,
39 destroyers, and many other craft. The Merchant Navy supplied
passenger ferries, hospital ships, and other vessels. Britain's
Belgian, Dutch, Canadian,[4] Polish,[104] and French allies
provided vessels as well. Admiral Ramsay arranged for around a
thousand copies to be made of the required charts, had buoys laid
around the Goodwin Sands and down to Dunkirk, and organised
the flow of shipping.[100] Larger ships such as destroyers were
able to carry about 900 men per trip. The soldiers mostly Troops evacuated from Dunkirk on a
travelled on the upper decks for fear of being trapped below if the destroyer about to berth at Dover, 31
ship sank.[105] After the loss on 29 May of 19 British and French May 1940
navy ships plus three of the larger requisitioned vessels, the
Admiralty withdrew their eight best destroyers for the future
defence of the country.[106]

British ships[107]
Type of vessel Total engaged Sunk Damaged
Cruisers 1 0 1
Destroyers 39 6 19
Sloops, corvettes and gunboats 9 1 1
Minesweepers 36 5 7
Trawlers and drifters 113 17 2
Special service vessels 3 1 0
Ocean boarding vessels 3 1 1
Torpedo boats and anti-submarine boats 13 0 0
Former Dutch schuyts with naval crews 40 4 Unknown
Yachts with naval crews 26 3 Unknown
Personnel ships 45 8 8
Hospital carriers 8 1 5
Naval motor boats 12 6 Unknown
Tugboats 34 3 Unknown

Other small craft[note 1] 311 170 Unknown

Total British ships 693 226

1. Does not include ships' lifeboats and some unrecorded small privately owned craft.[107]
 Allied ships[107]
Type of vessel Total engaged Sunk Damaged
Warships (all types) 49 8 Unknown
Other vessels 119 9 Unknown
Total Allied ships 168 17
Grand total 861 243

Little ships
A wide variety of small vessels from all over the south of England were pressed into service to aid in the
Dunkirk evacuation. They included speedboats, Thames vessels, car ferries, pleasure craft, and many
other types of small craft.[108] The most useful proved to be the motor lifeboats, which had a reasonably
good capacity and speed.[108] Some boats were requisitioned without the owner's knowledge or consent.
Agents of the Ministry of Shipping, accompanied by a naval officer, scoured the Thames for likely
vessels, had them checked for seaworthiness, and took them downriver to Sheerness, where naval crews
were to be placed aboard. Due to shortages of personnel, many small craft crossed the Channel with
civilian crews.[109]

The first of the "little ships" arrived at Dunkirk on 28 May.[105] The wide sand beaches meant that large
vessels could not get anywhere near the shore, and even small craft had to stop about 100 yards (91 m)
from the waterline and wait for the soldiers to wade out.[110] In many cases, personnel would abandon
their boat upon reaching a larger ship, and subsequent evacuees had to wait for boats to drift ashore with
the tide before they could make use of them.[111] In most areas on the beaches, soldiers queued up with
their units and patiently awaited their turn to leave. But at times, panicky soldiers had to be warned off at
gunpoint when they attempted to rush to the boats out of turn.[112] In addition to ferrying out on boats,
soldiers at De Panne and Bray-Dunes constructed improvised jetties by driving rows of abandoned
vehicles onto the beach at low tide, anchoring them with sandbags, and connecting them with wooden
walkways.[113]

Aftermath

Analysis
Before the operation was completed, the prognosis had been gloomy, with Churchill warning the House
of Commons on 28 May to expect "hard and heavy tidings".[114] Subsequently, Churchill referred to the
outcome as a miracle, and the British press presented the evacuation as a "disaster turned to triumph" so
successfully that Churchill had to remind the country in a speech to the House of Commons on 4 June
that "we must be very careful not to assign to this deliverance the attributes of a victory. Wars are not
won by evacuations."[9] Andrew Roberts comments that the confusion over the Dunkirk evacuation is
illustrated by two of the best books on it being called "Strange Defeat" and "Strange Victory".[115]

Three British divisions and a host of logistic and labour troops were cut off to the south of the Somme by
the German "race to the sea". At the end of May, a further two divisions began moving to France with the
hope of establishing a Second BEF. The majority of the 51st (Highland) Division was forced to surrender
on 12 June, but almost 192,000 Allied personnel, 144,000 of them British, were evacuated through
various French ports from 15–25 June under the codename
Troops landed from Dunkirk
Operation Ariel.[116] The Germans marched into Paris on 14
27 May – 4 June[68]
June and France surrendered eight days later.[117]
Date Beaches Harbour Total
The more than 100,000 French troops evacuated from Dunkirk 27 May — 7,669 7,669
were quickly and efficiently shuttled to camps in various parts
28 May 5,930 11,874 17,804
of south-western England, where they were temporarily lodged
29 May 13,752 33,558 47,310
before being repatriated.[118] British ships ferried French troops
to Brest, Cherbourg, and other ports in Normandy and Brittany, 30 May 29,512 24,311 53,823
although only about half of the repatriated troops were 31 May 22,942 45,072 68,014
redeployed against the Germans before the surrender of France.
1 June 17,348 47,081 64,429
For many French soldiers, the Dunkirk evacuation represented
2 June 6,695 19,561 26,256
only a few weeks' delay before being killed or captured by the
German army after their return to France.[119] Of the French 3 June 1,870 24,876 26,746
soldiers evacuated from France in June 1940, about 3,000 4 June 622 25,553 26,175
joined Charles de Gaulle's Free French army in Britain.[120] Totals 98,671 239,555 338,226

In France, the unilateral British decision to evacuate through

Dunkirk rather than counter-attack to the south, and the perceived preference of the Royal Navy for
evacuating British forces at the expense of the French, led to some bitter resentment. According to
Churchill, French Admiral François Darlan originally ordered that the British forces should receive
preference, but on 31 May, he intervened at a meeting in Paris to order that the evacuation should
proceed on equal terms and that the British would form the rearguard.[121] In fact, the 35,000 men who
finally surrendered after covering the final evacuations were mostly French soldiers of 2nd Light
Mechanized Division and the 68th Infantry Division.[122][123] Their resistance allowed the evacuation
effort to be extended to 4 June, on which date another 26,175 Frenchmen were transported to
England.[68]

The evacuation was presented to the German public as an overwhelming and decisive German victory.
On 5 June 1940, Hitler stated "Dunkirk has fallen! 40,000 French and English troops are all that remains
of the formerly great armies. Immeasurable quantities of materiel have been captured. The greatest battle
in the history of the world has come to an end."[a][124] Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (OKW, the
German armed forces high command) announced the event as "the greatest annihilation battle of all
time".[125]

Casualties
The BEF lost 68,000 soldiers (dead, wounded, missing, or captured) from 10 May until the armistice
with France on 22 June.[126] 3,500 British were killed[127] and 13,053 wounded.[128] All the heavy
equipment had to be abandoned.[129] Left behind in France were 2,472 guns, 20,000 motorcycles, and
almost 65,000 other vehicles; also abandoned were 416,000 short tons (377,000 t) of stores, more than
75,000 short tons (68,000 t) of ammunition and 162,000 short tons (147,000 t) of fuel.[129] Almost all of
the 445 British tanks that had been sent to France with the BEF were abandoned.[130]

Six British and three French destroyers were sunk, along with nine other major vessels. In addition, 19
destroyers were damaged.[131] Over 200 British and Allied sea craft were sunk, with a similar number
damaged.[132] The Royal Navy's most significant losses in the operation were six destroyers:
 Grafton, sunk by U-62 on 29 May[133]
Grenade, sunk by air attack at Dunkirk on 29 May[134]
Wakeful, sunk by a torpedo from the E-boat S-30 on 29 May[135]
Basilisk, Havant, and Keith, sunk by air attack off the beaches on
1 June[136]
The French Navy lost three destroyers:

Bourrasque, mined off Nieuport on 30 May

Siroco, sunk by the E-boats S-23 and S-26 on 31 May
Le Foudroyant, sunk by air attack off the beaches on 1 June
The RAF lost 145 aircraft, of which at least 42 were Spitfires, while the A wounded French
Luftwaffe lost 156 aircraft in operations in the nine days of Operation soldier being taken
Dynamo,[137] including 35 destroyed by Royal Navy ships (plus 21 ashore on a stretcher at
Dover after evacuation
damaged) during the six days from 27 May to 1 June.[138]
from Dunkirk

For every seven soldiers who escaped through Dunkirk, one man was left
behind as a prisoner of war. The majority of these prisoners were
sent on forced marches into Germany. Prisoners reported brutal
treatment by their guards, including beatings, starvation, and
murder. Another complaint was that German guards kicked over
buckets of water that had been left at the roadside by French
civilians for the marching prisoners to drink.[139]

Many of the prisoners were marched to the city of Trier, with the
march taking as long as 20 days. Others were marched to the Isle of Man Steam Packet Company
river Scheldt and were sent by barge to the Ruhr. The prisoners vessel Mona's Queen shortly after
were then sent by rail to prisoner of war camps in Germany.[140] striking a mine on the approach to
The majority (those below the rank of corporal) then worked in Dunkirk, 29 May 1940
German industry and agriculture for the remainder of the
war.[141]

Those of the BEF who died or were captured and have no known grave are commemorated on the
Dunkirk Memorial.[142]

Dunkirk jack

The St George's Cross defaced with the arms of Dunkirk flown from the jack staff is
the warranted house flag of the Association of Dunkirk Little Ships. It is known as
the Dunkirk Jack. The flag is flown only by civilian vessels that took part in the
Dunkirk rescue operation.[143] Dunkirk Jack

See also
1940 Dunkirk Veterans' Association
Dunkirk Medal
James Campbell Clouston, pier master on the east mole
Notes
a. Original German: "Dünkirchen ist gefallen! 40 000 Franzosen und Engländer sind als letzter
Rest einstiger großer Armeen gefangen. Unübersehbares Material wurde erbeutet. Damit
ist die größte Schlacht der Weltgeschichte beendet."

References
1. Biswas 2017.
2. Shephard 2003, p. 169.
3. Sweeting 2010.
4. McIntyre 2017.
5. Encyclopædia Britannica.
6. Ellis 2004, p. 197.
7. Churchill 2003, p. 212.
8. Safire 2004, p. 146.
9. Churchill 1949, p. 115.
10. Thompson 2011, p. 9.
11. Thompson 2011, p. 7.
12. Thompson 2011, p. 305.
13. Jackson 2003, p. 33.
14. Roth 2010, p. 6.
15. Kaufmann & Kaufmann 2007, p. 23.
16. Jackson 2003, p. 32.
17. Melvin 2010, p. 140.
18. Lemay 2010, pp. 98–102.
19. Forczyk 2010, pp. 11–14.
20. Melvin 2010, p. 145.
21. Melvin 2010, p. 132.
22. Shirer 1960, p. 713.
23. Thompson 2011, p. 37.
24. Thompson 2011, p. 26.
25. Churchill 1949, Map, p. 33.
26. Atkin 1990, pp. 74–75.
27. Churchill 1949, p. 47.
28. Thompson 2011, pp. 64–65.
29. Atkin 1990, p. 123.
30. Churchill 1949, pp. 58–59.
31. Thompson 2011, p. 98.
32. Shirer 1960, p. 728.
33. Thompson 2011, Map, p. 61.
34. Lord 1983, pp. 43–44.
35. Churchill 1949, p. 100.
36. Atkin 1990, p. 124.
37. Churchill 1949, p. 65.
38. Churchill 1949, p. 57.
39. Churchill 1949, p. 84.
40. Churchill 1949, pp. 78–79.
41. Shirer 1960, Footnote, p. 736.
42. Lemay 2010, p. 152.
43. Noakes & Pridham 1988, p. 167.
44. Army Group A War Diary.
45. OKW Jodl Diary.
46. Lord 1983, pp. 28–35.
47. Cooper 1978, pp. 230–31.
48. Atkin 1990, p. 120.
49. Lemay 2010, p. 150.
50. Noakes & Pridham 1988, pp. 167–68.
51. Costello 1991, p. 175.
52. Hinsley 1994, p. 31.
53. Cooper 1978, p. 232.
54. Cooper 1978, p. 235.
55. Noakes & Pridham 1988, p. 168.
56. Churchill 1949, p. 76.
57. Lemay 2010, p. 149.
58. Guderian 2001, Footnote, p. 117.
59. Shirer 1960, p. 731.
60. Lemay 2010, p. 153.
61. Hart 1948.
62. Atkin 1990, p. 145.
63. Thompson 2011, pp. 59, 75.
64. Miller 1997, p. 83.
65. Atkin 1990, p. 122.
66. Gelb 1990, p. 82.
67. Liddell Hart 1999, p. 78.
68. Thompson 2011, p. 306.
69. Churchill 1949, p. 106.
70. Churchill 1949, pp. 100–01.
71. Atkin 1990, p. 149.
72. Atkin 1990, p. 150.
73. Thompson 2011, p. 228.
74. Jackson 1974, pp. 116–117.
75. Jackson 1974, p. 117.
76. Atkin 1990, p. 119.
77. Churchill 1949, p. 97.
78. Atkin 1990, p. 144.
79. Fermer 2013, p. 208.
80. Shirer 1960, p. 729.
81. Churchill 1949, p. 96.
82. Smith 2011, p. 138.
83. Jackson 1974, p. 118.
 84. Thompson 2011, p. 226.
85. Atkin 1990, pp. 150–51.
86. Jackson 1974, p. 119.
87. Dunkirk 1940.org.
88. Bajwa 2013.
89. Gojkovic 2017.
90. Richardson 2010, p. 32.
91. Murray & Millett 2000, p. 80.
92. Keegan 1989, p. 81.
93. Churchill 1949, p. 109.
94. Liddell Hart 1999, p. 79.
95. Shirer 1960, p. 737.
96. Liddell Hart 1999, p. 80.
97. Thompson 2011, Map, p. 223.
98. Atkin 1990, p. 166.
99. Gardner 1949, p. 20.
100. Thompson 2011, p. 224.
101. Dildy 2010, p. 50.
102. Thompson 2011, p. 222.
103. Chessum 2014.
104. ORP Błyskawica Society.
105. Thompson 2011, p. 229.
106. Atkin 1990, p. 174.
107. Churchill 1949, p. 102.
108. Thompson 2011, p. 234.
109. Atkin 1990, p. 198.
110. Thompson 2011, p. 225.
111. Atkin 1990, p. 199.
112. Atkin 1990, pp. 167–68.
113. Atkin 1990, pp. 214–15.
114. Churchill 1949, p. 99.
115. Roberts 2009, p. 37.
116. Ellis 2004, pp. 296–305.
117. Atkin 1990, pp. 232–34.
118. Looseley 2005.
119. Mordal 1968, p. 496.
120. Nadeau & Barlow 2003, p. 89.
121. Churchill 1949, p. 111.
122. Atkin 1990, p. 219.
123. Stewart 2008, p. 115.
124. Hitler 1940.
125. OKW 1940.
126. Lemay 2010, p. 151.
127. French 2002, p. 156.
128. Blaxland 1973, p. 346.
129. Longden 2009, p. 11.
130. Thompson 2011, p. 300.
131. Murray & Millett 2000, p. 81.
132. Holmes 2001, p. 267.
133. English 1993, p. 98.
134. English 1993, p. 99.
135. Atkin 1990, pp. 170–71.
136. Atkin 1990, pp. 204–05.
137. Atkin 1990, p. 206.
138. Ramsey 1947, Appendix III.
139. Longden 2009, p. 361.
140. Longden 2009, pp. 383–404.
141. Longden 2005, p. 260.
142. Dunkirk Memorial.
143. Dunkirk Little Ships Association 2010.

Bibliography
Atkin, Ronald (1990). Pillar of Fire: Dunkirk
1940 (https://archive.org/details/pillaroffire
dunk0000atki). London: Sidgwick &
Jackson. ISBN 0-283-99697-8.
Bajwa, Mandeep Singh (19 May 2013).
"Force K6: Indian troops in France" (http://
www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/force
-k6-indian-troops-in-france/story-Sqq8GVn
7QELe6YFORD4tiL.html). Hindustan
Times. Retrieved 18 August 2017.
Biswas, Soutik (27 July 2017). "Does
Christopher Nolan's Dunkirk ignore the
role of the Indian army?" (https://www.bbc.
co.uk/news/world-asia-india-40724861).
BBC News. Retrieved 5 August 2017.
Blaxland, Gregory (1973). Destination
Dunkirk: The story of Gort's Army. London:
William Kimber. ISBN 978-0-7183-0203-0.
"Błyskawica: A Brief History of the Ship" (h
ttp://www.blyskawica-cowes.org.uk/Histor
y). www.blyskawica-cowes.org.uk. Friends
of the ORP Błyskawica Society. Retrieved
24 October 2019.
Chessum, Victoria (9 June 2014). "Harry
Garrett, 96, tells of the moment the White
Cliffs of Dover came into sight after the
war" (http://www.kentonline.co.uk/dover/ne
ws/war-veteran-speaks-of-white-cliffs-1832
9/). Kent Online. Retrieved 2 December
2016.
Churchill, Winston (1949). Their Finest
Hour. The Second World War. II. Boston;
Toronto: Houghton Mifflin. OCLC 396145
(https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/396145).
Churchill, Winston (2003). "Wars are not
won by evacuations, 4 June 1940, House
of Commons". In Churchill, Winston S.
(ed.). Never Give In!: The Best of Winston
Churchill's Speeches (https://archive.org/d
etails/nevergiveinbesto00chur). New York:
Hyperion. ISBN 1-40130-056-1.
Cooper, Matthew (1978). The German
Army 1933–1945, Its Political and Military
Failure. Mazal Holocaust Collection.
Briarcliff Manor, NY: Stein and Day.
ISBN 0-8128-2468-7.
Costello, John (1991). Ten Days That
Saved the West. London; New York:
Bantam. ISBN 978-0-593-01919-1.
Dildy, Douglas C. (2010). Dunkirk 1940:
Operation Dynamo. Oxford: Osprey.
ISBN 978-1-84603-457-2.
Dunkirk Memorial (http://www.cwgc.org/fin
d-a-cemetery/cemetery/2082800/DUNKIR
K%20MEMORIAL), Commonwealth War
Graves Commission, retrieved
5 September 2019.
Ellis, Major L. F. (2004) [1954]. Butler, J. R.
M. (ed.). The War in France and Flanders
1939–1940 (http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwa
r/UN/UK/UK-NWE-Flanders/). History of
the Second World War United Kingdom
Military Series. Naval & Military Press.
ISBN 978-1-84574-056-6.
English, John (1993). Amazon to Ivanhoe:
British Standard Destroyers of the 1930s.
Kendal, England: World Ship Society.
ISBN 0-905617-64-9.
Fermer, Douglas (2013). Three German
Invasions of France: The Summer
Campaigns of 1870, 1914, and 1940.
Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. ISBN 978-
1-78159-354-7.
Forczyk, Robert (2010). Manstein:
Leadership – Strategy – Conflict. Oxford:
Osprey. ISBN 978-1-84603-221-9.
French, David (2002) [2000]. Raising
Churchill's Army: The British Army and the
War against Germany 1919–1945. New
York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-
0-19-154253-4.
Gardner, W. J. R. (1949). The Evacuation
from Dunkirk: 'Operation Dynamo' 26 May
– 4 June 1940. London: Routledge.
ISSN 1471-0757 (https://www.worldcat.or
g/issn/1471-0757).
Gelb, Norman (1990). Dunkirk: The
Incredible Escape. London: Michael
Joseph. ISBN 0-7181-3203-3.
Gojkovic, Maria (6 August 2017). "Cypriots
among the forgotten troops of Dunkirk -
CyprusBeat" (http://www.cyprusbeat.com/c
ypriots-forgotten-troops-dunkirk/). Cyprus
Beat. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
"Größte Vernichtungschlacht aller Zeiten"
(http://zefys.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/dfg-v
iewer/?set%5Bmets%5D=http%3A%2F%2
Fzefys.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de%2Foai%
2F%3Ftx_zefysoai_pi1%255Bidentifier%2
55D%3D29c0837c-4460-4b48-a88a-f0a47
77ed780). Fehrbelliner Zeitung (in
German). 5 June 1940. Retrieved
8 August 2016.
Guderian, Heinz (2001) [1952]. "Hitler's
momentous order to stop". Panzer Leader.
New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-
306-81101-2.
Hart, B. H. Liddell (1948). The German
Generals Talk. New York: William Morrow.
ISBN 978-0-688-06012-1.
Hinsley, F. H. (1994) [1993]. British
Intelligence in the Second World War: Its
Influence on Strategy and Operations.
History of the Second World War. Abridged
(2nd (rev.) ed.). London: HMSO. ISBN 0-
11-630961-X.
Hitler, Adolf (5 June 1940). "Tagesbefehl
des Fuehrers" (http://zefys.staatsbibliothek
-berlin.de/dfg-viewer/?set%5Bmets%5D=h
ttp%3A%2F%2Fzefys.staatsbibliothek-berl
in.de%2Foai%2F%3Ftx_zefysoai_pi1%25
5Bidentifier%255D%3D097952cb-caef-45
2b-9140-7dfaa0472ba7). Teltower
Kreisblatt (in German). Retrieved 8 August
2016.
Holmes, Richard, ed. (2001). "Dunkirk
evacuation". The Oxford Companion to
Military History. New York: Oxford
University Press. ISBN 0-19-866209-2.
Jackson, Julian (2003). The Fall of France:
The Nazi Invasion of 1940 (https://archive.
org/details/falloffrancenazi00jack). Oxford:
Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-192-
80550-8.
Jackson, Robert (1974). Air War Over
France, 1939-1940. London: Ian Allan.
ISBN 0-7110-0510-9.
Jodl, Alfred, OKW Diary, pp. Volume 40,
section 25.
Kaufmann, J. E.; Kaufmann, H. W. (2007).
Fortress France: The Maginot Line and
French Defenses in World War II.
Stackpole Military History Series.
Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole. ISBN 978-
0-811-73395-3.
Keegan, John (1989). The Second World
War (https://archive.org/details/secondworl
dwar00keeg). New York: Viking. ISBN 0-
670-82359-7.
Lemay, Benoît (2010). Erich von Manstein:
Hitler's Master Strategist. Heyward, Pierce
(trans.). Havertown, PA; Newbury,
Berkshire: Casemate. ISBN 978-1-
935149-26-2.
Liddell Hart, B. H. (1999) [1970]. History of
the Second World War. New York: Da
Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-80912-5.
Longden, Sean (2009). Dunkirk: The Men
They Left Behind. London: Constable and
Robinson. ISBN 978-1-84529-977-4.
Longden, Sean (2005). Hitler's British
Slaves: Allied POWs in Germany 1939–
1945. Gloucestershire: Arris. ISBN 978-1-
84437-060-3.
Looseley, Rhiannon (2005). Le Paradis
apres l'Enfer: the French Soldiers
Evacuated from Dunkirk in 1940 (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20160331174445/htt
p://www.francobritishcouncil.org.uk/publica
tions.php/51/le-paradis-apres-lenfer-the-fre
nch-soldiers-evacuated-from-dunkirk-in-19
40) (MA dissertation History). University of
Reading. 102786495. Archived from the
original (http://www.francobritishcouncil.or
g.uk/publications.php/51/le-paradis-apres-l
enfer-the-french-soldiers-evacuated-from-
dunkirk-in-1940) (online) on 31 March
2016. Retrieved 7 August 2017.
Lord, Walter (1983). The Miracle of
Dunkirk. London: Allen Lane. ISBN 1-
85326-685-X.
McIntyre, Catherine (3 August 2017). "How
Dunkirk's Canadian hero 'fell through the
cracks' of history" (http://www.macleans.c
a/culture/dunkirk-the-canadian-heritage-mi
nute-that-wasnt/). Macleans. Retrieved
15 August 2017.
Melvin, Mungo (2010). Manstein: Hitler's
Greatest General. London: Weidenfeld &
Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-297-84561-4.
Miller, Nathan (1997). War at Sea: A Naval
History of World War II. New York: Oxford
University Press. ISBN 0-19-511038-2.
Mordal, Jacques (1968). Dunkerque (in
French). Paris: Editions France Empire.
OCLC 2192012 (https://www.worldcat.org/
oclc/2192012).
Murray, Williamson; Millett, Allan R.
(2000). A War to Be Won (https://archive.o
rg/details/wartobewonfighti00murr_0).
Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap
Press. ISBN 0-674-00163-X.
Nadeau, Jean-Benoît; Barlow, Julie
(2003). Sixty Million Frenchmen Can't Be
Wrong: Why We Love France But Not the
French (https://archive.org/details/sixtymilli
onfren00nade_0). Sourcebooks:
Naperville, Illinois. ISBN 978-1-4022-0045-
8.
Noakes, J.; Pridham, G., eds. (1988).
Foreign Policy, War and Racial
Extermination. Nazism 1919–1945. 3.
Exeter: University of Exeter Press.
ISBN 978-0-85989-602-3.
Ramsey, B. H. (17 July 1947). "The
Evacuation of the Allied Armies from
Dunkirk and Neighbouring Beaches" (htt
p://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/Londo
nGazette/38017.pdf) (PDF). London
Gazette. London: His Majesty's Stationery
Office: 3295–3318.
Richardson, Matthew (2010). Tigers at
Dunkirk: The Leicestershire Regiment and
the Fall of France. Barnsley: Pen and
Sword. ISBN 978-1-84884-210-6.
Roberts, Andrew (2009). Masters and
Commanders: The Military Geniuses who
Led the West to Victory in World War II.
London: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-141-02926-
9.
Roth, Ariel Ilan (2010). Leadership in
International Relations: The Balance of
Power and the Origins of World War II.
New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-
0-230-10690-1.
Safire, William (2004). Lend Me Your Ears:
Great Speeches in History (https://archive.
org/details/lendmeyourearsgr00safi). New
York: Norton. ISBN 0-393-04005-4.
Shephard, Ben (March 2003). A War of
Nerves: Soldiers and Psychiatrists in the
Twentieth Century. Cambridge: Harvard
University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01119-
9.
Shirer, William L. (1960). The Rise and
Fall of the Third Reich. New York: Simon &
Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-62420-0.
Smith, Peter C (2011). The Junkers Ju 87
Stuka: A Complete History. London: Crecy.
ISBN 978-0-85979-156-4.
Staff. "World War II: Dunkirk Evacuation"
(http://www.britannica.com/event/Dunkirk-e
vacuation). Encyclopædia Britannica.
Retrieved 5 September 2019.
Staff. "The Royal Indian Army Service
Corps" (http://dunkirk1940.org/index.php?
&p=1_412). Dunkirk 1940: The Before,
The Reality, The Aftermath. Dunkirk
1940.org. Retrieved 18 August 2017.
Stewart, Geoffrey (2008). Dunkirk and the
Fall of France. Barnsley: Pen & Sword
Military. ISBN 978-18-44-15803-4.
 Sweeting, Adam (21 May 2010). "Dunkirk:
the soldiers left behind" (https://www.telegr
aph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/7750005/Dun
kirk-the-soldiers-left-behind.html). The
Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 11 January
2016.
"The Association of Dunkirk Little Ships" (h
ttp://www.adls.org.uk/t1/). The Association
of Dunkirk Little Ships. 2010. Retrieved
5 September 2019.
Thompson, Julian (2011) [2008]. Dunkirk:
Retreat to Victory. New York: Arcade.
ISBN 978-1-61145-314-0.
War Diary of Army Group A, pp. Volume
40, section 24.

Further reading
Brooke, Alan (2001) [1957]. Danchev, Alex; Todman, Daniel (eds.). War Diaries 1939–1945:
Field Marshal Lord Alanbrooke. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-23301-
8.
Franks, Norman (1983). The Air Battle of Dunkirk. London: William Kimber. ISBN 0-7183-
0349-0.
Sebag-Montefiore, Hugh (2006). Dunkirk: Fight to the Last Man. New York: Viking. ISBN 0-
670-91082-1.
Weinberg, Gerhard L. (1994). A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II (https://arc
hive.org/details/worldatarmsgloba00wein). New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-
521-44317-2.
Wilmot, Chester (1986). The Struggle for Europe. New York: Carroll & Graf. ISBN 0-88184-
257-5.

External links
Spitfires Join the Fighting – aerial battle over Dunkirk (http://spitfiresite.com/2010/05/battle-o
f-britain-1940-spitfires-join-the-fighting.html)
Official website of Dunkirk memorial and museum (http://www.dynamo-dunkerque.com/)
BBC Archive – Dunkirk Evacuation (https://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/world-war-two--dunkirk-e
vacuation/z4fky9q)
Dunkirk, Operation Dynamo – Battle of Britain 1940 (https://web.archive.org/web/20121006
080927/http://spitfiresite.com/2010/05/battle-of-britain-1940-dunkirk-operation-dynam.html)
Nazis invade France (http://ww2history.com/videos/Western/Nazis_invade_France) Video
analysis on WW2History.com
BBC Archives – J. B. Priestley's 'Postscript' – radio broadcast from 5 June 1940 (https://ww
w.bbc.co.uk/archive/dunkirk/14310.shtml)

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dunkirk_evacuation&oldid=941467544"

This page was last edited on 18 February 2020, at 19:27 (UTC).

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using
this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia
Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.