Chapter 2

2.1:Comparison of Both IPv4 and IPv6

The table below is showing the comparison of both the version
IPv6 and IPv4 where IPv6 has the best performance and
advantages over IPv4. Some of the advantages and
disadvantages of IPv4 and IPv6 are identified in figure 5.

IPv4 IPv6
Source and Destination Source and Destination address

address is 32 bit in length. is 128 bit in length.

IPSec support is optional IPSec Support is compulsory

No Identification of payload Identification of pay load for

for QoS handling by routers QoS handling by the routers is

is present within IPv4 also included in IPv6 header

header. using the Flow Label Filed.

Fragmentation is supported Fragmentation is only

at both router and sending supported at sending host.

host.

Header includes checksum. Header does not include

It must be calculated at checksum. It relays on other

every intervening router. layers to find errors.

Header includes options. All optional data is moved to

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Potential of inefficient use of IPv6 extension header.

header bits.

Address resolution Protocol ARP Request frames are

(ARP) Broadcasts an ARP replaced with multicast

request to resolve an IPv4 Neighbour Solicitation

address to the link layer. messages.

ICMP Router discovery is ICMPv4 router discovery is

used to determine the IPv4 replaced with ICMPv6 router

Address of the best default Solicitation and Router

gate way. Advertisement.

Broadcast addresses are There are no IPv6 broadcast

used to send traffic to all addresses

devices and subnets.

Must be configured either Dose not needs manual

manually or through DHCP. configuration or DHCP.

Uses host address (A) Uses host address (A A A)

resource record in DNS to resource record in the DNS to

map hostnames to IPv4 map host names to the IPv6

address. Address.

Figure [5]
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2.2 IPv6 Transmission Mechanism
Many transition mechanisms are made to allow data to
communicate between different Internet Protocols (IP) this is to
give the network the option to be upgraded to be more efficient.
There are some old network devices that are not IPv6 qualified
which means they will have to use a Transmission Mechanism
in order to talk to networks that are on IPv6. The aim for all
networkers that are helping move all devices in an IPv6 network
is to change all the devices that can’t support IPv6 to ones that
are IPv6 enabled.
For IPv4 networks that are migrating to IPv6, the biggest issue
stands to be the interoperability. It is impossible to upgrade the
entire inheritance network infrastructure for example routers,
protocols stack and more. It can’t be done just because we are
now using IPv6 it will be very harmful to organisations if
suddenly all protocols change and they no longer have access to
the Internet. Furthermore it will also be unrealistic to upgrade
every protocol and router due to time consumption and high cost
for upgrading the whole system. One of the solutions to that is
using translation mechanisms/methods, this would be a more
relevant way to solving the problems without interrupting the
current network scenario IPv4.
Orgenisation and end-users who are using IPv4 address
togeather with NAT are not likely to deply IPv6 within there
network systems. Aslong as there is a way to generate IPv4
addresses most end-users that are using IPv4 will not be
deploying IPv6. In order for orgenisations or end-users to
intragate IPv4 and IPv6 there are sevrak mechanisems that are
mentiond below.

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2.2.1: Dual stack approach
Dual stack approach is one of the mechanisms that can be used
to adapt IPv4 and IPv6. Dual stack upholds two protocol stacks
that operate in a similar level with one another, therefore it
permit’s devices/workstations to operate via either protocol IPv6
or IPv4. Dual stack is able to be applied in both network devices
and end systems, further more within the end system it enables
both protocols IPv4 and IPv6 applications to work on the same
node/device. In duals stacking the host is able to send and
receive both IPv4 and IPv6 data-grams. Dual stack would be the
easiest translation mechanism to be implemented, however it
can be a rather complex when it comprises of numerous
infrastructures and the cost of can be higher due to the more
complex system and technologies. It would be easier to
implement between two communications devices as the
complexity will not be as high, however it will not be very
effective in handling a very complex infrastructure due to its
increase in size. A networks complexity will be at high cost due
to the technology being very high-tech and the mechanism will
find it more difficult to process.
In a dual stacking environment the implementations of IPv6
devices would have complete IPv4 incorporated within the
devices which is also referred to being IPv4 and IPv6 nods as
they are both have combined data frames in order to
communicate with each other. Dual stack end system will give
applications the chance to migrate one at a time from IPv4 to an
IPv6 network transport layer. Furthermore applications that have
not been upgraded to support IPv6 can also coexist with the
other application devices that are already in IPv6 and on the
same end system.

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Figure [5] shows the new and the old upgraded applications, in
the old applications IPv6 is not able to communicate with IPv4
but when dual stack is used it will make it possible for both IPv4
and IPv6 to communicate with each other this is because a new
application interface has been defined for both IP protocols and
DNS. When using dual stack, protocols stack all the requests so
that they are available for the address to the destination host
name from a DNS server. Then the DNS server will come out
with a reply that will include all the available addresses to the
application. The application will then chose the network
Protocol IPv6 as its default address and connect the source
device the destination that is using IPv6 protocol stack. [19]

Old Application New Application

TCP UDP TCP UDP

IPv4 IPv6 IPv4 IPv6

Data Link (Ethernet) Data Link (Ethernet)

Figure 5

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2.2.2: Tunnelling Transition mechanism
In networking terms, tunnelling means enabling a new
networking function while still leaving the fundamental network
without changing anything. There are many reasons why a
network may need the tunnelling mechanism, for example, one
of the reasons would to carry a payload to network systems that
are not incapable to deliver information over an unfinished
delivery network, or to provide a secure path to networks that
are not trusted. IPv6 tunnelling allows hosts plus routers to
connect by means extra IPv6 hosts and routers over the current
IPv4 Internet connection. The main reason of having IPv6
tunnelling is to imbed IPv6 as well as make upholding as well as
make sure that it is still well-matched with large current base of
IPv4 hosts and routers. The IPv6 tunnelling compresses IPv6
datagrams inside IPv4 packets.

2.2.3: How doTransmission Mechanism effect

network Performance
The effects of networks translation can very, as some times they
do not work when translating from one IP to another can have a
massive effect on the network performance for IPv4 and IPv6.
In order to improve the address space and save people from
changing addresses the address translation is used by networkers
or otherwise all the people on an IPv4 network can only
communicate with IPv4 users, there for by introducing network
translation mechanisms networkers are preventing the struggle
to changing all IPv4 users to IPv6 and this will be very pricy
indeed so company’s much prefer IPv4 as its been implemented
in over a billion networks there for they don’t have to get the
equipment that support IPv6 as most networks in the UK,USA
and some European country’s run on IPv4.

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2.3 Introduction Qos (Quality of Service)
Quality of service (QoS) is a service that is within routers and
switches it’s designed to prioritise traffic so that the traffic that
is important can pass through the network first. The result that
you get from using QOS is a performance improvement of
critical traffic within a network. QOS Technology which uses
numerous of techniques to cause destructive effects of
congestion in packet-switching networks. Congestions with a
network and the queues are features that are generic on a packet
switched network, the packet switching principle undertakes the
occurrence of buffers on the input and output of the interfaces of
routers and switches. One of the main mechanisms in QOS
(Quality of Service) is packet buffering which ensures that
network traffic e.g. computers data being sent in a network,
ensures a greater performance of some of packet switching,
compared to the circuit switching networks where it does not
support buffering.
Packet buffering was one of the main features in packet-
switching networks in general; it’s made for IP networks in
general particularly for connecting computers. Furthermore
queues also mean random and unpredictable delays in packet
transmission across the network, the main cause of
complications for delay-sensitivity would be traffic.
The fast evolutionary development of time-sensitive application
are popular today especially VoIP (Voice over IP) and video
conferencing, and applications such as skype are being used in
daily life as well as offices to improve the wellbeing of a
company and personal life. This is why QOS will be used allot
so that the important data like communicating over the internet

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will involve queuing which mean that your call will be more
important than loading a page on the browser. Furthermore
that’s why the development of the tools which can to some
degree reimburse for the destructive effects of queuing-at the
same time of course it will keep all the positive effects as well
as try and get rid of the negative effects as all now in life
everything has a risk in networking and so does some of the
QOS features. At the moment in time there are two ways to fix
problems of packets that are congested in a switched network.
1) The first way would be positioning the QoS across the
network selection from the computer network: Principles,
Technologies and Protocols for Network Design.

2) Using overprovisioned network services, where all parts of

the network are significantly under-loaded. There for there
will be no Network congestion or long queues.
Each one of these approaches has their own advantage and
disadvantage. Overprovisioned services make the network
simple but have been proven to be wistful as 60 to 70% of the
network resources are not being used and being wasted when the
performance of the network could be to its best potential. But
under the conditions that are provided the best effort service on
a standard network is good enough for all the applications
including time sensitive applications.
Which means by introducing QoS (Quality of Service) on a
network it can increases the usage of the resources to
approximately 90 to 95%, it will do this by redeploying current
networks assets between applications according to the
requirements of the network. The resources of networks are
spread by using individual queues within the routers/switch for
each type of application, and allocating each queue a secure and
assured a part of the router’s assets during mobbed times. [21]

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2.3.1: How QoS Improves Performance IPv4
and IPv6

Queuing schemes in IPv4 and IPv6 provide predictable network

service by providing dedicated bandwidth, controlled jitter and
latency, and improved packet loss characteristics.
The basic idea is to pre-allocate resources (e.g., processor and
buffer space) for sensitive data. Each of the following schemes
require customized configuration of output interface queues.

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