RATIFICATION PAGE

Complete report of basic biology experiment with title “Lazarro

Spallanzani” that arranged by:
Name : Imranah
Reg. Number : 131 344 0011
Class : ICP Chemistry A
Group : II
After checked and consulted by assistant and assistant coordinator. So, this
report was accepted

Makassar, November 30th 2013

Assistant Coordinator Assistant

Aswal Salewangeng Hariyadi Muharram

ID. 111 404 0003 ID. 111 404 0158

Known,
Lecturer of Laboratory

Dr. Hj. Andi Asmawati Azis, M.Si

ID. 19640307 198903 2 001
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

A. Background
We often find new things to happen and then people assume it happens
suddenly or may be derived from different objects in the vicinity. For example, a
scientist considers that there are fish from the mud , where he found the fish , and
so on.
The question " what is life " and " Where the origin of life " are matter of
centuries. Aristoteles ( 384-322 BC ) argued that living things come from
nonliving matter that occur spontaneously. This argument is known as the theory
of abiogenesis or spontaneous generation theory. Some experts have made great
efforts to do research on the views spontanae generation , including Frencesco
Redi , Lazarro Spallanzani ( both Italian nationals ) and Louis Pasteur ( French
nationality ).
In the end, appeared a few scientists or researchers who oppose the theory
of abiogenesis and sparked a new theory is the theory of biogenesis, one of which
was pioneered by Lazzaro Spallanzani who say that living things come from
living things before.
This theory was proven by Lazzaro Spallanzani through experiments
through the broth, which we will prove at trial Lazzaro Spallanzani also this time .
With experiments to be performed, assist us in solving biological problems ,
particularly the origin of life .
The above exposition depicts the scientists responsible conduct towards
the initiation theory to show that his theory is correct , than it does for a trial
against another theory , which is considered untrue . Attitudes such as these ,
students can obey , the attitude of responsibility toward something we say or we
do in this life . Because of this , the lab performed Lazzaro Spallanzani 's
 experiments , so that the learners can follow the logic and the steps how scientists
prove that the theory was initiated.
B. Purpose
The purpose of the experiment is to give chance to the collegian to follow
the mindset and steps that ever been done by scientist in solving biology problem,
especially to answer the question.
C. Benefit
The benefit of the experiment are collegians can make decision and get the
root of life correctly according to the observation result and to prove the truth of
the theory of biogenesis via Lazzaro Spallanzani experiment.
 CHAPTER II
PREVIEW OF LITERATUR

The question " where did life " , has tried to answer with a variety of theories
and experiments. Among them are dubious truth Spallanzani experiment Abiogenesis
theory ( generatio Spontaneous ) of Aristoteles ( Lecturerer Team, 2010)
The emergence of the notion that life happens by itself spontaneously (
generatio spontaneous ), better known as the theory of abiogenesis occurred in this
period. This assumption then got a great enough challenge from the biologists in the
future. People who strenuously defended the theory of abiogenesis them is John
Needham (1713-1781), he has been experimenting with the cooked meat and
observed that there are microorganisms in the beginning of the experiment and
concluded that the bodies come from meat. For several years the theory of
abiogenesis is accepted by the experts at the time, but some time later many
biologists, chemists, medical and other experts who disagree with the theory.
Francesco Redi (1626-1697) an Italian medical expert tried to prove the incorrectness
of the opinion Spontaneous generation by making experiments whose results declared
that small animals ( flies ) that appears on a variety of substrates derived from eggs
laid its parent . An expert is Lazzaro Spallanzani other Italy (1729-1799) conducted a
series of experiments to include the substrate in the form of organic compounds into
the bottle gourd , the top of the bottle sealed and then heated ( so sterile ) . Having
saved some time , it turns out that the substrate is not heated ( as a control ) that
becomes rotten and covered with various microorganisms life . Furthermore, a French
chemist with resilient conducting a series of experiments to refute the theory of
abiogenesis is Louis Pasteur ( 1822-1895 ) . Pasteur performed experiments with the
designing tool flask equipped with a long tube -shaped goose neck . He prepared
broth is a liquid nutrient solution and then put it in a flask , previously heated first.
After it left some of the old and the air without any treatment and without being
filtered out of the pumpkin.( Kusnadi , 2003)
a. Francesco Redi Experiment (1626 - 1697)
Francesco Redi was an Italian physician . He did experiments to show
that worms did not appear by itself on rotting flesh , but from the eggs of
flies. In the first experiment in 1668, Redi using two slices of fresh meat and
two jars. I filled the jar with a piece of flesh and hermetically sealed.
Meanwhile, the second jar filled with slices of meat and left open. (Hamdi,
2013).
After several days, the state of the meat on both jars were observed.
The result, in the second jar and decomposing flesh in the flesh there are
many larvae. F. Redi concluded that the larvae did not come from rotting
meat, but is derived from the incoming flies then lay eggs on kerakan meat
and eggs hatch into larvae. (Hamdi, 2013)
The results of these experiments received criticism from the scientists
followers of the theory of abiogenesis. The rebuttal is life in a jar I can not
occur because the jars were closed so there was no contact with air. As a
result, there is no vitality in it. (Hamdi, 2013)
To answer the objection, Redi conduct a second experiment, which put
flesh on the jars covered gauze so that the relationship is still going on the
air, but the flies can not enter . The experimental results show that the cutouts
rotting meat, the meat is found little larvae , and the gauze lid found more
larvae. Redi concluded that the larvae did not come from rotting meat, but
came from a fly sitting on gauze and some egg falls on the meat. (Hamdi,
2013)
b . Lazzaro Spallanzani experiment (1729 - 1799)
Spallanzani experiment in principle the same as Redi experiment, but
the material used is the broth .
Pumpkin I: filled with 70 cc of broth, then heated 15 º C and left open.
 Pumpkin II : filled with 70 cc of broth, then sealed with a cork stopper,
and heated and at regional meetings with cork mouth smeared wax gourd can
be more tightly. The second flask was placed in the open and cooled. After a
few days later, the experimental results showed that :
Pumpkin I: there is a change, the broth becomes cloudy and smells
bad, and many contain microbes .
Pumpkin II : no change at all, the water remains clear and without
microbes. However, if left open for longer there are many microbes.
With the microscope it appears that the broth from the flask I and II
contained microorganisms pumpkin. Spallanzani concluded that the
emergence of life is only possible if there has been a previous life. (Hamdi,
2013)
Thus, the existing microorganisms and dispersed in the air. Abiogenesis
supporters objected to the experimental results Spallanzani, because the air is
necessary for the entry into force of spontaneous generation. Meanwhile,
understand the biogenesis assume that it is a source of air contamination.
(Hamdi, 2013)
c . Louis Pasteur's experiments
People who strengthens theory Biogenesis and Abiogenesis theory to
subvert tersanggahkan no longer is Louis Pasteur (1822 - 1895) a French
biochemist. Pasteur performed experiments refinement of experiments
conducted Spallanzani. (Hamdi, 2013)
In the experiments, Pasteur using broth and tube -necked swans.
Experiments are as follows :
1 ) Bouillon put goose-necked flask . Pumpkin is used in order to
maintain the relationship between the pumpkin with the outside
air. Subsequently, the flask was heated to sterilize broth of
microorganism.
 2 ) Once cool , the flask is placed in a safe place . Because the shape of
the pipe like a swan , air from outside can enter into the flask and
attached at the base of his neck .
So that the air that goes into the air is sterile flask. So, in this
experiment there is such vitality in question are certainly
Abiogenesis. After standing for some days, the broth remains clear
and does not contain microorganism.
3 ) Pumpkin broth containing crystal clear water, then broken his neck
so that the broth in contact with outside air directly. After a few
days left, the broth becomes rotten and contains many
microorganisms.
Conclusion of Pasteur experiments are microorganisms that exist in
broth instead of water coming from the liquid ( inanimate matter ), but from
microorganisms contained in the air. Microorganisms that exist in the air into
the flask together with dust. (Hamdi, 2013)
According to Hamdi (2013), Based on the experimental results, and
the Abiogenesis Theory tumbanglah appear biogenesis theory which states
that :
a) Omne ex ovo vivum, meaning that every living thing comes from
an egg.
b) Ova Omne ex vivo , meaning that any eggs derived from living
things.
c) vivum Omne ex vivo , meaning that every living thing came from
living things as well
The latest developments in the field of abiogenesis has spawned many
theories , hypotheses and models . The author just pulled some recent discoveries
(2011) in this field as a recognition of how the actual spontaneous generation or
abiogenesis now. The research team led by Sandra Pizzarello, a research professor
from Arizona State University, discovered a large amount of ammonia in a primitive
Antarctic asteroid . High concentrations of ammonia may be an important source of
nitrogen deduction for the chemistry of life. All theory must explain the origin of life
on what causes the reduced nitrogen in the emerging life. Reduced nitrogen itself has
explained, because nitrogen is used for the manufacture of amino acids and nucleic
bases. These findings suggest the possibility that the asteroid is a supply of molecules
to form living things from non-living beings on our Earth ancient times. With the
existence of the asteroid, the base material can lead to a reduction of nitrogen
molecular evolution and newness of life. (Evy, 2011).
Applied physicists were also entered in the arena of solving the mystery of
abiogenesis. The team of researchers from the School of Engineering and Applied
Sciences at Harvard, Princeton successfully demonstrated the formation of a semi-
permeable chambers of inorganic clay. This is important because the semipermeable
chambers provide a suitable environment for the development of primitive cells as
can be at the same location entrance selective chemical catalysts ( reaction speed ). In
other words, Harvard scientists discovered one suspect has been an important process
in the formation of the chain of living things from inanimate matter. When the normal
chemical processes take millions or billions of years in order to change from
nonliving into life, probably in the semi- permeable chambers, the living creature to
appear faster . (Evy, 2011)

Spontaneous generation is not a theory or hypothesis, it is a logical

consequence that inevitably have to be accepted as the origin of life must have no
life. If not, he was not home at all, because the origin of the object to be certainly
different from the object itself. Saying that spontaneous generation has fallen as well
say I do not understand why soap does not come from the soap, the soap comes from
soap, and forever will be from the soap. But such circumstances, ordinary people are
always more than scientists, the scientists were forced to change the term into
abiogenesis spontaneous generation. Moreover, hey, it was short and did not make a
call when the twisted tongue. (Evy, 2011)
 CHAPTER III
EXPERIMENT METHOD

a. Time and Place

a. Day/Date : Friday/22nd of November 2013
b. Time : 04.00 p.m, - 05.30 p.m.
c. Place : Biology Green House of FMIPA UNM
b. Equipments and Materials
1. Equipments
a. 3 reaction tubes
b. A rack of reaction tube
c. 2 stoppers
d. A spiritus burner
e. A wood clamp
2. Materials
a. 40 ml Broth
b. A candle
c. Work Procedure
1. Filled all the tubes with 10 ml of broth.
2. In tube I, just let it opened without a treatment.
3. In tube II, closed it by using stopper and drop the melting of candle among the
mouth of tube and the stopper.
4. In tube III, boiled the broth by using spiritus burner for 2 minutes, let it opened
(without stopper).
5. In tube IV, boiled the broth by using spiritus burner for 2 minutes, closed it by
using stopper and drop the melting of candle among the mouth of tube and the
stopper rapidly.
6. Put all the experiment tubes in the rack of reaction tube and store it on the
work table, avoided it from the animal disturbance, direct sun shine, and the
other heat source.
7. Did the observation and recording every day for 5 days.

CHAPTER IV
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
A. Observation Result

1st Tube 2nd Tube 3rd Tube 4th Tube

Days
S S C F S S C F S S C F S S C F

0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

2 + + - - - - + - - - + - - - - -

3 + + + - + + + - + + + - - - + -

4 ++ + + - + + + - + + + - + - + -

S = Sediment Note : - = No Change

S = Smell + = Little Change
C = Color ++ = Few Changes
F = Foam +++ = Lot of Changes
B. Discussion
1. First tube (did not be given a treatment)
Since the experiment until the first day, there was not a change. In the
second day there were changes in smell and sediment appear. In the next day,
there were changes in smell and color, and also sediment appearance. In the
last day, we could see few changes in sediment form, smell and sediment
appearance.
2. Second tube (closed by stopper)
Since the experiment until the first day, there was not a change. In the
second day there was a changes in color. In the next day, the broth seems
turbid, sediment appear and there was a little changes in smell. In the last day,
we could see a little change in smell and sediment appearance.
3. Third tube (boiled)
Since the experiment until the first day, there was not a change. In the
second day there was a changes in color. In the third day, the broth seems
turbid, sediment appear and there was a changes in smell. In the last day, we
could see a change in sediment form and a little smell, it had same chnges
with the second tube.
4. Fourth tube (boiled and closed by stopper)
Since the experiment until the second day, there was not a change. In
the third day there was a little change in color, there were not smell, sediment
and foam. Finally, in the last day we could see a little change in sediment
form and smell.
 CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion
According to the experiment, we can conclude that the living thing is come
from the living thing before. The color changes of the broth is caused by microbe
attendance, the microbe may be has been there or it can be come from the free air.
From this experiment we can prove that the living thing is come from the living
thing before, not just appear spontaneously.
B. Suggestion
1. We suggest that the the cleanliness of laboratory can be kept.
2. Assistant must keep an eye to all the apprentice because sometimes there only
some active apprentices.
3. Laboratory must prepare more equipment so that all the collegian can do the
experiment without queue.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Kusnadi, dkk. 2003. Mikrobiologi. Bandung : Jurusan Pendidikan Biologi

FMIPA UPI

. Amdah, Misdar. 2011. Percobaan Lazarro Spallanzani.

http://blognaghgeo.blogspot.com/, (Accesed on Friday, 29th of November
2013).

Tim Pengajar. 2013. Penuntun Praktikum Biologi Umum. Jurusan Biologi

Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam Universitas Negeri
Makassar, Makassar

Siscawati, Evy. 2011. Generatio Spontanea.

http://www.faktailmiah.com/2011/03/10/generatio-spontanea.html
(Accesed on Friday, 29th of November 2013).

Hamdi, Hafizul. 2013. Teori Asal Usul Kehidupan.

http://www.sibarasok.com/2013/04/teori-asal-usul-kehidupan.html.
(Accesed on Friday, 29th of November 2013).
 ATTACHMENT

Answer the question:

1. The cause of the change is due broth test tube is open so that the broth mikoba
of contaminated air into the broth so that there is a foul odor that makes the
existence of living beings.
2. Living things that cause changes in the broth is derived from decay as a result
of air contamination .
3. Changes in tube I, II and III are:
a. Tube I was not heated and not closed so immediately get contaminated
with microbes because of the air.
b . Tube II is not heated but is closed but there is still microbial activity.
c . III tube is heated and not closed, no microbes from environmental
influences.
4. Tubes are not menglami discoloration IV tube that is heated and covered ,
because heating is given so mikriba die and the tube was closed so it can not
be contaminated by the environment.
5. In broth that is not heated or closed in the first tube , there may be new ones
because of the contamination of the air.
6. Experiments were carried out very clearly to refute the opinion of
Spontaneous generation theory ( Abiogenesis ) . Because contrary to the
theory which proposes that life originated from inanimate objects that can
spontaneously arise as a result of lifestyle.