Tachyon Motorsport RCDC 2019 Calculations

CALCULATIONS
Contents
1. CHASSIS CALCULATION ................................................................................................................... 3
1.1 Front Impact .................................................................................................................................. 3
1.2 Rear Impact ................................................................................................................................... 4
1.3 Right Impact .................................................................................................................................. 4
1.4 Left Impact .................................................................................................................................... 5
1.5 Roll Over ........................................................................................................................................ 6
2. SUSPENSION CALCULATION ............................................................................................................ 7
2.1 The vehicular dimension required for suspension calculation ..................................................... 7
2.2 Dynamic loading of the car ........................................................................................................... 7
2.3 Stiffness at the center of the tire 𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺 ....................................................................................... 8
2.4 To find Spring stiffness .................................................................................................................. 9
2.5 Motion Ratio ................................................................................................................................. 9
2.6 Front suspension geometry ........................................................................................................ 10
2.7 Rear suspension geometry.......................................................................................................... 10
3. BRAKE CALCULATION .................................................................................................................... 11
3.1 The brake pedal........................................................................................................................... 11
3.2 The master cylinder .................................................................................................................... 11
3.3 Brake fluid, brake pipes and hoses ............................................................................................. 12
3.4 The calliper, Part I ....................................................................................................................... 12
3.5 The calliper, Part II ...................................................................................................................... 13
3.6 The brake pads ............................................................................................................................ 13
3.7 The rotor ..................................................................................................................................... 13
3.8 The tire ........................................................................................................................................ 14
3.9 Deceleration of a vehicle in motion ............................................................................................ 15
3.10 Kinematics relationships of vehicles experiencing deceleration .............................................. 15
3.11 Determining parameters related to vehicle static weight distribution .................................... 16
3.12 Dynamic impacts of vehicles experiencing deceleration .......................................................... 17
3.13 Frictional forces between the road and tire ............................................................................. 18
3.14 Total torque generated ......................................................................................................... 20
4. STEERING CALCULATION REPORT ................................................................................................. 21
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TACHYON MOTORSPORT – JSSATE BANGALORE
4.1 MIN TURNING RADIUS: ............................................................................................................... 21
4.2 INWARD STEER ANGLE: ............................................................................................................... 22
4.3 OUTWARD STEER ANGLE: ........................................................................................................... 22
4.4 ACKERMANN ANGLE ................................................................................................................... 23
4.5 TOTAL STEERING ANGLE ............................................................................................................. 23
4.6 TOTAL ANGLE TURNED BY STEERING WHEEL ............................................................................. 23
4.7 STEERING RATIO .......................................................................................................................... 24
4.8 STEERING GEOMETRY ................................................................................................................. 24
4.9 TORQUE ON STEERING WHEEL ................................................................................................... 25
4.10 FORCE ON RACK ........................................................................................................................ 25
4.11 TORQUE ON WHEEL .................................................................................................................. 25
4.12 TORQUE ON CASTOR................................................................................................................. 26
4.13 TORQUE ON KPI ........................................................................................................................ 26
4.14 TOTAL TORQUE ......................................................................................................................... 26
5. POWERTRAIN CALCULATIONS ...................................................................................................... 27
CALCULATION OF TOTAL DRAG: ....................................................................................................... 27
5.1 Rolling resistance (𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭) ............................................................................................................... 27
5.2 Gradient resistance (𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭)............................................................................................................ 27
5.3 Aerodynamic drag 𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭 ................................................................................................................. 27
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1. CHASSIS CALCULATION
Ultimate strength of the material, 𝜎𝜎𝑢𝑢 = 4 ∗ 108 𝑁𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

Mass of the chassis, 𝑚𝑚 = 157 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
Approximate mass of the car, 𝑤𝑤 = 610 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
Total force to be applied,
𝐹𝐹 = 4 ∗ 𝑤𝑤 ∗ 𝑔𝑔
𝐹𝐹 = 4 ∗ 610 ∗ 9.81
𝐹𝐹 = 23950 𝑁𝑁
1.1 Front Impact
Sl. STRESSES VALUES

No ( 𝐍𝐍/𝐦𝐦𝟐𝟐 ) Number of nodes, 𝑖𝑖 = 6
1. Axial 8.042 ∗ 106
𝐹𝐹
2. Bending in Direction 1 3.299 ∗ 107 Force to be applied on each node, 𝐹𝐹𝑖𝑖 =
𝑖𝑖
3. Bending in Direction 2 5.552 ∗ 107
4. Upper Bound Axial and 7.558 ∗ 107 23950
𝐹𝐹𝑖𝑖 = = 3990 𝑁𝑁
Bending 6
5. Torsion 3.539 ∗ 107
6. Shear in direction 1 1.180 ∗ 107
𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈 = 7.558 ∗ 107 𝑁𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

𝜎𝜎𝑢𝑢
𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 =
𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈
3.7 ∗ 108
7.558 ∗ 107
𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 = 4.89
Where,
𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈 = 𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆
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𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 = 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆
𝐹𝐹𝑖𝑖 = 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒ℎ 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛
1.2 Rear Impact
Sl. STRESSES VALUES

1. Axial 1.113 ∗ 107
𝐹𝐹
𝑖𝑖
𝐹𝐹𝑖𝑖 = = 3420 𝑁𝑁
Bending 7
5. Torsion 2.225 ∗ 106

𝜎𝜎𝑢𝑢
3.7 ∗ 108
0.6589 ∗ 108
Where,
1.3 Right Impact
Sl. STRESSES VALUES

1. Axial 1.06 ∗ 107
𝐹𝐹
𝑖𝑖
𝐹𝐹𝑖𝑖 = = 4800 𝑁𝑁
Bending 5
5. Torsion 2.21 ∗ 106
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𝜎𝜎𝑢𝑢
3.7 ∗ 108
1.401 ∗ 108
Where,
1.4 Left Impact
Sl. STRESSES VALUES

1. Axial 1.437 ∗ 107
𝐹𝐹
𝑖𝑖
𝐹𝐹𝑖𝑖 = = 4800 𝑁𝑁
Bending 5
5. Torsion 5.366 ∗ 106

𝜎𝜎𝑢𝑢
3.7 ∗ 108
1.228 ∗ 108
Where,
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1.5 Roll Over
Sl. STRESSES VALUES

1. Axial 1.621 ∗ 107
𝐹𝐹
𝑖𝑖
𝐹𝐹𝑖𝑖 = = 5990 𝑁𝑁
Bending 4
5. Torsion 1.592 ∗ 106

𝜎𝜎𝑢𝑢
3.7 ∗ 108
8.949 ∗ 107
Where,
𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 = 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 𝑜𝑜𝑓𝑓 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆
We have considered FOS as 2.6 as the maximum stress on the body is in its most critical
point.
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2. SUSPENSION CALCULATION
2.1 The vehicular dimension required for suspension calculation
Sl. No PARTICULARS DIMENSIONS (in inches)

1. Wheel travel 8
2. Spring travel 6
3. Front lower a-arm length 20.338
4. Rear lower a-arm length 13.046
2.2 Dynamic loading of the car
Sl. No PARTS STATIC LOADS (in kg)

1. Chassis 157
2. Engine 150
3. Suspension 15
4. Steering 20
5. Fluids 30
6. Driver and navigator 200
7. Body panel 20
8. Miscellaneous 18
TOTAL 610
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 1°/𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖ℎ
1
𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 =
tan(𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶)
1
𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 =
tan(1)
𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇 = 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓. 𝟑𝟑 𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊
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2.3 Stiffness at the center of the tire (𝑺𝑺𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 )
Case 1: When all the load of car is action on one wheel (maximum condition)
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
𝑆𝑆𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 =
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑤𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
610
8
(𝑺𝑺𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 )𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝐤𝐤𝐤𝐤/𝐢𝐢𝐢𝐢
Case 2: When all the load gets equally distributed to all wheels (Minimum condition)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑤𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 ∗ 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑤𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
610
8∗4
(𝑺𝑺𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 )𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌/𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊
𝑙𝑙1
We know that, leverage, 𝐿𝐿 =
𝑙𝑙2
𝑊𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 =
𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
8
6=
𝑙𝑙1
𝑙𝑙2
6
𝑙𝑙2 = ∗ 𝑙𝑙
8 1
For front,
6
8 1
6
𝑙𝑙2 = ∗ 20.338
8
𝒍𝒍𝟐𝟐 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊
For rear,
6
8 1
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6
𝑙𝑙2 = ∗ 13.046
8
𝒍𝒍𝟐𝟐 = 𝟗𝟗. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊
𝑙𝑙1
Leverage, 𝐿𝐿 =
𝑙𝑙2
Where, 𝑙𝑙1 = Front lower a-arm length,
𝑙𝑙2 = Distance between end of the arm to the spring mounting point
20.338
𝐿𝐿 =
15.2535
𝑳𝑳 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑
2.4 To find Spring stiffness

Spring stiffness = 𝑆𝑆𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 ∗ 𝐿𝐿
Case 1: Considering, (𝑺𝑺𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 )𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌/𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 Spring stiffness = 76.25 ∗ 1.33
𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴 𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌/𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊
𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴 𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝑵𝑵/𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎
Case 2: Considering, (𝑺𝑺𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 )𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟐 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌/𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊

Maximum Spring stiffness = 19.062 ∗ 1.33
𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴 𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌/𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊
𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴 𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 = 𝟗𝟗. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝑵𝑵/𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎
2.5 Motion Ratio
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 =
𝑤𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇
6
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 =
8
𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴 𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕
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2.6 Front suspension geometry
18.013 15.000
IC
14° 6.316
23°
20.338
57.300
All dimensions are inInches
2.7 Rear suspension geometry
11.967 IC
31.000
19.000
31°
38°
8.085
13.046
57.300
All dimensions are inInches
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3. BRAKE CALCULATION
3.1 The brake pedal

The brake pedal exists to multiply the force exerted by the driver’s foot. From
elementary statics, the force increase will be equal to the driver’s applied force
multiplied
by the lever ratio of the brake pedal assembly:
𝐿𝐿1
𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 = 𝐹𝐹𝑑𝑑 ∗
𝐿𝐿2
7
𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 = 600 ∗
1
𝑭𝑭𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃 = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒
where,
• 𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 = the force output of the brake pedal assembly
• 𝐹𝐹𝑑𝑑 = the force applied to the pedal pad by the driver

• 𝐿𝐿1 = the distance from the brake pedal arm pivot to the output rod clevis
attachment
• 𝐿𝐿2 = the distance from the brake pedal arm pivot to the brake pedal pad
3.2 The master cylinder

Assuming incompressible liquids and infinitely rigid hydraulic vessels, the pressure
generated by the master cylinder will be equal to:
𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
𝑃𝑃𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 =
𝐴𝐴𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
4200
𝑃𝑃𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 =
0.000286
𝑷𝑷𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔
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where,
• 𝑃𝑃𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = the hydraulic pressure generated by the master cylinder
• 𝐴𝐴𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = the effective area of the master cylinder hydraulic piston
3.3 Brake fluid, brake pipes and hoses

Assuming 20% loss along the length of the brake lines, the pressure transmitted to the
callipers will be equal to:
𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 0.8 ∗ 𝑃𝑃𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 0.8 ∗ 14.69
𝑷𝑷𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴
where,
•𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = the hydraulic pressure transmitted to the calliper
3.4 The calliper, Part I

The one-sided linear mechanical force generated by the calliper will be equal to:
𝐹𝐹𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 ∗ 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐

𝐹𝐹𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 11.75 ∗ 0.000506
𝑭𝑭𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 = 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝑵𝑵
where,
• 𝐹𝐹𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = the one-sided linear mechanical force generated by the calliper
• 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = the effective area of the calliper hydraulic piston(s) found on one half
of the calliper body.
Total force on the calliper is given by,

𝐹𝐹𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 2 ∗ 𝐹𝐹𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝐹𝐹𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 2 ∗ 5954.56
𝑭𝑭𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝑵𝑵
12 | P a g e
Where,
•𝐹𝐹𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = Total force on the calliper
3.5 The calliper, Part II

The clamping force will be equal to, in theory, twice the linear mechanical force as
follows:
𝐹𝐹𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 2 ∗ 𝐹𝐹𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝐹𝐹𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 2 ∗ 11909.128
𝑭𝑭𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝑵𝑵
where,
• 𝐹𝐹𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = the clamp force generated by the calliper
3.6 The brake pads

The clamping force causes friction which acts normal to this force and tangential to
the plane of the rotor. The friction force is given by:
𝐹𝐹𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 𝐹𝐹𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 ∗ 𝜇𝜇𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
𝐹𝐹𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 23818.256 ∗ 0.46
𝑭𝑭𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝑵𝑵
where,
• 𝐹𝐹𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = the frictional force generated by the brake pads opposing the rotation of
the rotor
• 𝜇𝜇𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 = the coefficient of friction between the brake pad and the rotor
3.7 The rotor

This torque is related to the brake pad frictional force as follows:
𝑇𝑇𝑟𝑟 = 𝐹𝐹𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 × 𝑅𝑅𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
𝑇𝑇𝑟𝑟 = 10956.39 ∗ 0.0973

𝑻𝑻𝒓𝒓 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵
13 | P a g e
where,
• 𝑇𝑇𝑟𝑟 = the torque generated by the rotor
• 𝑅𝑅𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = the effective radius (effective moment arm) of the rotor (measured from the
rotor centre of rotation to the centre of pressure of the calliper pistons)
The torque will be constant throughout the entire rotating assembly as follows:
𝑻𝑻𝒕𝒕 = 𝑻𝑻𝒘𝒘 = 𝑻𝑻𝒓𝒓

where,
• 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡 = the torque found in the tire
• 𝑇𝑇𝑤𝑤 = the torque found in the wheel
3.8 The tire

If there is adequate traction (friction) between the tire and the road to
accommodate the driver’s braking request, the tire will develop slip in order to react
the
torque found in the rotating assembly. The amount of slip generated will be a function
of
the tire’s output characteristics (the mu-slip relationship), but the force reacted at the
ground will be equal to:
𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡
𝐹𝐹𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 =
𝑅𝑅𝑡𝑡
1066.05
𝐹𝐹𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 =
0.3175
𝑭𝑭𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 𝑵𝑵
where,
• 𝐹𝐹𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = the force reacted between the tire and the ground (assuming friction
14 | P a g e
exists to support the force)
• 𝑅𝑅𝑡𝑡 = the effective rolling radius (moment arm) of the loaded tire
The total braking force generated is defined as the sum of the frictional forces at the
four tires which is given as follows:
𝐹𝐹𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = � 𝐹𝐹𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
𝑭𝑭𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 𝑵𝑵

where,
• 𝐹𝐹𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = the total braking force reacted between the vehicle and the ground
(assuming adequate traction exists)
3.9 Deceleration of a vehicle in motion

The deceleration of the vehicle will be equal to:
𝐹𝐹𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
𝑎𝑎𝑣𝑣 =
𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣
13430.64
𝑎𝑎𝑣𝑣 =
610
𝒂𝒂𝒗𝒗 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎/𝒔𝒔𝟐𝟐
where,
• 𝑎𝑎𝑣𝑣 = the deceleration of the vehicle
3.10 Kinematics relationships of vehicles experiencing deceleration

For a vehicle experiencing a linear deceleration, the theoretical
stopping distance of a vehicle in motion can be calculated as follows:
𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣2
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑣𝑣 =
𝑎𝑎𝑣𝑣 ∗ 2
12.52
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑣𝑣 =
2 ∗ 22.017
15 | P a g e
𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝒗𝒗 = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝒎𝒎
where,
• 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑣𝑣 = the stopping distance of the vehicle
3.11 Determining parameters related to vehicle static weight distribution

In the side view, the sum of the left front and right front weights will equal the front
axle weight and the sum of the left rear and right rear weights will equal the rear axle
weight. If these values are known, then the static weight distribution can be calculated
as follows:
𝑉𝑉𝑓𝑓
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤ℎ𝑡𝑡 = ∗ 100
𝑉𝑉𝑡𝑡
183
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤ℎ𝑡𝑡 = ∗ 100
610
𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷 𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇 𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑%
And
𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤ℎ𝑡𝑡 = ∗ 100
𝑉𝑉𝑡𝑡
427
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖ℎ𝑡𝑡 = ∗ 100
610
𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷 𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓 𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘 = 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕%
where,
• 𝑉𝑉𝑓𝑓 = the front axle vertical force (weight)
• 𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟 = the rear axle vertical force (weight)

• 𝑉𝑉𝑡𝑡 = the total vehicle vertical force (weight)
If the static weight distribution is known, then the longitudinal position of the
vehicle’s centre of gravity (CG) is can be given by the following formula:
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𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑓𝑓,𝑥𝑥 = × 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊
𝑉𝑉𝑡𝑡
427
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑓𝑓,𝑥𝑥 = ∗ 2.199
610
𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝒇𝒇,𝒙𝒙 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝒎𝒎
And
𝑉𝑉𝑓𝑓
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑟𝑟,𝑥𝑥 = × 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊
𝑉𝑉𝑡𝑡
183
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑟𝑟,𝑥𝑥 = ∗ 2.199
610
𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝒓𝒓,𝒙𝒙 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 𝒎𝒎
Where,
• 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑓𝑓,𝑥𝑥 = distance from the front axle to the CG
• 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑟𝑟,𝑥𝑥 = distance from the rear axle to the CG

• WB = the vehicle wheelbase (distance from the front axle to the rear axle)
From these relationships, it naturally follows that:

𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑓𝑓,𝑥𝑥 + 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑟𝑟,𝑥𝑥 = 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊
1.5393 + 0.6597 = 2.199 𝑚𝑚

3.12 Dynamic impacts of vehicles experiencing deceleration
Whenever a vehicle experiences a deceleration, the front axle normal force during
a deceleration event will increase while the rear axle normal force will decrease by the
same amount. The magnitude of weight transferred from the rear to the front is a
function of deceleration and vehicle geometry:
𝑎𝑎𝑣𝑣 ℎ𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 = � �×� � × 𝑉𝑉𝑡𝑡
𝑔𝑔 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊
22.017 0.635
𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 = � �×� � × 610
9.81 2.199
𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌
17 | P a g e
where,
• WT = the absolute weight transferred from the rear axle to the front axle
• g = the acceleration due to gravity (effectively expressing 𝑎𝑎𝑣𝑣 in units of g’s)
• ℎ𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = the vertical distance from the CG to ground
The dynamic weight transferred from the rear to the front must be added to the front
axle static weight and subtracted from the rear axle static weight as follows:
𝑉𝑉𝑓𝑓,𝑑𝑑 = 𝑉𝑉𝑓𝑓 + 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊
𝑉𝑉𝑓𝑓,𝑑𝑑 = 183 + 395.34
𝑽𝑽𝒇𝒇,𝒅𝒅 = 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌
And
𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟,𝑑𝑑 = 𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟 − 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊
𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟,𝑑𝑑 = 427 − 395.34
𝑽𝑽𝒓𝒓,𝒅𝒅 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌

where,
• 𝑉𝑉𝑓𝑓,𝑑𝑑 = the front axle dynamic vertical force for a given deceleration
• 𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟,𝑑𝑑 = the rear axle dynamic vertical force for a given deceleration
For any given deceleration:

𝑉𝑉𝑓𝑓,𝑑𝑑 + 𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟,𝑑𝑑 = 𝑉𝑉𝑡𝑡
Vt = 578.34 + 31.65
Vt = 610 kg
3.13 Frictional forces between the road and tire

Due to the weight being transferred from the rear to the front the friction force
between the road and the tire changes from the friction force before the brakes are
applied. This frictional force aids in stopping the vehicle.
𝐹𝐹𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡,𝑓𝑓 = 𝜇𝜇𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑓𝑓 × 𝑉𝑉𝑓𝑓,𝑑𝑑
𝐹𝐹𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡,𝑓𝑓 = 0.9 × 578.34
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𝑭𝑭𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕,𝒇𝒇 = 520.51 N
And
𝐹𝐹𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡,𝑟𝑟 = 𝜇𝜇𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑟𝑟 × 𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟,𝑑𝑑
𝐹𝐹𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡,𝑟𝑟 = 0.9 × 31.65
𝐅𝐅𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭,𝐫𝐫 = 28.48 N
Weight transfer increases the ability of the front axle to provide braking force while
simultaneously decreasing the ability of the rear axle to provide braking force.
The torque between road and tire to the respective axle is as follows:
𝑇𝑇𝑟𝑟,𝑡𝑡,𝑓𝑓 = 𝐹𝐹𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡,𝑓𝑓 × 𝑅𝑅𝑡𝑡,𝑓𝑓
𝑇𝑇𝑟𝑟,𝑡𝑡,𝑓𝑓 = 520.51 × 0.3175
𝑻𝑻𝒓𝒓,𝒕𝒕,𝒇𝒇 = 165.26 N-m
And
𝑇𝑇𝑟𝑟,𝑡𝑡,𝑟𝑟 = 𝐹𝐹𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡,𝑟𝑟 × 𝑅𝑅𝑡𝑡,𝑟𝑟
𝑇𝑇𝑟𝑟,𝑡𝑡,𝑟𝑟 = 28.48 × 0.3175
𝑻𝑻𝒓𝒓,𝒕𝒕,𝒓𝒓 = 9.045 N-m
where,
• 𝑇𝑇𝑟𝑟,𝑡𝑡,𝑓𝑓 = the torque between road and front tire
• 𝑅𝑅𝑡𝑡,𝑓𝑓 = the effective radius of front tire
• 𝑇𝑇𝑟𝑟,𝑡𝑡,𝑟𝑟 = the torque between road and rear tire
• 𝑅𝑅𝑡𝑡,𝑟𝑟 = the effective radius of rear tire
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3.14 Total torque generated
The final torque generated is a sum of the torque which is generated due to friction
between brake pad and rotor and the torque due the friction between road and tires.
The torque generated in the respective axles is given by the following:
𝑇𝑇𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛,𝑓𝑓 = 𝑇𝑇𝑟𝑟,𝑡𝑡,𝑓𝑓 + 𝑇𝑇𝑟𝑟
𝑇𝑇𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛,𝑓𝑓 = 165.26 + 1066.05
𝑻𝑻𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏,𝒇𝒇 = 1231.31 N-m
And
𝑇𝑇𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛,𝑟𝑟 = 𝑇𝑇𝑟𝑟,𝑡𝑡,𝑓𝑓 + 𝑇𝑇𝑟𝑟
𝑇𝑇𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛,𝑟𝑟 = 9.045 + 1066.05
𝑻𝑻𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏,𝒓𝒓 = 1075.10 N-m4
20 | P a g e
4. STEERING CALCULATION REPORT
• The mechanism used for calculating the steering specifications of this vehicle is the
ACKERMANN STEERING mechanism.
• We use the common “Rack and Pinion” setup of Ackermann Mechanism.
• The Vehicular dimensions required for the Steering Calculations are given below
Sl. PARTICULARS VALUES

No
1. Wheel Base 2.199 m
2. Front Wheel Track Width 1.48844 m
3. Rear Wheel Track Width 1.48844 m
4. Position of CG from Rear Axle 1.53924 m
5. Average Steer Angle 30⁰
6. Length of rack 0.4064 m
7. Diameter of pinion 0.057912 m
8. Radius of steering wheel 0.1524 m
9. Length of steering arm 0.1016 m
10. Distance between steering arm and left & 1.285 m
right upright
11. Castor radius 0.032004 m
12. Mass on each wheel 152.5 Kg
13. Fdrive 49.05 N
14. Scrub radius 0.051562 m
The calculations to be made are:

o Minimum turning radius
o Outer and Inner turn angles for max. steer
o Ackermann Angle
4.1 MIN TURNING RADIUS:
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤ℎ 𝑊𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵

𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = � �+� �
2 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎)
1.4844 2.199
=� � + �sin30�
2
MIN TURNING RADIUS = 𝟓𝟓. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 m
21 | P a g e
4.2 INWARD STEER ANGLE:
The inward steer angle for the vehicle assuming to take a left turn is the angle
measured by the normal and the left tyre and the value was found to be 26.578
degrees. The value is also found using steering geometry.
𝑊𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
Inward steer angle = 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝜃𝜃 = 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊ℎ
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅−
2
2.199 180
𝜃𝜃 = tan−1 � 1.488 � × � �
5.14− 𝜋𝜋
2
𝜃𝜃 = 26.57ͦ
From the above calculations the inward turn angle was found to be 27⁰
4.3 OUTWARD STEER ANGLE:
This angle is made by the right wheel with respect to the normal. The outward steer
angle is measured by two ways:
1. Geometric Method
2. Analytical Method
However, the calculations made here were carried out using the geometric method.
The analytical method calculations are described as follows:
𝑊𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
Outward steer angle = 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 ∅ = 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊ℎ
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅+
2
2.199 180
∅ = tan−1 � 1.488 � × � �
5.14+ 𝜋𝜋
2
∅= 20.49 °
From the above calculations the outward turn angle was found to be 20.5
22 | P a g e
4.4 ACKERMANN ANGLE
Ackermann angle is used in the concept of Ackermann steering. Ackermann angle is

calculated using the following formula,
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟ℎ𝑡𝑡 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢ℎ𝑡𝑡

𝛼𝛼 = tan−1 � �
2∗𝑊𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
1.285 180
α = tan−1 � �×� �
2×2.199 𝜋𝜋
α = 16.29°
Ackermann angle 𝜶𝜶 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏.3°
4.5 TOTAL STEERING ANGLE

The total steering angle is given by the following formula:
𝛽𝛽 = ∅ + 𝜃𝜃
𝛽𝛽 = 20.49459° + 26.57853° = 47.07312°
Total steering angle = 47.07312°
4.6 TOTAL ANGLE TURNED BY STEERING WHEEL

The total angle turned by the steering wheel is given by the following formula:
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑊𝑊𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖ℎ 180

𝛾𝛾 = � �×� �
2×𝜋𝜋×𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝜋𝜋
1.48844 180
𝛾𝛾 = � �×� � = 469.2194°
2×𝜋𝜋×0.028956 𝜋𝜋
Total angle turned by the steering wheel = 469.2194°
23 | P a g e
4.7 STEERING RATIO
The steering ratio is the ratio between the turn of the steering wheel or handlebars and the
turn of the wheels. It is given by the formula:
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑤𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 =
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
469.2194
= = 17.654
26.57853
Steering ratio = 17.654:1
4.8 STEERING GEOMETRY
24 | P a g e
4.9 TORQUE ON STEERING WHEEL
The torque on steering wheel is given by the following formula:
Ts = 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 × 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑤𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒

Ts = 49.05 × 0.1524
Ts = 7.475 N-m
Torque on steering wheel = 7.475 N-m
4.10 FORCE ON RACK

Force on rack is given by the following formula:
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑤𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒

FRack =
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
7.475
FRack = = 258.1579 N
0.028956
Force on rack = 258.1579 N
4.11 TORQUE ON WHEEL

Torque applied on the wheel is given by the following formula:
Tw = Force on rack × Length of steering arm

Tw = 258.1579 × 0.1016 = 26.228 N-m
Torque on steering wheel = 26.228 N-m
25 | P a g e
4.12 TORQUE ON CASTOR
The angular displacement of the steering axis from the vertical axis of a steered wheel
in a car measured in the longitudinal direction is called castor angle. The torque applied on
castor is given by the following formula:
Tc = 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 × 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒ℎ 𝑤𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒

Tc = 0.032004 × 152.5 = 4.88061 N-m
Torque on castor = 4.88061 N-m
4.13 TORQUE ON KPI

The torque on KPI is given by the following formula:
TKPI = 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 × 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒ℎ 𝑤𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒

TKPI =0.051562 × 152.5 = 7.863 N-m
Torque on KPI = 7.863 N-m
4.14 TOTAL TORQUE

The total torque is given by the following formula:
Tt = �𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2 + 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾 2
Tt = √4.880612 + 7.8632 = 9.254747 N-m
Total torque = 9.254747 N-m
26 | P a g e
5. POWERTRAIN CALCULATIONS
CALCULATION OF TOTAL DRAG:

5.1 Rolling resistance (𝑭𝑭𝒓𝒓 )
𝑐𝑐 = 0.2
𝑤𝑤 = 6965.1 𝑁𝑁
𝐹𝐹𝑟𝑟 = 𝑐𝑐 ∗ 𝑤𝑤
𝐹𝐹𝑟𝑟 = 0.2 ∗ 6965.1
𝑭𝑭𝒓𝒓 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵/𝒔𝒔
5.2 Gradient resistance (𝑭𝑭𝒈𝒈 )
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = cos(30) ∗ 𝑤𝑤
= 0.866 ∗ 6965.1
𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 = 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝑵𝑵
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = sin(30) ∗ 𝑤𝑤
= 0.5 ∗ 6965.1
𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝑵𝑵
Since cosine component is greater than sine component,
𝑭𝑭𝒈𝒈 = 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝑵𝑵
5.3 Aerodynamic drag (𝑭𝑭𝒂𝒂 )

1
𝐹𝐹𝑎𝑎 = 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑣𝑣 2 𝐴𝐴
2
𝐹𝐹𝑎𝑎 = 0.5 ∗ 1.225 ∗ 0.9 ∗ 16.672 ∗ 1.94
𝑭𝑭𝒂𝒂 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵/𝒔𝒔
Now,
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 + 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
+ 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 1196.82 + 6031.77 + 2915.34
𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵/𝒔𝒔
𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆 𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟓𝟓 𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵/𝒔𝒔
27 | P a g e

Tachyon Motorsport RCDC 2019 Calculations

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CALCULATIONS

Ultimate strength of the material, 𝜎𝜎𝑢𝑢 = 4 ∗ 108 𝑁𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

Sl. STRESSES VALUES

𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈 = 7.558 ∗ 107 𝑁𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

Sl. STRESSES VALUES

𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈 = 6.589 ∗ 107 𝑁𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

Sl. STRESSES VALUES

Sl. STRESSES VALUES

𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈 = 1.221 ∗ 108 𝑁𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

Sl. STRESSES VALUES

𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈 = 8.949 ∗ 107 𝑁𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

2.1 The vehicular dimension required for suspension calculation

Sl. No PARTICULARS DIMENSIONS (in inches)

2.2 Dynamic loading of the car

Sl. No PARTS STATIC LOADS (in kg)

2.4 To find Spring stiffness

Case 2: Considering, (𝑺𝑺𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 )𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟐 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌/𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊

2.5 Motion Ratio

2.7 Rear suspension geometry

3.1 The brake pedal

• 𝐹𝐹𝑑𝑑 = the force applied to the pedal pad by the driver

3.2 The master cylinder

3.3 Brake fluid, brake pipes and hoses

𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 0.8 ∗ 𝑃𝑃𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

3.4 The calliper, Part I

𝐹𝐹𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 ∗ 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐

Total force on the calliper is given by,

3.5 The calliper, Part II

𝐹𝐹𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 2 ∗ 𝐹𝐹𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐

𝑭𝑭𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝑵𝑵

3.6 The brake pads

𝐹𝐹𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 𝐹𝐹𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 ∗ 𝜇𝜇𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏

𝐹𝐹𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 23818.256 ∗ 0.46

𝑭𝑭𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝑵𝑵

3.7 The rotor

𝑇𝑇𝑟𝑟 = 10956.39 ∗ 0.0973

𝑻𝑻𝒕𝒕 = 𝑻𝑻𝒘𝒘 = 𝑻𝑻𝒓𝒓

3.8 The tire

𝐹𝐹𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = � 𝐹𝐹𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅

𝑭𝑭𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 𝑵𝑵

3.9 Deceleration of a vehicle in motion

3.10 Kinematics relationships of vehicles experiencing deceleration

3.11 Determining parameters related to vehicle static weight distribution

• 𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟 = the rear axle vertical force (weight)

• 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑟𝑟,𝑥𝑥 = distance from the rear axle to the CG

From these relationships, it naturally follows that:

1.5393 + 0.6597 = 2.199 𝑚𝑚

𝑉𝑉𝑓𝑓,𝑑𝑑 = 183 + 395.34

𝑽𝑽𝒇𝒇,𝒅𝒅 = 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌

𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟,𝑑𝑑 = 427 − 395.34

𝑽𝑽𝒓𝒓,𝒅𝒅 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌

For any given deceleration:

3.13 Frictional forces between the road and tire

𝐹𝐹𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡,𝑓𝑓 = 0.9 × 578.34

𝐹𝐹𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡,𝑟𝑟 = 0.9 × 31.65

𝑇𝑇𝑟𝑟,𝑡𝑡,𝑓𝑓 = 520.51 × 0.3175

𝑻𝑻𝒓𝒓,𝒕𝒕,𝒇𝒇 = 165.26 N-m

𝑇𝑇𝑟𝑟,𝑡𝑡,𝑟𝑟 = 𝐹𝐹𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡,𝑟𝑟 × 𝑅𝑅𝑡𝑡,𝑟𝑟

𝑇𝑇𝑟𝑟,𝑡𝑡,𝑟𝑟 = 28.48 × 0.3175

𝑻𝑻𝒓𝒓,𝒕𝒕,𝒓𝒓 = 9.045 N-m

𝑇𝑇𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛,𝑓𝑓 = 𝑇𝑇𝑟𝑟,𝑡𝑡,𝑓𝑓 + 𝑇𝑇𝑟𝑟

𝑇𝑇𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛,𝑓𝑓 = 165.26 + 1066.05

𝑻𝑻𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏,𝒇𝒇 = 1231.31 N-m

𝑇𝑇𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛,𝑟𝑟 = 𝑇𝑇𝑟𝑟,𝑡𝑡,𝑓𝑓 + 𝑇𝑇𝑟𝑟